Berg v. Saul

• Court: District Court, E.D. Washington
• Decided: March 13, 2020
• Docket: 2:19-cv-00068
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 U.S. F DIL ISE TD R I IN C TT H CE O URT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 2 Mar 13, 2020 3 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON

7 ELIZABETH B., No. 2:19-CV-00068-JTR

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S 9 MOTION FOR SUMMARY 10 v. JUDGMENT

11 ANDREW M. SAUL, 12 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,1 13

14 Defendant. 15 16 BEFORE THE COURT are cross-motions for summary judgment. ECF 17 Nos. 14, 15. Attorney Dana C. Madsen represents Elizabeth B. (Plaintiff); Special 18 Assistant United States Attorney Jeffrey R. McClain represents the Commissioner 19 of Social Security (Defendant). The parties have consented to proceed before a 20 magistrate judge. ECF No. 6. After reviewing the administrative record and the 21 briefs filed by the parties, the Court DENIES Defendant’s Motion for Summary 22 Judgment; GRANTS, in part, Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment; and 23 REMANDS the matter to the Commissioner for additional proceedings pursuant to 24

25 1Andrew M. Saul is now the Commissioner of the Social Security 26 Administration. Accordingly, the Court substitutes Andrew M. Saul as the 27 Defendant and directs the Clerk to update the docket sheet. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 28 25(d). 1 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c). 2 JURISDICTION 3 Plaintiff filed applications for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and 4 Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) on July 23, 2015. Tr. 16, 75. She alleged her 5 disability began on November 1, 2011. Tr. 76, 86.2 She stated that the following 6 physical and mental conditions limited her ability to work: lower back, bilateral hip 7 impairment (mainly right); right knee impairment; anxiety; and depression. Tr. 8 295. The applications were denied initially and upon reconsideration. Tr. 130-45. 9 Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Moira Ausems held a hearing on May 18, 2017 10 and heard testimony from Plaintiff and vocational expert Thomas Polsin. Tr. 35- 11 72. The ALJ issued an unfavorable decision on February 6, 2018. Tr. 16-28. The 12 Appeals Council denied review on December 28, 2018. Tr. 1-5. The ALJ’s 13 February 6, 2018 decision became the final decision of the Commissioner, which is 14 appealable to the district court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c). Plaintiff 15 filed this action for judicial review on February 26, 2019. ECF No. 1. 16 STATEMENT OF FACTS 17 The facts of the case are set forth in the administrative hearing transcript, the 18 ALJ’s decision, and the briefs of the parties. They are only briefly summarized 19 here. 20 Plaintiff was 21 years old at the alleged date of onset. Tr. 76. Plaintiff 21 completed her GED in 2010. Tr. 296. Her reported work history includes the 22 position of janitor. Id. Plaintiff reported that she stopped working on October 1, 23 2013 because of her conditions, but had made changes to her work activity as early 24 as November 1, 2011 due to her conditions. Tr. 295. 25 STANDARD OF REVIEW 26 The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in 27

28 2Plaintiff’s application for benefits does not appear in the record. 1 medical testimony, and resolving ambiguities. Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 2 1039 (9th Cir. 1995). The Court reviews the ALJ’s determinations of law de novo, 3 deferring to a reasonable interpretation of the statutes. McNatt v. Apfel, 201 F.3d 4 1084, 1087 (9th Cir. 2000). The decision of the ALJ may be reversed only if it is 5 not supported by substantial evidence or if it is based on legal error. Tackett v. 6 Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1097 (9th Cir. 1999). Substantial evidence is defined as 7 being more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance. Id. at 1098. Put 8 another way, substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind 9 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Richardson v. Perales, 402 10 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). If the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational 11 interpretation, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ. 12 Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1097. If substantial evidence supports the administrative 13 findings, or if conflicting evidence supports a finding of either disability or non- 14 disability, the ALJ’s determination is conclusive. Sprague v. Bowen, 812 F.2d 15 1226, 1229-30 (9th Cir. 1987). Nevertheless, a decision supported by substantial 16 evidence will be set aside if the proper legal standards were not applied in 17 weighing the evidence and making the decision. Brawner v. Secretary of Health 18 and Human Services, 839 F.2d 432, 433 (9th Cir. 1988). 19 SEQUENTIAL EVALUATION PROCESS 20 The Commissioner has established a five-step sequential evaluation process 21 for determining whether a person is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a), 22 416.920(a); see Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140-42 (1987). In steps one 23 through four, the burden of proof rests upon the claimant to establish a prima facie 24 case of entitlement to disability benefits. Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098-99. This 25 burden is met once the claimant establishes that physical or mental impairments 26 prevent her from engaging in her previous occupations. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a), 27 416.920(a)(4). If the claimant cannot do her past relevant work, the ALJ proceeds 28 to step five, and the burden shifts to the Commissioner to show (1) the claimant 1 can make an adjustment to other work, and (2) the claimant can perform specific 2 jobs that exist in the national economy. Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 3 359 F.3d 1190, 1193-94 (9th Cir. 2004). If the claimant cannot make an 4 adjustment to other work in the national economy, she is found “disabled.”. 20 5 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v), 416.920(a)(4)(v). 6 ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION 7 On February 6, 2018, the ALJ issued a decision finding Plaintiff was not 8 disabled as defined in the Social Security Act from November 1, 2011 through the 9 date of the decision. 10 At step one, the ALJ found Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 11 activity since November 1, 2011, the alleged date of onset. Tr. 18. 12 At step two, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the following severe 13 impairments: morbid obesity; mild lumbar facet arthropathy and degenerative 14 changes; asthma; depressive disorder; generalized anxiety disorder with social 15 phobia; and passive-dependent personality disorder. Tr. 19. 16 At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not have an impairment or 17 combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of one of 18 the listed impairments. Tr. 19. 19 At step four, the ALJ assessed Plaintiff’s residual function capacity and 20 determined she could perform a range of light work with the following limitations:

21 [S]he could stand and walk in combination up to four hours in an eight- 22 hour workday and sit up to six hours in an eight-hour workday, within 23 the confines of breaks that would be included with alternating between sitting and standing. The claimant could occasionally balance, stoop, 24 kneel, crouch, and climb ramps and stairs but never crawl or climb 25 ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. The claimant must avoid concentrated exposure to extremes of humidity, cold, or heat, pulmonary irritants, 26 and vibration. She is precluded from any exposure from hazards such 27 as unprotected heights, dangerous moving machinery, or commercial driving. She should perform work limited to simple routine tasks or of 28 a slightly more complex nature, i.e., up to lower semiskilled (SVP-3) in 1 nature if the work is repetitive and does not require an ability to adapt 2 to more than minimal routine changes. The claimant is unable to 3 engage in more than superficial interaction and communication with the 4 general public and co-workers. 5 Tr. 21. The ALJ found Plaintiff had no past relevant work. Tr. 26. 6 At step five, the ALJ determined that, considering Plaintiff’s age, education, 7 work experience and residual functional capacity, and based on the testimony of 8 the vocational expert, there were other jobs that exist in significant numbers in the 9 national economy Plaintiff could perform, including the jobs of small parts 10 assembler, food sorter, and marking clerk. Tr. 27. The ALJ concluded Plaintiff 11 was not under a disability within the meaning of the Social Security Act from 12 November 1, 2011, through the date of the ALJ’s decision. Id. 13 ISSUES 14 The question presented is whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s 15 decision denying benefits and, if so, whether that decision is based on proper legal 16 standards. Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred by (1) failing to properly weigh 17 Plaintiff’s symptom statements and (2) failing to properly weigh the medical 18 opinions in the record. ECF No. 14. Additionally, Plaintiff asserts that these 19 errors were not harmless and requests the case be remanded for an immediate 20 award of benefits. Id. 21 DISCUSSION 22 1. Plaintiff’s Symptom Statements 23 Plaintiff contests the ALJ’s determination that Plaintiff’s symptom 24 statements were unreliable. ECF No. 14 at 14-16. 25 It is generally the province of the ALJ to make determinations regarding the 26 reliability of Plaintiff’s symptom statements, Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039, but the 27 ALJ’s findings must be supported by specific cogent reasons, Rashad v. Sullivan, 28 903 F.2d 1229, 1231 (9th Cir. 1990). Absent affirmative evidence of malingering, 1 the ALJ’s reasons for rejecting the claimant’s testimony must be “specific, clear 2 and convincing.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996); Lester v. 3 Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 83 (9th Cir. 1995). “General findings are insufficient: rather 4 the ALJ must identify what testimony is not credible and what evidence 5 undermines the claimant’s complaints.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 834. 6 The ALJ found Plaintiff’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence, 7 and limiting effects of her symptoms to be “not entirely consistent with the medical 8 evidence and other evidence in the record for the reasons explained in this 9 decision.” Tr. 23. The ALJ then went on to summarize Plaintiff’s medical 10 records. Tr. 23-25. 11 The initial issue the Court must resolve is identifying the ALJ’s reasons for 12 her determination that Plaintiff’s symptom statements were “not entirely consistent 13 with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record for the reasons 14 explained in this decision.” See Tr. 23. The phrase “not entirely consistent with 15 the medical evidence and other evidence in the record for the reasons explained in 16 this decision,” mimics the language set forth in the Social Security Ruling 16-3p: 17 “In determining whether an individual is disabled, we consider all of the 18 individual’s symptoms, including pain, and the extent to which the symptoms can 19 reasonably be accepted as consistent with the objective medical and other evidence 20 in the individual’s record.” The result of S.S.R. 16-3p, effective March 28, 2016, 21 was to rescind S.S.R. 96-7p and remove the term “credibility” from the ALJ’s 22 subjective symptom evaluation process to ensure that a claimant’s statements were 23 being compared to the record for consistency rather than examining a claimant’s 24 character. However, S.S.R. 16-3p did not change regulations or the role of 25 symptom statements in the five-step evaluation process. It simply “eliminat[ed] 26 the use of the term ‘credibility’ from our sub-regulatory policy, as our regulations 27 do not use this term. In doing so, we clarify that subjective symptom evaluation is 28 not an examination of an individual’s character. Instead, we will more closely 1 follow our regulatory language regarding symptom evaluation.” S.S.R. 16-3p. 2 This change in the Social Security Ruling did not alter the regulations or the 3 caselaw holding “[g]eneral findings are insufficient: rather the ALJ must identify 4 what testimony is not credible and what evidence undermines the claimant’s 5 complaints.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 834. The Ninth Circuit found that S.S.R. 16-3p 6 did not change how the ALJ was to address a claimant’s testimony:

7 This ruling makes clear what our precedent already required: that 8 assessments of an individual’s testimony by an ALJ are designed to 9 “evaluate the intensity and persistence of symptoms after [the ALJ] find[s] that the individual has a medically determinable impairment(s) 10 that could reasonably be expected to produce those symptoms,” and not 11 to delve into wide-ranging scrutiny of the claimant’s character and 12 a pparent truthfulness. 13 Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 678 n.5 (9th Cir. 2017) citing S.S.R. 16-3p. 14 The Ninth Circuit has specifically held that a generic non-credibility finding 15 followed by a summary of the medical evidence does not meet the “specific” 16 portion of the “specific, clear and convincing” standard. Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 17 806 F.3d 487, 493 (9th Cir. 2015). The Ninth Circuit held that when discussing a 18 claimant’s symptom testimony, “[t]he clear and convincing standard is the most 19 demanding required in Social Security cases.” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 20 1014 (9th Cir. 2014) citing Moore v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 278 F.3d 920, 21 924 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citations omitted).3 Therefore, any reason the court 22 must “infer” from the ALJ’s decision as a reason for rejecting Plaintiff’s testimony 23 cannot meet the “specific, clear and convincing standard.” See Brown-Hunter, 806 24

25 3The language in Garrison identifying the clear and convincing standard as 26 the most demanding required in Social Security cases has been referenced by the 27 Ninth Circuit in decisions since the March 28, 2016 effective date of the S.S.R. 16- 28 3p. See Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678 (citing Garrison in 2017). 1 F.3d at 494 (“Although the inconsistencies identified by the district court could be 2 reasonable inferences drawn from the ALJ’s summary of the evidence, the 3 credibility determination is exclusively the ALJ’s to make, and ours only to 4 review. As we have long held, ‘[W]e are constrained to review the reasons the 5 ALJ asserts.’” citing Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 2003)). 6 Only once did the ALJ specifically address evidence that undermined 7 Plaintiff’s symptom statements, finding that “[t]hese objective findings are 8 inconsistent with her allegation of difficulty with sitting.” Tr. 24. Objective 9 medical evidence is a “relevant factor in determining the severity of the claimant’s 10 pain and its disabling effects,” but it cannot serve as the only reason for rejecting a 11 claimant’s symptom statements. Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 12 2001). Therefore, inconsistency with the objective medical evidence alone is 13 insufficient to meet the specific, clear and convincing standard. 14 Plaintiff and Defendant also assert that the ALJ indicated Plaintiff’s reported 15 activities were inconsistent with her symptom statements. ECF No. 14 at 15 (using 16 the term “indicated”); ECF No. 15 at 4-5. In doing so, both parties cite to the 17 ALJ’s step three determination in which she addressed the “paragraph B” criteria 18 of the 12.00 Mental Disorders – Adult listings. Id. citing Tr. 20-21. The 19 “paragraph B” criteria addresses Plaintiff’s limitations in understanding, 20 remembering, or applying information, interacting with others, concentrating, 21 persisting, or maintaining pace, and adapting or managing oneself. 20 C.F.R. Part 22 404, Subpart P., App. 1 § 12.00(E). Here, the ALJ addressed Plaintiff’s reported 23 activities in making her determination that she had a mild limitation in 24 understanding, remembering, or applying information, a moderate limitation in 25 interacting with others, a moderate limitation in concentrating, persisting, or 26 maintaining pace, and a mild limitation in adapting or managing oneself. Tr. 20- 27 21. Nowhere in this section did the ALJ find that Plaintiff’s activities undermined 28 her reported symptoms. The parties appear to infer that the ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s 1 statements based on her reported activities. An inference is not enough. See 2 supra. Therefore, this falls short of the specific, clear and convincing standard. 3 This case is remanded for the ALJ to properly address Plaintiff’s symptom 4 statements. 5 2. Medical Opinions 6 Plaintiff argues the ALJ failed to properly consider and weigh the medical 7 opinions expressed by John Arnold, Ph.D., Beverly Allen, M.D., and the Disability 8 Determination Services medical and psychological consultants. ECF No. 14 at 16- 9 18. 10 In weighing medical source opinions, the ALJ should distinguish between 11 three different types of physicians: (1) treating physicians, who actually treat the 12 claimant; (2) examining physicians, who examine but do not treat the claimant; 13 and, (3) nonexamining physicians who neither treat nor examine the claimant. 14 Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. The ALJ should give more weight to the opinion of a 15 treating physician than to the opinion of an examining physician. Orn v. Astrue, 16 495 F.3d 625, 631 (9th Cir. 2007). Likewise, the ALJ should give more weight to 17 the opinion of an examining physician than to the opinion of a nonexamining 18 physician. Id. 19 When an examining physician’s opinion is not contradicted by another 20 physician, the ALJ may reject the opinion only for “clear and convincing” reasons, 21 and when an examining physician’s opinion is contradicted by another physician, 22 the ALJ is only required to provide “specific and legitimate reasons” to reject the 23 opinion. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830-31. The specific and legitimate standard can be 24 met by the ALJ setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and 25 conflicting clinical evidence, stating her interpretation thereof, and making 26 findings. Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989). The ALJ is 27 required to do more than offer her conclusions, she “must set forth [her] 28 interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are correct.” 1 Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 421-22 (9th Cir. 1988). 2 A. John Arnold, Ph.D. 3 On April 20, 2015, Dr. Arnold completed a Psychological/Psychiatric 4 Evaluation form for the Washington Department of Social and Health Services. 5 Tr. 655-59. He completed a clinical interview and a mental status examination. 6 Tr. 665-56, 658-59. He opined that Plaintiff had a marked limitation in five basic 7 work activities and a moderate limitation in another six basic work activities. Tr. 8 657. He rated the overall severity of the mental impairments as marked. Id. He 9 stated that Plaintiff would be impaired at the above level for 12 months with 10 available treatment. Tr. 658. 11 The ALJ gave the opinion little weight because “[h]is opinion was based on 12 a one time cursory review of the claimant, he filled out a check box form without 13 providing explanation of his rating, and his ratings are inconsistent with all other 14 acceptable medical source opinions and the objective evidence.” Tr. 25-26. In 15 coming to this conclusion, the ALJ failed to elaborate on any of these four reasons. 16 She failed to state how a clinical interview and mental status examination was “a 17 cursory review” and inadequate to support the opinion. She failed to state how the 18 opinion was inconsistent with Dr. Arnold’s evaluation or the other evidence in the 19 record. Therefore, these three reasons did not rise to the specific and legitimate 20 standard as set forth in Ninth Circuit caselaw. See Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 751; 21 Embrey, 849 F.2d at 421-22. 22 Without stating how the opinion is inconsistent with Dr. Arnold’s evaluation 23 or the objective medical evidence, the ALJ’s rationale that the opinion was 24 expressed on a check box form is also insufficient to support rejecting the opinion. 25 The Ninth Circuit has expressed a preference for narrative opinions over opinions 26 expressed on a check-the-box form. See Murray v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 499, 501 27 (9th Cir. 1983). However, check-the-box forms that do not stand alone, but are 28 supported by records should be “entitled to weight that an otherwise unsupported 1 and unexplained check-box form would not merit.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1013. 2 Upon remand, the ALJ will readdress Dr. Arnold’s opinion.4 3 B. Beverly Allen, M.D. 4 On November 28, 2015, Dr. Allen completed a psychological consultative 5 evaluation and diagnosed Plaintiff with social phobia and generalized anxiety 6 disorder. Tr. 638-41. She opined that “[t]here is a strong possibility that the 7 psychiatric issues of depression and anxiety can be treated. There is a good 8 likelihood of recovery with treatment and medications.” Tr. 641. She further 9 stated that Plaintiff “would have difficulty interacting with the public,” and “would 10 have difficulty dealing with the usual stress encountered in the workplace.” Id. 11 The ALJ gave the opinion “substantial weight.” Tr. 25. 12 Plaintiff argues that Dr. Allen’s conclusion is consistent with Dr. Arnold’s 13 conclusion, and supports a finding of disability. ECF No. 14 at 16. Plaintiff failed 14 to provide any support for her assertions. However, in light of the case being 15 remanded for further consideration of Dr. Arnold’s opinion, the ALJ will readdress 16 Dr. Allen’s opinion on remand. 17 C. Disability Determination Consultants 18 Plaintiff challenges the substantial weight assigned to the opinions from the 19 Disability Determination Services (DDS) medical and psychological consultants, 20

21 4The Court acknowledges that Plaintiff failed to challenge all four reasons 22 the ALJ provided for rejecting Dr. Arnold’s opinion. ECF No. 14 at 16. 23 Typically, the Court will not consider what is not specifically challenged by the 24 plaintiff. See Carmickle v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1161 n.2 25 (9th Cir. 2008). However, since the case is being remanded for additional 26 proceedings to address Plaintiff’s symptom statements, the Court takes the 27 opportunity to address Dr. Arnold’s opinion and the ALJ’s rationale for rejecting it 28 in full. 1 arguing that the opinions are unsigned and it is unclear in the record what evidence 2 was available for the consultants to review. ECF Nos. 14 at 17, 16 at 8-9. 3 The Social Security Program Operations Manual System (POMS) allows for 4 electronic signatures on determination forms: “determination forms prepared 5 electronically using a case processing system with approved electronic signatures 6 do not require a written signature.” POMS DI 81020.130(C). The Court leaves the 7 validity of these signatures up to the ALJ on remand. Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039 8 (the ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical 9 testimony, and resolving ambiguities). Additionally, each Disability 10 Determination Explanation form includes a summary of the evidence in the record 11 at the time of the determination. Tr. 77-80, 87-90, 104-06, 118-20. Since the 12 Court is remanding the case to further address the opinions of Dr. Arnold and Dr. 13 Allen, the ALJ will also readdress the opinions from the Disability Determination 14 consultants. 15 REMEDY 16 Plaintiff asks the Court to apply the credit-as-true rule and remand this case 17 for an immediate award of benefits. ECF Nos. 14 at 18-19. 18 The decision whether to remand for further proceedings or reverse and 19 award benefits is within the discretion of the district court. McAllister v. Sullivan, 20 888 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 1989). Under the credit-as-true rule the Court may 21 remand for benefits where (1) the record has been fully developed and further 22 administrative proceedings would serve no useful purpose; (2) the ALJ has failed 23 to provide legally sufficient reasons for rejecting evidence, whether claimant 24 testimony or medical opinion; and (3) if the improperly discredited evidence were 25 credited as true, the ALJ would be required to find the claimant disabled on 26 remand. Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 668 (9th Cir. 2017). But where there 27 are outstanding issues that must be resolved before a determination can be made, 28 and it is not clear from the record that the ALJ would be required to find a claimant 1 || disabled if all the evidence were properly evaluated, remand is appropriate. See 2|| Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 595-96 (9th Cir. 2004); Harman v. Apfel, 211 F.3d 1172, 1179-80 (9th Cir. 2000). 4 In this case, Plaintiff's symptom statements need to be properly addressed, and it is not clear from the record that the ALJ would be required to find the 6|| claimant disabled if all the evidence were properly evaluated. Therefore, a remand 7|| for additional proceedings is appropriate. The Commissioner will supplement the record with any updated or outstanding medical evidence, make a new 9|| determination regarding the reliability of Plaintiff's symptom statements considering the record as a whole, readdress the opinion evidence in light of the record as a whole, and call a vocational expert to testify at any supplemental hearings. 13 CONCLUSION 14 Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED: 15 1. Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 15, is 16|| DENIED. 17 2. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 14, is 18|| GRANTED, in part, and the case is REMANDED to the Commissioner for 19]| additional proceedings consistent with this Order. 20 3. Application for attorney fees may be filed by separate motion. 21 The District Court Executive is directed to file this Order and provide a copy 22 || to counsel for Plaintiff and Defendant. Judgment shall be entered for Plaintiff 23 || and the file shall be CLOSED. 24 DATED March 13, 2020.

~ JOHNT. RODGERS 27 a UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 28