TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00565-CV
Bernard Majeski, Appellant
v.
Estate of Sarah Bishop Majeski, Deceased, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW OF COMAL COUNTY NO. 2000-PC-0228, HONORABLE BRENDA CHAPMAN, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
Geraldine Wesch is the daughter of the decedent, Sarah Bishop Majeski (“Bishop”),
and appellant Bernard Majeski was Bishop’s husband for more than twenty years. After Bishop’s
death, a dispute arose between Wesch, as administrator of Bishop’s estate, and Majeski. Both sought
control of a tract of land owned by Bishop before her marriage and on which she and Majeski lived
and worked. Majeski claimed a homestead right as Bishop’s surviving spouse, see Tex. Const. art.
XVI, § 52, and Wesch argued that the rental of portions of the property defeated Majeski’s
homestead rights. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Wesch, and Majeski
appeals. We reverse the judgment and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings.
Before marrying Majeski, Bishop acquired as her separate property a 5.851-acre tract
of land in Schertz, Texas. Bishop operated a bar and pool hall, called the Bishop Center, on the
property, and lived in the same building. After she married Majeski, they lived in and operated the Bishop Center together. A parking lot lies in front of the Bishop Center, and behind it is a yard and
a fence that separates the rest of the property. On the property behind the fence are several mobile
homes and rental homes, some of which are uninhabitable, several mobile home lots, junk cars,
pieces of equipment, a service station, and a billboard. Both before and during the marriage, several
of the structures behind the fence were rented to third parties.
Bishop died intestate in February 2000, survived by Majeski, Wesch, and two other
adult children from a previous marriage. Wesch was appointed independent administrator of
Bishop’s estate and filed an inventory of the estate, listing the 5.851 acres as Bishop’s separate
property and stating that there were no outstanding claims against the estate. When Wesch informed
Majeski that she would begin collecting payments from the rental properties, Majeski sought a
temporary restraining order seeking to have Wesch barred from interfering with Majeski’s use of the
property and from exercising authority or management over the property. Majeski also sought a
judgment declaring the 5.851 acres, including any improvements, rental properties, and businesses,
to be Majeski’s homestead, claiming a life estate in the property as Bishop’s surviving spouse. The
trial court granted a temporary restraining order but later, faced with competing motions for
summary judgment filed by Majeski and Wesch, granted summary judgment in Wesch’s favor
finding that Majeski’s homestead consisted only of the Bishop Center, the fenced yard behind the
building, and the parking lot. The remainder of the property behind the fence was found not to be
his homestead because it was not used for homestead purposes or to exercise a business or calling.
Majeski appeals, arguing that he is entitled to claim the entire tract as his homestead
and that Wesch’s motion did not assert specific grounds for summary judgment. Wesch asserts that
2 the order from which Majeski appeals is interlocutory. We hold that the order was final and
appealable and agree that Majeski established that the Bishop Center and its surrounding parking lot
and yard were his homestead. We hold that there is a question of fact as to the homestead status of
the remaining property behind the fence, reverse the trial court’s granting of summary judgment in
Wesch’s favor on that issue, and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings.
Is the Trial Court’s Order Final and Appealable?
Wesch filed her administrator’s inventory in the trial court as part of the probate of
Bishop’s estate. After Wesch contacted Majeski to state she would be taking control of the property
beyond the fence, Majeski sought a declaration that the entire property was his homestead. Wesch
countered, asking the court to determine what portion of the property was Majeski’s homestead. She
also asked the court to declare “the value and character of all items of personal property” and what
assets should be given to Majeski as Bishop’s surviving spouse and to deduct from Majeski’s share
of the estate “the value of all assets not accounted for which [were] in his possession.” Both sides
moved for summary judgment on the issue of the homestead status of the property. Wesch asserts
that the trial court’s order was not a final order because the court did not address her counter-petition
requests related to the other assets held by Majeski. We disagree.
We may only consider appeals from final and appealable orders or from interlocutory
orders over which we are given statutory jurisdiction. See Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 352-53
(Tex. 1998). The probate code grants appellate courts jurisdiction over “[a]ll final orders of any
court exercising original probate jurisdiction.” Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 5(g) (West Supp. 2004-05).
This has been interpreted to mean that we may consider an appeal from an order that, while not a
3 final disposition of a probate matter consisting of a continuing series of events, “adjudicate[s]
conclusively a controverted question or substantial right.” Logan v. McDaniel, 21 S.W.3d 683, 688
(Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). If no express statute declares a phase of a probate
proceeding to be final and appealable, we must consider whether the order is part of a proceeding
that left unresolved issues or whether the order “concluded a discrete phase” of the proceedings. Id.
at 688-89.
Once an administrator of an estate files an inventory and list of approved claims, a
surviving spouse must seek to have “exempt property” excluded and set aside for the spouse’s use.
Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 271 (West 2003). The only dispute at issue at this stage of the probate
proceeding was the homestead status of the property. Although Wesch asserted claims related to
other assets, those questions were separate from the homestead issue. The trial court’s order made
a final resolution of the homestead issue as to the entire tract of land. Therefore, we hold that the
order “concluded a discrete phase” of the proceedings and is final and appealable. See Logan, 21
S.W.3d at 689. We overrule Wesch’s motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Homestead Status of the Property
Standard of Review
Majeski moved for a “traditional” summary judgment under rule 166a of the rules of
civil procedure, asserting that the evidence established that he was entitled to judgment as a matter
of law that the entire 5.851 acres should be considered his homestead. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).
Wesch countered with a motion for summary judgment asserting that the evidence established as a
4 matter of law that Majeski cannot claim the entire tract as his homestead and a “no-evidence”
motion, asserting that there was no evidence to prove Majeski’s case. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i).
A “traditional” motion for summary judgment is properly granted only when the
movant establishes that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 471 (Tex.
1991); Holmstrom v. Lee, 26 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). A defendant
seeking summary judgment must negate as a matter of law at least one element of each of the
plaintiff’s theories of recovery or plead and prove as a matter of law each element of an affirmative
defense. Centeq Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex. 1995).
A party seeking a “no-evidence” summary judgment, on the other hand, does not bear
the burden of establishing her right to judgment by proving a defense or claim, but instead asserts
that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim on which the opposing party
will have the burden of proof at trial. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Holmstrom, 26 S.W.3d at 530. If the
nonmovant produces more than a scintilla of probative evidence raising a genuine issue of material
fact as to an essential element on which he has the burden of proof, a no-evidence summary
judgment is improper. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Holmstrom, 26 S.W.3d at 530.
In reviewing the granting of a summary judgment, we take as true evidence favorable
to the nonmovant, making every reasonable inference and resolving all doubts in the nonmovant’s
favor. Centeq Realty, 899 S.W.2d at 197. If both parties move for summary judgment, we
determine all questions presented and render the judgment the trial court should have rendered.
Commissioners Court v. Agan, 940 S.W.2d 77, 81 (Tex. 1997). An interested party’s testimony,
5 whether live or through an affidavit1, may only be used as summary judgment evidence if it is
uncontroverted, clear, positive, direct, credible, free from contradiction, and susceptible to being
controverted. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Trico Techs. Corp. v. Montiel, 949 S.W.2d 308, 310 (Tex.
1997). Summary judgment is improper if based on testimony by an interested witness that does not
meet all of the above requirements. See Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 558 (Tex. 1989).
The Texas Constitution provides special protections for homestead property beyond
the protections given to other types of property. See Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 50. A homestead is a
constitutionally created legal interest that protects a property from all but a few specifically
enumerated kinds of liens that may be imposed against a homestead. Heggen v. Pemelton, 836
S.W.2d 145, 148 (Tex. 1992). Courts must liberally construe constitutional and statutory homestead
provisions to protect the homestead. Whiteman v. Burkey, 282 S.W. 788, 789 (Tex. 1926); State ex
rel Texas Dep’t of Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Ellison, 914 S.W.2d 679, 685 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1996, no writ). When a spouse dies, the surviving spouse retains the full homestead
rights that the couple enjoyed before the death of the spouse. Riley v. Riley, 972 S.W.2d 149, 154
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998, no pet.); see Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 52; Tex. Prob. Code Ann. §§ 282,
283 (West 2003). Even if the property was the deceased spouse’s separate property, the surviving
spouse may continue to use and occupy the property as long as he does not abandon the homestead.
Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 52; Tex. Prob. Code Ann. § 282; Copeland v. Tarrant Appraisal Dist., 906
1 An affidavit must be based on the affiant’s personal knowledge and must state that the recited facts are true. Humphreys v. Caldwell, 888 S.W.2d 469, 470 (Tex. 1994); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(f). Any qualification of the affiant’s personal knowledge will invalidate the affidavit. See Humphreys, 888 S.W.2d at 470-71; Geiselman v. Cramer Fin. Group, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 532, 537 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.).
6 S.W.2d 148, 151 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, writ denied). Once property has been designated
as a homestead, it will only lose that character through abandonment, death, or alienation. See
Patterson v. First Nat’l Bank of Lake Jackson, 921 S.W.2d 240, 246 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.]1996, no writ) (“Once a homestead right is established, it can only be lost during the claimant’s
life by abandonment or voluntary conveyance. Moreover, once a homestead has been shown to exist,
there is a presumption that the homestead continues in the absence of evidence to the contrary.”
(citation omitted)); Farrington v. First Nat’l Bank of Bellville, 753 S.W.2d 248, 251 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied); Long Bell Lumber Co. v. Miller, 240 S.W.2d 405, 406
(Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1951, no writ).
Generally, whether a piece of property qualifies as a homestead is a fact question.
Brown v. Bank of Galveston, Nat’l Ass’n, 963 S.W.2d 511, 515 (Tex. 1998); see Sims v. Beeson, 545
S.W.2d 262, 264-65 (Tex. Civ. App.—Tyler 1976, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (testimony on issue of homestead
raised fact question); Prince v. North State Bank of Amarillo, 484 S.W.2d 405, 409-10 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Amarillo 1972, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“a review of all the circumstances indicates that the
uncorroborated testimony is not conclusive that the property was a part of the homestead as a matter
of law, but presents a fact issue for determination”). Likewise, abandonment of a homestead is a fact
question. Long Bell Lumber, 240 S.W.2d at 406.
Summary Judgment Evidence
The parties submitted as evidence Wesch’s affidavit and Majeski’s responses to
Wesch’s request for admissions. Wesch and Majeski agreed that two houses and two mobile homes
7 are currently being rented to tenants; the billboard is rented by a third party; three mobile homes and
two houses are vacant and uninhabitable; old cars and other items belonging to Majeski and one of
his tenants are located on vacant areas, in a large work/storage area, and in a storage unit. Wesch
averred that the service station is being rented to third parties; that one mobile home lot is being used
by Majeski’s grandson; and that Majeski uses one of the uninhabitable houses as storage. Majeski
agreed that his grandson lives on a mobile home lot and that the service station is being used by third
parties for commercial purposes, but denied that his grandson or the service station tenant is paying
rent. Majeski said the service station tenants instead help around the property. Majeski also stated
that the fence between the Bishop Center and the rest of the property was “temporary.”
Discussion
The trial court correctly held and Wesch does not dispute that the Bishop Center and
its surrounding parking lot and fenced yard qualify as Majeski’s urban homestead. Majeski and his
wife lived in and operated the Bishop Center as their livelihood, he continues to do so today, and the
operation of the bar requires Majeski’s time, attention, and labor. Thus, Majeski may claim the
Bishop Center and its immediate surrounds as homestead. See Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 51; Tex. Prop.
Code Ann. § 41.002(a) (West 2000). The only question, therefore, is whether Majeski is entitled to
claim as his homestead any or all of the property beyond the fence behind the Bishop Center. We
hold that the trial court erred in finding that, as a matter of law, Majeski was not entitled to claim
any of the land behind the fence as his homestead.
8 Before 1999, an urban property owner could claim both a business homestead and
a residential homestead.2 See Miller v. Menke, 56 Tex. 539, 550-51 (1881). In 1999, the constitution
was amended to do away with the separate urban business homestead. See Tex. Const. art. XVI,
§ 51. Now, a person may claim only one urban homestead up to ten acres in size and consisting of
a lot or contiguous lots “used for the purposes of a home, or as both an urban home and a place to
exercise a calling or business.” Id.; Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 41.002(a); see generally Christopher
John Kern, Goodbye Texas Urban Business Homestead: An Analysis of the November 1999
Amendment to Article XVI, Section 51 of the Texas Constitution, 52 Baylor L. Rev. 663 (2000).
As originally proposed, the 1999 amendment would have eliminated the “calling or
business” language from the provision. Tex. S.J. Res. 22, 76th Leg., R.S. (1999) (introduced
version). The original proposal would have provided homestead protection to property up to ten
acres, contiguous, and used for purposes of a home, without addressing the issue of business
activities being conducted on the property. Id. However, the amendment as enacted retains the old
“business or calling” language, which Wesch argues shows a legislative intent to retain the
requirements applied to business homesteads before the 1999 amendment.
Texas courts have long defined what qualifies as a “business or calling” when
interpreting the original homestead provisions. A calling embraces “all such employments as by
course of study or apprenticeship in any of the learned professions, liberal arts, or mechanical
occupations, a person has acquired skill or ability to follow, and which has become practically a
2 Formerly, an urban homestead consisted of a “lot or lots amounting to not more than one acre of land” and “used for the purposes of a home, or as a place to exercise the calling or business of the homestead claimant.” Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 51 (amended 1999).
9 matter of personal skill.” Shyrock & Rowland v. Latimer, 57 Tex. 674, 677-78 (1882). A business
occupies a property owner’s time, attention, or labor for purposes of profit or improvement. Id.
Renting or leasing property has generally not been considered a business or calling, even if rental
income is an individual’s sole source of income. See Mays v. Mays, 43 S.W.2d 148, 152 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Beaumont 1931, writ ref’d); Lyon v. Files, 110 S.W. 999, 1001 (Tex. Civ. App. 1908, no
writ); Angus S. McSwain, The Texas Business Homestead in 1990, 42 Baylor L. Rev. 657, 670
(1990). Courts have instead viewed rental property as an investment that does not take up a large
portion of the property owner’s time, labor, or attention. See In re Kang, 243 B.R. 666, 669 (Bankr.
N.D. Tex. 1999); C. D. Shamburger Lumber Co. v. Delavan, 106 S.W.2d 351, 357 (Tex. Civ.
App.—Amarillo 1937, writ ref’d). Temporarily renting homestead property to another, however,
does not change the property’s homestead character. Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 51.
Assuming that the traditional business homestead requirements apply under the new
constitutional provision,3 the evidence does not establish as a matter of law that none of the property
3 It seems contrary to the requirement of liberal homestead interpretation to hold that the amended provision continues to impose archaic requirements on the type of commercial use made of property. See Hughes v. Team Bank (In re Hughes), 172 B.R. 205, 210 n.4 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 1993) (observing that restrictive view of “business” used more than a century ago has evolved into more modern conception of business); see also Postal Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Powell, 47 S.W.2d 343, 352 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1931, writ ref’d) (stating that “calling” and “business” in homestead provisions were broadly defined and meant to “embrace every legitimate avocation in life by which an honest support for a family may be obtained”). Case law excluding rentals from homestead protection, generally dating to the early 1900s, both seems to comprehend a different business environment than the one that has evolved and concerns the earlier constitutional exemption, which provided two kinds of urban homestead. See Hughes, 172 B.R. at 210 n.4 (quoting In re Krug, 102 B.R. 98, 99 n.2 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. 1989)) (“It is unlikely the restrictive interpretation of the term ‘business’ espoused ‘by the Justices of the Texas Supreme Court a century ago contemplated the dramatic shift of service-oriented paper shuffling that marks so much of modern day callings.’”). Now that the constitution permits only one urban homestead combining business and residence, and
10 behind the fence was Majeski’s homestead. Majeski and his wife claimed and received a homestead
exemption on the entire 5.851 acres, and the evidence does not show that anything has changed in
the use of the property since Majeski’s wife’s death. The evidence shows that some portion, indeed
a substantial portion, of the land behind the fence is either not in use at all or is used by Majeski for
storage of his personal items and for his own use. The evidence is unclear about exactly what
percentage of the property behind the fence is actually rented. Majeski acknowledged renting four
housing units, but stated that several of the other houses or mobile homes are not rented and in fact
are uninhabitable. Majeski contradicted Wesch and asserted that the service station was used by a
third party who did not pay rent.
Under the trial court’s determination, the fence that Majeski and his wife erected
between the Bishop Center and the remainder of the lot is the dividing line between what is
homestead and what is not.4 This designation is arbitrary and begs the question of whether the line
given the modern form “business” has taken, it is not clear that drawing a distinction between rental income and income earned by a traditionally defined “business” or “calling” continues to be useful.
Instead, it is a reasonable argument that the provision was changed to assure that land owners would not lose homestead status if they used their residences for commercial purposes. Under this view, a person could claim property used as a home, whether or not it is also used for business, calling, or even investment purposes. See Hearings on Tex. S.J. Res. 22 and S.B. 496 Before the Senate State Affairs Comm., 76th Leg., R.S. (Mar. 11, 1999) (Some owners discovered their business homesteads only when they sought to use property as collateral; Stewart Title Guaranty Company representative stated that amendment “won’t affect your ability to have a business homestead where you have your home and it won’t let the business aspect of your ten acres destroy your residential homestead. So it has two purposes.”). 4 Under Wesch’s argument, if Majeski had lived and worked in the Bishop Center and left the remainder of the property vacant, the full 5.851 acres would be considered his homestead, but his renting of part of the land divests him as a matter of law of his homestead rights to the entire portion of the property beyond the fence. Further, we note that Wesch asserted that Majeski was committing “waste” by allowing some of the structures to fall into disrepair and leaving vacant land
11 would shift if, on a whim, the “temporary” fence had been placed ten feet in either direction or had
been torn down altogether. Further, Majeski’s statements contradict some of Wesch’s assertions,
thus raising fact issues, and even the uncontradicted evidence does not establish as a matter of law
that Majeski’s homestead interest in all of the land behind the fence should be forfeited. Instead,
there is a question of fact as to what portion of the tract, some of which is used by Majeski for
storage or is vacant, is deserving of homestead protection.
It was Wesch’s burden to show exactly what portions of the property, if any, were not
subject to Majeski’s claims of homestead. See Canales v. Oliver, 322 S.W.2d 411, 413 (Tex. Civ.
App.—San Antonio 1959, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“appellant, having undertaken to show that portions of
said lot had been abandoned for homestead purposes and converted to the use of the rent houses, was
charged with the burden of proving just what part of the homestead had been abandoned”).5 Wesch
has not carried that burden, nor has she shown as a matter of law that Majeski may not claim any of
the property lying behind the fence as homestead. See Brown, 963 S.W.2d at 515. We therefore
that would be suitable for mobile homes. It seems that Wesch would punish Majeski for failing to fully rent the property and yet deprive him of his homestead rights if he did. 5 See also City of Amarillo v. Loden, 22 S.W.2d 969, 970 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1929, no writ) (“If the property or any part of it was rented and thereby abandoned, it rested on the plaintiff to show the extent of such abandonment. There is no proof showing the size of the building which was rented, no proof of a fence or other means of segregating it from the balance of the lot, and nothing in the record to enable the trial court to fix any arbitrary line by which the property comprising the homestead could be separated from the rented property. Hence, in the absence of such proof, the trial court could not have decreed that any part of said lot was subject to the plaintiff’s lien by reason of such abandonment by renting.”). Here, there was a fence, an “arbitrary line,” but the area behind the fence was not used exclusively for rental purposes and instead was used in part by Majeski for his personal purposes.
12 reverse the trial court’s order as far as it finds that Majeski may not claim any of the land beyond the
fence as his homestead.
Conclusion
We hold that the trial court’s order is final and appealable and we overrule Wesch’s
motion to dismiss Majeski’s appeal. We affirm the portion of the trial court’s order finding that
Bishop Center and its surrounding parking lot and yard are Majeski’s homestead. We reverse the
order so far as it finds that the property beyond the fence is not subject to homestead protections, and
we remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings.6
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Puryear
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed: February 3, 2005
6 Having held that there is a question of fact as to the homestead status of the portion of the property that lies beyond the fence, we need not address Majeski’s issue asserting that Wesch did not properly raise the grounds on which the trial court relied in granting summary judgment.