Werner, J.
Upon facts which are undisputed the trial court decided that the structure complained of, and the operation of trains thereon, constitute a nuisance as to the plaintiff.
The order of the Appellate Division reversing the judgment of the trial court is silent as to the grounds upon which it was made, and we must, therefore, treat it as resting wholly upon questions of law. (Code Civ. Pro. § 1338.)
In its final analysis the controversy resolves itself into the single question whether, assuming all the facts as found, the defendant has the legal right to maintain the structure complained of, and to operate its trains thereon. As bearing upon that question a few facts are of paramount importance. The grant to the Jamaica
&
Brooklyn B. B. Co., the defendant’s predecessor, was made in 1834. It was a grant in fee, and made for the express purpose of enabling that corporation to construct and operate- a steam surface railroad. Many years after such a railroad had been constructed and operated upon land thus owned in fee, Atlantic avenue was opened as a public street or highway on both sides of the railroad land. Not until long after Atlantic avenue had been thus opened did the plaintiff acquire title to the premises now owned and occupied by her. At the time of her purchase, the southerly part of Atlantic avenue, about 29 feet wide, lay between her land and that of the railroad company. None of her rights in and to the highway itself have ever been encroached upon or impaired. Upon these facts the plaintiff concedes that the defendant has the right to maintain and operate a steam surface railroad upon its land, but contends that it has no right to impose upon her land the added burden of increased noise, smoke, soot, cinders and interference with her easements of light and view, caused by the construction, maintenance and operation of an elevated structure or viaduct. This contention would be unanswerable if the defendant had undertaken to change its system so as to substitute an elevated railroad for a street surface railroad; but that is not this case. The viaduct opposite plaintiff’s pretenses was only a few hundred feet long, and was constructed for the sole purpose of connecting defendant’s surface railroad with the Long Island systém of elevated railroads. Upon just such facts as these it has been held that an elevated viaduct, erected and
operated by a steam, surface railroad corporation, for the purpose of connecting its lines with an elevated railroad, is not inconsistent with the specified objects of its incorporation, and does not change its general character.
(Beekman
v.
Brooklyn & B. B. R. R. Co.,
89 Hun, 14;
Gallagher
v.
Keating, 27
Misc. Rep.
181;
affd., 40 App. Div. 81 and 171 N. Y. 657.)
Counsel for the plaintiff seeks to differentiate these cases from the one at bar, on the ground that in the former the municipal authorities had given their consent to the erection of the elevated structures, while in the latter no such consent has been shown. The record here is silent upon the subject of municipal consent. Nothing can be presumed for or against either party upon that score. The municipal authorities are not before us complaining of this structure, and the lack of municipal consent is of no importance in a case like this, except as its absence may make a nuisance
jper se
of that which, with such consent, may be simply a legalized trespass upon individual rights. But in either event there must be an invasion of private rights to support an action by an individual for his own benefit. The. learned trial court has found that the structure complained of and its operation constitute a nuisance as to the plaintiff. But do the facts warrant this conclusion
%
We think not. The learned justice who wrote for the Appellate Division stated the situation most forcibly and correctly when he said : “ The defendant has done nothing except to construct and operate its railroad in accordance with the increasing demands of the time, and whatever injury is inflicted upon the plaintiff, being incidental to that increase, must be deemed to be within the terms of the conveyance of the defendant’s property, to which her own conveyance is subject. Aside from the maintenance of the incline, every act complained of is a necessary incident to the running of cars propelled by steam. The rumble of trains, the clanging of bells, the shriek of whistles, the blowing off of steam, the discordant squeak of wheels in going around the curves, the emission of smoke, soot and cinders, all of which accompany the operation of steam cars, are undoubtedly nuisances to the
neighboring dwellings in the popular sense, but - as they are necessarily incident to the maintenance of the road, they do not constitute nuisances in the legal sense, but are regarded as protected by the legislative authority which created the corporation and legalized its corporate operations. Nor does the legal nature of such annoyances change as traffic increases them in volume and extent.”
Since the findings of fact herein embrace nothing that the defendant has not the right to do, if done properly, and there is no finding that anything in the method of operation can be obviated without destroying the right, we concur in the conclusion of the Appellate Dvision that the plaintiff has no cause of action.
A few words will suffice to distinguish this case from two classes of cases referred to upon the argument. The conclusion we have reached is not at war with the decisions in the so-called Fourth avenue cases.
(Lewis
v.
N. Y. & H. R. R. Co.,
162 N. Y. 202;
Muhlker
v.
Same,
197 U. S. 544.) In those cases the highway (Fourth avenue) had been laid out, but not actually opened, for many years before the railroad was built. The abutting owners had acquired easements in the highway which antedated the rights of the railroad company, and the latter’s interference with such easements was in the nature of an unlawful encroachment or trespass. As to some of the abutting owners the railroad company was held to have acquired certain rights by prescription or adverse possession, and in those cases it has been decided that there is a right of recovery for invasion of easements in excess of the rights thus acquired. In the case at bar it is different. Many years before Atlantic avenue was laid out or opened the defendant’s predecessor had obtained an absolute title to its land, under a deed giving it the right to operate a steam surface railroad thereon. When Atlantic avenue was laid out, such a railroad was in actual operation upon the land acquired for that purpose. It was this situation, no doubt, that led to the laying out of a double street, one section on either side of the railroad strip. Subsequent
purchasers of lands abutting upon this highway took their titles from the same source as the defendant and subject to its vested rights. That is the
status
of the plaintiff.
Reither is the case at bar in conflict with the decisions in
Garvey
v.
Long Island R. R. Co.
(159 N. Y. 323);
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Werner, J.
Upon facts which are undisputed the trial court decided that the structure complained of, and the operation of trains thereon, constitute a nuisance as to the plaintiff.
The order of the Appellate Division reversing the judgment of the trial court is silent as to the grounds upon which it was made, and we must, therefore, treat it as resting wholly upon questions of law. (Code Civ. Pro. § 1338.)
In its final analysis the controversy resolves itself into the single question whether, assuming all the facts as found, the defendant has the legal right to maintain the structure complained of, and to operate its trains thereon. As bearing upon that question a few facts are of paramount importance. The grant to the Jamaica
&
Brooklyn B. B. Co., the defendant’s predecessor, was made in 1834. It was a grant in fee, and made for the express purpose of enabling that corporation to construct and operate- a steam surface railroad. Many years after such a railroad had been constructed and operated upon land thus owned in fee, Atlantic avenue was opened as a public street or highway on both sides of the railroad land. Not until long after Atlantic avenue had been thus opened did the plaintiff acquire title to the premises now owned and occupied by her. At the time of her purchase, the southerly part of Atlantic avenue, about 29 feet wide, lay between her land and that of the railroad company. None of her rights in and to the highway itself have ever been encroached upon or impaired. Upon these facts the plaintiff concedes that the defendant has the right to maintain and operate a steam surface railroad upon its land, but contends that it has no right to impose upon her land the added burden of increased noise, smoke, soot, cinders and interference with her easements of light and view, caused by the construction, maintenance and operation of an elevated structure or viaduct. This contention would be unanswerable if the defendant had undertaken to change its system so as to substitute an elevated railroad for a street surface railroad; but that is not this case. The viaduct opposite plaintiff’s pretenses was only a few hundred feet long, and was constructed for the sole purpose of connecting defendant’s surface railroad with the Long Island systém of elevated railroads. Upon just such facts as these it has been held that an elevated viaduct, erected and
operated by a steam, surface railroad corporation, for the purpose of connecting its lines with an elevated railroad, is not inconsistent with the specified objects of its incorporation, and does not change its general character.
(Beekman
v.
Brooklyn & B. B. R. R. Co.,
89 Hun, 14;
Gallagher
v.
Keating, 27
Misc. Rep.
181;
affd., 40 App. Div. 81 and 171 N. Y. 657.)
Counsel for the plaintiff seeks to differentiate these cases from the one at bar, on the ground that in the former the municipal authorities had given their consent to the erection of the elevated structures, while in the latter no such consent has been shown. The record here is silent upon the subject of municipal consent. Nothing can be presumed for or against either party upon that score. The municipal authorities are not before us complaining of this structure, and the lack of municipal consent is of no importance in a case like this, except as its absence may make a nuisance
jper se
of that which, with such consent, may be simply a legalized trespass upon individual rights. But in either event there must be an invasion of private rights to support an action by an individual for his own benefit. The. learned trial court has found that the structure complained of and its operation constitute a nuisance as to the plaintiff. But do the facts warrant this conclusion
%
We think not. The learned justice who wrote for the Appellate Division stated the situation most forcibly and correctly when he said : “ The defendant has done nothing except to construct and operate its railroad in accordance with the increasing demands of the time, and whatever injury is inflicted upon the plaintiff, being incidental to that increase, must be deemed to be within the terms of the conveyance of the defendant’s property, to which her own conveyance is subject. Aside from the maintenance of the incline, every act complained of is a necessary incident to the running of cars propelled by steam. The rumble of trains, the clanging of bells, the shriek of whistles, the blowing off of steam, the discordant squeak of wheels in going around the curves, the emission of smoke, soot and cinders, all of which accompany the operation of steam cars, are undoubtedly nuisances to the
neighboring dwellings in the popular sense, but - as they are necessarily incident to the maintenance of the road, they do not constitute nuisances in the legal sense, but are regarded as protected by the legislative authority which created the corporation and legalized its corporate operations. Nor does the legal nature of such annoyances change as traffic increases them in volume and extent.”
Since the findings of fact herein embrace nothing that the defendant has not the right to do, if done properly, and there is no finding that anything in the method of operation can be obviated without destroying the right, we concur in the conclusion of the Appellate Dvision that the plaintiff has no cause of action.
A few words will suffice to distinguish this case from two classes of cases referred to upon the argument. The conclusion we have reached is not at war with the decisions in the so-called Fourth avenue cases.
(Lewis
v.
N. Y. & H. R. R. Co.,
162 N. Y. 202;
Muhlker
v.
Same,
197 U. S. 544.) In those cases the highway (Fourth avenue) had been laid out, but not actually opened, for many years before the railroad was built. The abutting owners had acquired easements in the highway which antedated the rights of the railroad company, and the latter’s interference with such easements was in the nature of an unlawful encroachment or trespass. As to some of the abutting owners the railroad company was held to have acquired certain rights by prescription or adverse possession, and in those cases it has been decided that there is a right of recovery for invasion of easements in excess of the rights thus acquired. In the case at bar it is different. Many years before Atlantic avenue was laid out or opened the defendant’s predecessor had obtained an absolute title to its land, under a deed giving it the right to operate a steam surface railroad thereon. When Atlantic avenue was laid out, such a railroad was in actual operation upon the land acquired for that purpose. It was this situation, no doubt, that led to the laying out of a double street, one section on either side of the railroad strip. Subsequent
purchasers of lands abutting upon this highway took their titles from the same source as the defendant and subject to its vested rights. That is the
status
of the plaintiff.
Reither is the case at bar in conflict with the decisions in
Garvey
v.
Long Island R. R. Co.
(159 N. Y. 323);
Cogswell
v.
N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Co.
(103 id. 10);
Morton
v. Mayor,
etc., of N. Y.
(140 id. 207);
Booth
v. Rome,
W. & O. T. R. R. Co.
(140 id. 267), and
Bohan
v.
Port Jervis Gas Light Co.
(122 id. 18). In none of those cases had the plaintiffs taken their lands expressly subject to the use which the defendants were making of their lands. In each of those cases the particular thing complained of was held to be unreasonable and unauthorized, and, therefore, an unwarrantable invasion of the rights of the complainants. If the lands used for the turntable in the
Garvey
case, the pumping station in the
Morton
case, or the gas retort in the
Bohan
case, had been acquired for those very purposes, from a grantor who subsequently conveyed adjoining lands to others, the respective situations and decisions would, doubtless, have been materially different. But underlying even these cogent considerations there is the basic distinction that when the legislature authorizes the operation of a steam surface railroad it impliedly sanctions and legalizes those inconveniences and annoyances to others which are inseparable from the proper conduct of such an enterprise.
The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.
Otjllen, Oh. J., Gray, O’Brien and Haight, JJ., concur; Bartlett and Vann, JJ., dissent.
Order affirmed.