This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0501
Benjamin David Telschow, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
Commissioner of Public Safety, Respondent.
Filed November 23, 2015 Affirmed Reilly, Judge
Scott County District Court File No. 70-CV-14-16248
Jeffrey S. Sheridan, Sheridan & Dulas, P.A., Eagan, Minnesota (for appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Kristi Nielsen, Joan Marie Eichhorst, Assistant Attorneys General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Reilly,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REILLY, Judge
Appellant Benjamin David Telschow challenges the district court order sustaining
revocation of his driving privileges under Minnesota’s implied-consent law, arguing that
the district court erred in determining that probable cause supported his impaired-driving
arrest. We affirm. FACTS
On September 1, 2014, a police officer saw appellant’s vehicle cross over the
crosswalk and stop in the middle of an intersection in Savage, Minnesota. The officer
activated the squad car’s emergency lights and siren and continued to follow appellant,
observing several additional traffic violations. The officer initiated a traffic stop and
noticed that appellant’s eyes were bloodshot and watery and there was an odor of alcohol
emanating from the vehicle. Appellant admitted to drinking a few beers prior to driving.
The officer asked appellant to step out of the vehicle so she could ascertain whether he
was able to drive. The officer led appellant through a series of field sobriety tests,
including the horizontal gaze nystagmus, the walk-and-turn test, and the one-leg-stand
test, and concluded that he showed signs of impairment on each test. The officer
administered a preliminary breath test which showed an alcohol concentration of 0.207.
Based on appellant’s driving conduct and her own observations, the officer
determined that appellant was driving while intoxicated and placed him under arrest. The
officer read appellant the implied consent advisory and advised him of his right to an
attorney. Appellant indicated that he understood the advisory and did not wish to consult
with an attorney. Appellant agreed to submit to a breath test, which revealed an alcohol
concentration of 0.18. The officer did not seek a search warrant prior to conducting the
field sobriety tests or administering the breath test.
Appellant filed a petition to reinstate his driving privileges and to rescind his
license plate impoundment. The district court held an evidentiary hearing to consider
(1) whether appellant’s arrest was supported by probable cause and (2) whether
2 appellant’s warrantless breath test should be suppressed based upon an alleged violation
of his constitutional rights. The district court admitted testimony from the police officer
and received into evidence the implied consent advisory form and the breath test results.
The district court concluded that probable cause supported the arrest and therefore denied
appellant’s petition and sustained the commissioner of public safety’s order revoking
appellant’s driving privileges. The district court concluded that appellant consented to
submit to testing and that a search warrant was not required. This appeal followed.
DECISION
Appellant argues that the field sobriety tests and the preliminary breath test are
inadmissible because they qualify as physical searches subject to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement. Appellant claims that the police officer did not
obtain a search warrant prior to conducting the tests and lacked probable cause to arrest
him for driving while intoxicated. In reviewing a district court’s determination on the
legality of a stop, we review questions of reasonable suspicion de novo and findings of
fact for clear error, “giving due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by the
district court.” State v. Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84, 87 (Minn. 2000) (citations and
quotations omitted).
A traffic stop of a vehicle is justified if the police officer has a reasonable,
articulable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393
(Minn. 2008) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1879 (1968)). An
officer may expand the scope of the stop if the incremental intrusion is tied to and
justified by “(1) the original legitimate purpose of the stop, (2) independent probable
3 cause, or (3) reasonableness, as defined in Terry.” State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353,
365 (Minn. 2004). Reasonable, articulable suspicion requires that an officer identify
“specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those
facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. We
are “deferential to police officer training and experience and recognize that a trained
officer can properly act on suspicion that would elude an untrained eye.” Britton, 604
N.W.2d at 88-89.
Here, the police officer expanded the traffic stop based on appellant’s driving
conduct, his admission that he had been drinking prior to driving, his bloodshot and
watery eyes, and the odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from his vehicle. The officer
testified that she observed appellant commit numerous traffic violations. The police
officer saw appellant’s vehicle cross over the crosswalk, stop in the middle of an
intersection, and cross over the fog lines on the side of the road. Appellant does not
dispute his driving conduct, and a traffic violation, however slight, provides an objective
basis for conducting a traffic stop. State v. George, 557 N.W.2d 575, 578 (Minn. 1997).
The officer also testified that appellant displayed indicia of intoxication including
bloodshot and watery eyes and the odor of an alcoholic beverage. Indicia of intoxication,
such as bloodshot and watery eyes and the odor of alcohol, provide a police officer with
“specific and articulable facts” supporting the expansion of a stop. See LaBeau v.
Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 412 N.W.2d 777, 779-80 (Minn. App. 1987) (driver’s bloodshot
and watery eyes and odor of alcohol provided officer with reasonable, articulable
suspicion). Appellant also admitted to the officer that he drank a few beers before
4 driving. “An admission of drinking, coupled with other indicators of intoxication, is
sufficient for probable cause to arrest.” State v. Laducer, 676 N.W.2d 693, 698 (Minn.
App. 2004). These facts, taken together, form a reasonable basis for the officer to believe
that appellant was driving while impaired. The police officer was justified in expanding
the traffic stop and conducting field sobriety tests and a preliminary breath test.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-0501
Benjamin David Telschow, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
Commissioner of Public Safety, Respondent.
Filed November 23, 2015 Affirmed Reilly, Judge
Scott County District Court File No. 70-CV-14-16248
Jeffrey S. Sheridan, Sheridan & Dulas, P.A., Eagan, Minnesota (for appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Kristi Nielsen, Joan Marie Eichhorst, Assistant Attorneys General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Reilly,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
REILLY, Judge
Appellant Benjamin David Telschow challenges the district court order sustaining
revocation of his driving privileges under Minnesota’s implied-consent law, arguing that
the district court erred in determining that probable cause supported his impaired-driving
arrest. We affirm. FACTS
On September 1, 2014, a police officer saw appellant’s vehicle cross over the
crosswalk and stop in the middle of an intersection in Savage, Minnesota. The officer
activated the squad car’s emergency lights and siren and continued to follow appellant,
observing several additional traffic violations. The officer initiated a traffic stop and
noticed that appellant’s eyes were bloodshot and watery and there was an odor of alcohol
emanating from the vehicle. Appellant admitted to drinking a few beers prior to driving.
The officer asked appellant to step out of the vehicle so she could ascertain whether he
was able to drive. The officer led appellant through a series of field sobriety tests,
including the horizontal gaze nystagmus, the walk-and-turn test, and the one-leg-stand
test, and concluded that he showed signs of impairment on each test. The officer
administered a preliminary breath test which showed an alcohol concentration of 0.207.
Based on appellant’s driving conduct and her own observations, the officer
determined that appellant was driving while intoxicated and placed him under arrest. The
officer read appellant the implied consent advisory and advised him of his right to an
attorney. Appellant indicated that he understood the advisory and did not wish to consult
with an attorney. Appellant agreed to submit to a breath test, which revealed an alcohol
concentration of 0.18. The officer did not seek a search warrant prior to conducting the
field sobriety tests or administering the breath test.
Appellant filed a petition to reinstate his driving privileges and to rescind his
license plate impoundment. The district court held an evidentiary hearing to consider
(1) whether appellant’s arrest was supported by probable cause and (2) whether
2 appellant’s warrantless breath test should be suppressed based upon an alleged violation
of his constitutional rights. The district court admitted testimony from the police officer
and received into evidence the implied consent advisory form and the breath test results.
The district court concluded that probable cause supported the arrest and therefore denied
appellant’s petition and sustained the commissioner of public safety’s order revoking
appellant’s driving privileges. The district court concluded that appellant consented to
submit to testing and that a search warrant was not required. This appeal followed.
DECISION
Appellant argues that the field sobriety tests and the preliminary breath test are
inadmissible because they qualify as physical searches subject to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement. Appellant claims that the police officer did not
obtain a search warrant prior to conducting the tests and lacked probable cause to arrest
him for driving while intoxicated. In reviewing a district court’s determination on the
legality of a stop, we review questions of reasonable suspicion de novo and findings of
fact for clear error, “giving due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by the
district court.” State v. Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84, 87 (Minn. 2000) (citations and
quotations omitted).
A traffic stop of a vehicle is justified if the police officer has a reasonable,
articulable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393
(Minn. 2008) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1879 (1968)). An
officer may expand the scope of the stop if the incremental intrusion is tied to and
justified by “(1) the original legitimate purpose of the stop, (2) independent probable
3 cause, or (3) reasonableness, as defined in Terry.” State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353,
365 (Minn. 2004). Reasonable, articulable suspicion requires that an officer identify
“specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those
facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. We
are “deferential to police officer training and experience and recognize that a trained
officer can properly act on suspicion that would elude an untrained eye.” Britton, 604
N.W.2d at 88-89.
Here, the police officer expanded the traffic stop based on appellant’s driving
conduct, his admission that he had been drinking prior to driving, his bloodshot and
watery eyes, and the odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from his vehicle. The officer
testified that she observed appellant commit numerous traffic violations. The police
officer saw appellant’s vehicle cross over the crosswalk, stop in the middle of an
intersection, and cross over the fog lines on the side of the road. Appellant does not
dispute his driving conduct, and a traffic violation, however slight, provides an objective
basis for conducting a traffic stop. State v. George, 557 N.W.2d 575, 578 (Minn. 1997).
The officer also testified that appellant displayed indicia of intoxication including
bloodshot and watery eyes and the odor of an alcoholic beverage. Indicia of intoxication,
such as bloodshot and watery eyes and the odor of alcohol, provide a police officer with
“specific and articulable facts” supporting the expansion of a stop. See LaBeau v.
Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 412 N.W.2d 777, 779-80 (Minn. App. 1987) (driver’s bloodshot
and watery eyes and odor of alcohol provided officer with reasonable, articulable
suspicion). Appellant also admitted to the officer that he drank a few beers before
4 driving. “An admission of drinking, coupled with other indicators of intoxication, is
sufficient for probable cause to arrest.” State v. Laducer, 676 N.W.2d 693, 698 (Minn.
App. 2004). These facts, taken together, form a reasonable basis for the officer to believe
that appellant was driving while impaired. The police officer was justified in expanding
the traffic stop and conducting field sobriety tests and a preliminary breath test.
Appellant argues that field sobriety tests and preliminary breath tests are searches
that must be supported by probable cause. The appropriate standard for conducting a
field sobriety test or a preliminary breath test is whether an officer has a reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the driver is impaired. See State v. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d 687,
696 (Minn. App. 2012) (determining an officer’s “observation of two indicia of
intoxication . . . reasonably justified further intrusions in the form of field sobriety and
preliminary breath testing.”); State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Juncewski, 308 N.W.2d 316,
321 (Minn. 1981) (stating an officer has the authority to administer a preliminary breath
test where “specific and articulable facts” form the basis to believe that a driver is
impaired). A reasonable articulable suspicion exists if the police officer can present “a
particularized and objective basis for suspecting the seized person of criminal activity.”
State v. Cripps, 533 N.W.2d 388, 391 (Minn. 1995). The district court concluded that the
officer observed indicia of intoxication which provided the necessary articulable
suspicion to require field sobriety tests and a preliminary breath test, and the record
supports that determination.
Appellant argues that Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013), obligates a
police officer to obtain a warrant before conducting field sobriety tests to “search
5 [appellant’s] person for physical evidence of potential criminal activity.” McNeely
addressed the constitutionality of a warrantless and nonconsensual blood draw and
determined that the warrant requirement applied to a search “involv[ing] a compelled
physical intrusion beneath [the arrestee’s] skin and into his veins to obtain a sample of his
blood for use as evidence in a criminal investigation.” 133 S. Ct. at 1558. The Supreme
Court stated that “such an invasion of bodily integrity implicates an individual’s most
personal and deep-rooted expectations of privacy.” Id. (quotation omitted). The
McNeely court did not extend its holding to field sobriety tests or preliminary breath tests,
which require only a showing that the officer had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that
a driver was impaired. See id.; see also State v. Vievering, 383 N.W.2d 729, 730 (Minn.
App. 1986) (“An officer need not possess probable cause to believe that a DWI violation
has occurred in order to administer a preliminary breath test.”). The district court did not
err in admitting the field sobriety tests and the preliminary breath test.
Appellant also raises additional arguments regarding the constitutionality of
Minnesota’s implied-consent law. Appellant acknowledges that he raised the issues in
order to preserve them and they are not the focus of this appeal. Appellant’s arguments
are foreclosed by two recent and controlling Minnesota Supreme Court cases, State v.
Bernard, 859 N.W.2d 762 (Minn. 2015), reh’g denied (Mar. 16, 2015), and State v.
Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563 (Minn. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1799 (2014). The
Bernard court held that “a warrantless breath test does not violate the Fourth Amendment
because it falls under the search-incident-to-a-valid-arrest exception,” and, as such, there
is no fundamental right to refuse a constitutional search. 859 N.W.2d at 767, 773. The
6 supreme court performed a rational-basis review and determined that Minnesota’s test-
refusal statute “is a reasonable means to a permissive object and that it passes rational
basis review.” Id. at 774. In Brooks, the supreme court held that the consent-exception
to the warrant requirement applies when the state demonstrates by a preponderance of the
evidence that the defendant “freely and voluntarily consented” based upon the totality of
the circumstances. Brooks, 838 N.W.2d at 568. “The general rule is that an appellate
court must apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision.” Olsen v. Special
School Dist. No. 1, 427 N.W.2d 707, 710 (Minn. App. 1988) (quoting Thorpe v. Housing
Authority of Durham, 393 U.S. 268, 281, 89 S. Ct. 518, 525-26 (1969)). Appellant’s
arguments challenging the holdings of Bernard and Brooks are misplaced and we decline
to address them.
Affirmed.