Opinion by
Mr. Justice Moschzisker,
The plaintiff owned a piece of real estate with a dwelling house and a barn erected thereon, which improvements were insured with the defendant company under separate policies; the policy on the house expired August 19, 1905, and that on the barn November 2, ■ 1905. The insurance had been placed by one Hoch, an agent of the defendant company. According to the plaintiff’s testimony, some time in August, 1905, Hoch met him on the street and said, “The policy on your house will expire shortly.” A few days after this the plaintiff met Hoch and said, “Renew the policy, and we will leave it the same as it is, but I have not the money to pay you to-day, but I will pay you inside of a week or so;” to which Hoch replied, “That would be all right.” The plaintiff testified further: “And I said ' Don’t forget the barn, and renew the barn as quick as that comes due and send it up, or send it up and I will pay you the same as I did previous to this time with the cash. . . .’ I told him he should renew the policy on the barn and watch it up, and I would attend to it. ... I told him 'If I can’t pay you at once I will pay you like this time;’ and he said, 'That will be all right and I will attend to it, you don’t need to worry.’ ” Plaintiff further stated that subsequently he said to Hoch in reference to the insurance, “Watch the others;” and Hoch replied, “I will attend to them, you don’t need to worry;” and, “I told [81]*81him again in front of my wife, ‘You watch all the insurance.’ ” The insurance on the barn was not renewed, and on November 6, 1905, it was destroyed by fire. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant company, and sought to maintain his claim on the theory that the conversation between himself and Hoch constituted a parol contract whereby the company agreed that upon the expiration of the then existing policy it would insure the barn by a renewal thereof. Binding instructions were given for the defendant, and the plaintiff has appealed.
We cannot agree ip all respects with the views of the learned trial judge as expressed in his rulings upon the evidence and in his charge to the jury, but we concur in the conclusion reached.
In Pennsylvania the law permits oral contracts of insurance: Lenox v. Ins. Co., 165 Pa. 575; Ripka v. Insurance Co., 36 Pa. Superior Ct. 517. Although there is a difference of opinion' in the various jurisdictions and among the text-writers as to whether or not an executory contract can be made to insure in the future, yet the clear preponderance of authority seems to be that such contracts are valid: Security Fire Ins. Co. of New York v. Kentucky Marine & Fire Ins. Co., 7 Bush (Ky.), 81; Trustees of First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn Fire Ins. Co., 19 N. Y. 305; Cohen et al. v. Continental Fire Ins. Co., 67 Texas, 325; Commercial Mut. Marine Ins. Co. v. Union Mutual Ins. Co., 60 U. S. 318; Tayloe v. Merchants’ Fire Ins. Co., 50 U. S. 390; Post v. Ætna Ins. Co., 43 Barbour, 351; Ellis v. Albany City Fire Ins. Co., 50 N. Y. 402; Angell v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 59 N. Y. 171; Van Loan v. Farmers’ Mutual Fire Ins. Assn., 90 N. Y. 280; Moore v. New York Bowery Fire Ins. Co., 130 N. Y. 537; Stickley v. Mobile Ins. Co., 37 S. C. 56; Baubie v. Ætna Ins. Co., 2 Dill. 156; Taylor v. Germania Ins. Co., 2 Dill. 282; King v. Cox, 63 Ark. 204; Newark Machine Co. v. Kenton Ins. Co., 50 Ohio Stat. 549. The leading cases pro and con are discussed in [82]*82McCabe Bros. v. Ætna Ins. Co., 9 N. Dak.. 19, and the conclusion is stated, “That an insurance company can by a preliminary parol contract bind itself to issue or to renew a policy in the future seems too well settled to admit of doubt.” The argument against the validity of such contracts as stated by Ostrander on Insurance (2d ed.), sec. 12, and adopted by the court below, is not convincing.
In these days of great commercial activity, one can readily conceive of many instances where a man would not be willing to set aside capital and agree to place it in a prospective enterprise, unless he could be positively assured of indemnity against fire risk, and this can only be accomplished by contracts to insure in the future. We find no Pennsylvania authority which holds' directly against their validity, and in Hamilton v. Lycoming Mut. Ins. Co., 5 Pa. 339, Chief Justice Gibson says: “In commercial towns, where the members of the profession are familiar with the law of insurance, actions on mere agreements to insure, whether against fire or perils of the sea, are not uncommon. They are noticed in 1 Phillips on Insurance, sec. 3, p. 9; but it appears that the terms of the contract must have been settled by the concurrent assent of the parties, and that nothing must have remained to be done but to deliver the policy, else the risk will not have been begun; in other words, that the agreement must have had, at some particular instant, that aggregatio mentium which is indispensable in the constitution of every contract.” The tendency of our cases is to favor the validity of such contracts, but they uniformly hold that all parol contracts .of insurance, even those to take effect in prsesenti, must be clearly established in every particular: Patterson v. The Benjamin Franklin Ins. Co., 81* Pa. 454; Ripka v. Fire Ins. Co., 36 Pa. Superior Ct. 517. “To constitute a verbal contract of insurance the minds of the parties must have met upon all the essentials of the contract. The testimony must make clear the subject-matter of insurance, [83]*83the amount and elements of the risk, including its duration in point of time and extent in point of hazard assumed, the rate of premium, and generally all the circumstances which are peculiar to the contract and distinguish it from every other so that nothing remains to be done but to fill up the policy and deliver it, on the one hand, and pay the premium on the other:” Keystone Mattress, etc., Co. v. Pittsburg Underwriters, 21 Pa. Superior Ct. 42. This is a wise and salutary rule which bears hard upon no one; for oral contracts of insurance are not usual, and if for any reason one should desire to make such a contract he ought to do so in a proper manner, so that in any future controversy on the subject it can be made plain to the tribunal which has to pass upon it. Otherwise, wherever a careless man becomes in the habit of depending upon the insurance agent to notify him of the expiration of his policy, and the insurance runs out, he will be too apt to assume the right to set up such a contract.
We do not overlook the cases that hold to the rule that where an oral preliminary contract of insurance is shown it will be presumed that the parties contemplated such a form of policy as has been usual between them, or is usual in such cases, and we can conceive of instances where this rule might well be applied, but this is not one of them.
In the present case the testimony to establish the alleged contract is too vague. Although it is repeated in several different forms upon the notes, we have stated it most strongly for the plaintiff. And yet what have we? A conversation between the plaintiff and the agent of the defendant company about renewing another insurance, in which the former said to the latter, “Don’t forget the barn.
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Opinion by
Mr. Justice Moschzisker,
The plaintiff owned a piece of real estate with a dwelling house and a barn erected thereon, which improvements were insured with the defendant company under separate policies; the policy on the house expired August 19, 1905, and that on the barn November 2, ■ 1905. The insurance had been placed by one Hoch, an agent of the defendant company. According to the plaintiff’s testimony, some time in August, 1905, Hoch met him on the street and said, “The policy on your house will expire shortly.” A few days after this the plaintiff met Hoch and said, “Renew the policy, and we will leave it the same as it is, but I have not the money to pay you to-day, but I will pay you inside of a week or so;” to which Hoch replied, “That would be all right.” The plaintiff testified further: “And I said ' Don’t forget the barn, and renew the barn as quick as that comes due and send it up, or send it up and I will pay you the same as I did previous to this time with the cash. . . .’ I told him he should renew the policy on the barn and watch it up, and I would attend to it. ... I told him 'If I can’t pay you at once I will pay you like this time;’ and he said, 'That will be all right and I will attend to it, you don’t need to worry.’ ” Plaintiff further stated that subsequently he said to Hoch in reference to the insurance, “Watch the others;” and Hoch replied, “I will attend to them, you don’t need to worry;” and, “I told [81]*81him again in front of my wife, ‘You watch all the insurance.’ ” The insurance on the barn was not renewed, and on November 6, 1905, it was destroyed by fire. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant company, and sought to maintain his claim on the theory that the conversation between himself and Hoch constituted a parol contract whereby the company agreed that upon the expiration of the then existing policy it would insure the barn by a renewal thereof. Binding instructions were given for the defendant, and the plaintiff has appealed.
We cannot agree ip all respects with the views of the learned trial judge as expressed in his rulings upon the evidence and in his charge to the jury, but we concur in the conclusion reached.
In Pennsylvania the law permits oral contracts of insurance: Lenox v. Ins. Co., 165 Pa. 575; Ripka v. Insurance Co., 36 Pa. Superior Ct. 517. Although there is a difference of opinion' in the various jurisdictions and among the text-writers as to whether or not an executory contract can be made to insure in the future, yet the clear preponderance of authority seems to be that such contracts are valid: Security Fire Ins. Co. of New York v. Kentucky Marine & Fire Ins. Co., 7 Bush (Ky.), 81; Trustees of First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn Fire Ins. Co., 19 N. Y. 305; Cohen et al. v. Continental Fire Ins. Co., 67 Texas, 325; Commercial Mut. Marine Ins. Co. v. Union Mutual Ins. Co., 60 U. S. 318; Tayloe v. Merchants’ Fire Ins. Co., 50 U. S. 390; Post v. Ætna Ins. Co., 43 Barbour, 351; Ellis v. Albany City Fire Ins. Co., 50 N. Y. 402; Angell v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 59 N. Y. 171; Van Loan v. Farmers’ Mutual Fire Ins. Assn., 90 N. Y. 280; Moore v. New York Bowery Fire Ins. Co., 130 N. Y. 537; Stickley v. Mobile Ins. Co., 37 S. C. 56; Baubie v. Ætna Ins. Co., 2 Dill. 156; Taylor v. Germania Ins. Co., 2 Dill. 282; King v. Cox, 63 Ark. 204; Newark Machine Co. v. Kenton Ins. Co., 50 Ohio Stat. 549. The leading cases pro and con are discussed in [82]*82McCabe Bros. v. Ætna Ins. Co., 9 N. Dak.. 19, and the conclusion is stated, “That an insurance company can by a preliminary parol contract bind itself to issue or to renew a policy in the future seems too well settled to admit of doubt.” The argument against the validity of such contracts as stated by Ostrander on Insurance (2d ed.), sec. 12, and adopted by the court below, is not convincing.
In these days of great commercial activity, one can readily conceive of many instances where a man would not be willing to set aside capital and agree to place it in a prospective enterprise, unless he could be positively assured of indemnity against fire risk, and this can only be accomplished by contracts to insure in the future. We find no Pennsylvania authority which holds' directly against their validity, and in Hamilton v. Lycoming Mut. Ins. Co., 5 Pa. 339, Chief Justice Gibson says: “In commercial towns, where the members of the profession are familiar with the law of insurance, actions on mere agreements to insure, whether against fire or perils of the sea, are not uncommon. They are noticed in 1 Phillips on Insurance, sec. 3, p. 9; but it appears that the terms of the contract must have been settled by the concurrent assent of the parties, and that nothing must have remained to be done but to deliver the policy, else the risk will not have been begun; in other words, that the agreement must have had, at some particular instant, that aggregatio mentium which is indispensable in the constitution of every contract.” The tendency of our cases is to favor the validity of such contracts, but they uniformly hold that all parol contracts .of insurance, even those to take effect in prsesenti, must be clearly established in every particular: Patterson v. The Benjamin Franklin Ins. Co., 81* Pa. 454; Ripka v. Fire Ins. Co., 36 Pa. Superior Ct. 517. “To constitute a verbal contract of insurance the minds of the parties must have met upon all the essentials of the contract. The testimony must make clear the subject-matter of insurance, [83]*83the amount and elements of the risk, including its duration in point of time and extent in point of hazard assumed, the rate of premium, and generally all the circumstances which are peculiar to the contract and distinguish it from every other so that nothing remains to be done but to fill up the policy and deliver it, on the one hand, and pay the premium on the other:” Keystone Mattress, etc., Co. v. Pittsburg Underwriters, 21 Pa. Superior Ct. 42. This is a wise and salutary rule which bears hard upon no one; for oral contracts of insurance are not usual, and if for any reason one should desire to make such a contract he ought to do so in a proper manner, so that in any future controversy on the subject it can be made plain to the tribunal which has to pass upon it. Otherwise, wherever a careless man becomes in the habit of depending upon the insurance agent to notify him of the expiration of his policy, and the insurance runs out, he will be too apt to assume the right to set up such a contract.
We do not overlook the cases that hold to the rule that where an oral preliminary contract of insurance is shown it will be presumed that the parties contemplated such a form of policy as has been usual between them, or is usual in such cases, and we can conceive of instances where this rule might well be applied, but this is not one of them.
In the present case the testimony to establish the alleged contract is too vague. Although it is repeated in several different forms upon the notes, we have stated it most strongly for the plaintiff. And yet what have we? A conversation between the plaintiff and the agent of the defendant company about renewing another insurance, in which the former said to the latter, “Don’t forget the barn. Renew the barn as quick as that comes due,” and received the reply, “I will attend to it, you don’t need to worry.” How can we from this say with any safety that the defendant company thereby agreed upon an insurance in any fixed amount for any fixed [84]*84term either in the present or future. The very words used by the agent indicate an intent to attend to something in the future for the plaintiff, rather than a then present assumption of an obligation binding upon his company. The old policy on the barn was in the possession of the plaintiff, so he as well as Hoch had means of information as to the date of its expiration. The whole surroundings negative the idea of a serious contract being made: the conversation consisted of a few words on the street; no money was passed, no memorandum was made, and no definite promise given on either side. After the conversation the plaintiff again instructed Hoch to watch the insurance, which would indicate that he did not consider himself protected by any binding contract at the time of the first conversation. The testimony is lacking in details essential to show clearly a contract to insure in the future, and it is also lacking in proper proof of the authority of the agent to make such a contract.
As evidence of Hoch’s authority, the plaintiff' offered a written commission from the defendant company appointing Hoch agent in the territory in question "with full power, to receive proposals for insurance against loss or damage by fire .... with authority to issue and countersign policies and renewal receipts, furnished by said associations; to assent to assignments and transfers, to collect premiums .... and to transact such other business as may be intrusted to his care.” This commission cannot be construed as conferring upon the agent authority to bind and obligate his company on the unusual contract here sought to be established. True it is that the third specification of error contains an offer to show that insurance agents "are accustomed to agree to renewals in advance of the expiration of the current policies and give credit for premiums, accounting to the company monthly for the premiums whether they are paid or not by the insured;” and that the fifth specification presents a similar offer "for the purpose of showing this is the usage and custom [85]*85of this particular company.” But the offers were properly refused. While it was admitted by the plaintiff that he had never paid the premium on the insurance claimed, yet there was no defense on that ground, so the question of credits for premiums was out of the case. With this out, the offers were merely to show that the agents were accustomed to agree to renewals in advance of the expiration of current policies; not that they were accustomed to make such oral contracts for future insurance or renewals as contended for by the plaintiff. Therefore the offers were irrelevant and immaterial to the issue. “We have no right to reverse the action of the court below upon a surmise that the defendants might have made their offer broader:” Silliman v. Whitmer, 11 Pa. Superior Ct. 243. Assuming that the plaintiff could have made the offers as stated good, there is not enough in the case to show either that the agent had authority to make the contract contended for by the plaintiff or that in point of fact such a contract was ever actually consummated.
There is another serious point in this case. The defendant company was incorporated under the Act of May 5, 1871, P. L. 572, the sixth section of which provides: “The president and directors shall have full power, on behalf of said corporation, to make insurance .... and to make, execute and perfect such and so many contracts, bargains, agreements, policies and other instruments as shall or may be necessary and as the nature of the case shall or may require; and every such contract, bargain, agreement and policy to be made by the said corporation shall be in writing or in print. . . .” The defendant contends that this charter requirement is in itself a sufficient defense against an oral contract of insurance; while the plaintiff contends that the provision refers only to executed contracts or policies of insurance, and not to preliminary contracts to make or renew policies; and he makes a most convincing argument on this point, citing many respectable authorities.
[86]*86But no matter what the view may be elsewhere, in Pennsylvania we have an authority which settles the question here. In Hazlett v. Allegheny Ins. Co., 1 Walker, 336, the defendant company was chartered under the Act of April 2, 1856, P. L. 211, the tenth section of which is to all intents and purposes identical with sec. 6 of the act of 1871. The claim was on a verbal contract of insurance. The court below reserved the question “Whether a contract of insurance such as specified in plaintiff’s first point, is binding upon defendant, and entitles plaintiff to recover in this case?” In entering judgment for the defendant non obstante veredicto the court said: “Upon the first question, I think the law under the charter of the defendant is clearly with the defendant;” and in affirming this judgment we said: “Contracts of insurance are expressly required by defendant’s charter to be in writing. . . . There being no sufficient ground of estoppel alleged the case fell back ..... upon the mere binding effect of a verbal contract for insurance, and this the charter answers in the negative.” It will not do to say that the construction of this charter requirement contended for by the plaintiff in the present case was not considered by this court in the Hazlett case, for it appears in the report that “George Shiras, Esq., for plaintiff in error argued that a verbal contract of insurance is binding. . . . The company would still be liable on an agreement,to issue the policy, though the statute requires the formal insurance policies to be in writing. . . . This company could make arrangements, and even parol promises, as to the terms on which a policy shall be issued, so that a court of equity will compel the company to execute the contract specifically, and where the loss has happened, to avoid a circuity of action, the chancellor will enter a decree directly for the amount of an- insurance for which the company ought to have delivered their policy properly attested.” And “M. W. Acheson and W. G. Hawkins, Jr., Esqs., contra, replied, the company could not make a formal policy of insurance; for by its charter it is subject to the insurance [87]*87act of April 2, 1856 .... as follows. . . . 'And every such contract, bargain, policy and other agreement shall be in writing or print.’ ...” This shows that the point was clearly presented by most able counsel, and although the opinion is brief, we must assume that it was passed upon after full consideration.
In Ripka v. Fire Ins. Co., 36 Pa. Superior Ct. 517, President Judge Rice states the rule: ''An agent duly authorized .... may make contracts by parol .... unless there be specific charter requirements that .... all insurance contracts shall be in writing.” The act of 1856 was a general insurance act which by its terms was made applicable to companies to be incorporated by special acts in the future. It was in force until its repeal by the Act of May 1, 1876, P. L. 53: Moise and Matlack on Insurance, Col. 15,479. The defendant company was incorporated by a special act in 1871. Both of these acts contain the same provision requiring insurance contracts to be in writing; so .that even if this provision had been omitted from the act of 1871, the company would still have been bound by the provision under the act of 1856, and therefore it was in the same position as the defendant in the Hazlett case. Under such circumstances, a construction having already been placed by this court upon the very words contained in the charter of the defendant company, we cannot depart therefrom on the facts in the present case. We do not mean to rule that this charter provision would be a protection against all verbal contracts of insurance. There might be cases where certain elements of estoppel would exist which would afford life to such contracts; but there are no such elements in the present case any more than in the Hazlett case where the plaintiff claimed that the understanding and agreement was that the insurance ''was to take place immediately,” and he failed to insure elsewhere and met with a consequent loss.
But the plaintiff contends that the effect of the act of 1871 cannot be considered for two reasons: first, under the rule of the local court a specification in writing of all [88]*88special matters of defense must be furnished before trial, and this act was not referred to in defendant’s specification; next, the Act of May 11, 1881, P. L. 20, forbids consideration of the defense. As to the first contention, an examination of the record shows that no such objection was made in the court below. “It is well settled that the party complaining on appeal of the admission of the evidence objected to in the court below, will be limited to the specific objections made to it there: ” Danley v. Danley, 179 Pa. 170; Messmore v. Morrison, 172 Pa. 300. When a party relies upon the want of special notice he must place his objection on that ground: Hawk v. Geddis, 16 S. & R. 23; Rearich v. Swinehart, 11 Pa. 233; Miller v. Stem, 12 Pa. 383; Hobson v. Croft, 9 Pa. 363. Concerning the next point it is sufficient to say that the act of 1881 is limited in every particular to written policies and has nothing to do with oral contracts of insurance: Lenox v. Ins. Co., 165 Pa. 575.
We have considered all the assignments of error, and although we do not entirely agree with the views of the learned trial judge as expressed and brought upon the record in the second, tenth and eleventh specifications, we find no reversible error.
The judgment is affirmed.