Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
April 21, 2020
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II BENJAMIN A. THOMAS, JR. and LINDA No. 52486-4-II KAE FERRIS, Co-Trustees of the Benjamin A. Thomas, Sr. Credit Shelter Testamentary Trust,
Respondents,
vs. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LANA CHANEY HARMON, and SUNSHINE HARMON, husband and wife,
Appellants.
MAXA, J. – Lana and Sunshine Harmon appeal the trial court’s order on partial summary
judgment in a lawsuit filed by Benjamin Thomas and Linda Ferris as co-trustees of the Benjamin
A. Thomas, Sr. Credit Shelter Testamentary Trust (the Trust) relating to certain restrictive
covenants applicable to the Harmons’ property.
One restrictive covenant required all outbuildings on the Harmons’ property to
complement or be similar to the house constructed on the property in material, color, and design,
including siding and roofing materials. The Harmons’ house had hardi-plank style lap siding and
an asphalt shingle roof, and a barn they constructed had metal siding and roofing. The trial court
ruled as a matter of law that the barn violated the outbuildings restrictive covenant. Another
restrictive covenant prohibited temporary structures. The trial court permanently enjoined the No. 52486-4-II
Harmons from constructing future temporary structures on their property. Finally, the trial court
awarded attorney fees to the Trust under an attorney fee clause in the covenants.
After the trial court ruled but before judgment was entered, the Harmons abated the
alleged violation of the outbuildings covenant by replacing the metal siding and roofing with
acceptable materials.
We hold that (1) whether the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment to the
Trust regarding the outbuildings covenant is moot because the Harmons abated the alleged
violation, (2) the trial court did not err in permanently enjoining the Harmons from constructing
future temporary structures on their property, (3) the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees to
the Trust regarding the outbuildings covenant but not the temporary structures covenant, and (4)
we decline to consider Sunshine Harmon’s liability on the court’s judgment because he did not
object in the trial court.
Accordingly, we decline to address the trial court’s order granting partial summary
judgment regarding violation of the outbuildings covenant, and we affirm the trial court’s entry
of the permanent injunction regarding temporary structures. Regarding attorney fees, we reverse
the trial court’s award of attorney fees to the Trust regarding enforcement of the outbuildings
covenant, but we affirm the trial court’s award of attorney fees to the Trust regarding
enforcement of the temporary structures covenant. We also award attorney fees to the Trust on
appeal for only the enforcement of the temporary structures covenant.
FACTS
Restrictive Covenants
Lana Harmon purchased property from the Trust in September 2014. She was married to
Sunshine Harmon at the time of the purchase, but she took title as her separate property.
2 No. 52486-4-II
The Trustee’s Deed conveyed title to the property subject to certain restrictive covenants.
The “grantor” under the deed was Thomas and Ferris as co-trustees of the Trust. The covenants
benefitted all the lots in the subdivision. The attorney for the Trust drafted these covenants.
Paragraph 3 of the covenants, “Permitted Uses” stated in part: “All outbuildings must
compl[e]ment (i.e. be similar to) the house style in material, color and design, which shall
include siding and roofing materials.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 76. Paragraph 3 did not expressly
prohibit metal siding or roofing on outbuildings.
Paragraph 6, “Temporary Structures,” stated: “No shacks, garages, barns or other out
buildings [or] structures of a temporary character shall be used on any lot or parcel at any time.
All structures must be built on a permanent foundation.” CP at 77.
Paragraph 13 of the covenants, “Enforcement,” stated:
The Grantor and/or a majority of owners of the lots within the Benefitted Tracts shall be entitled to bring any suit or action to enforce these Covenants. Should any suit or action instituted by the Grantor or a majority of the owners to enforce any of said reservations, conditions, agreements, covenants and restrictions, or to restrain the violation of any thereof, after demand for compliance therewith or for the cessation of such violation, and failure to comply with such demand, then and in either of said events and whether such suit or action be reduced to decree or not, the parties instituting such suit or action shall be entitled to recover attorney’s fees in such suit or action, in addition to statutory costs and disbursements.
CP at 78-79 (emphasis added).
Harmons’ Use of the Property
The property was undeveloped at the time of purchase and the Harmons intended to build
a home on it. The Harmons moved into a trailer on the property in late September 2014, shortly
after the purchase. They eventually finished construction of the home on the property. The
home had hardi-plank style lap siding and an asphalt-shingle roof.
3 No. 52486-4-II
About June 2015, the Harmons erected several structures on their property, including a
cattle panel with tarp, a dog kennel, a small storage shed, and a greenhouse.
On October 7, an attorney representing Thomas, co-trustee of the Trust, wrote a letter to
the Harmons “concerning covenant violations on your property.” CP at 130. The letter stated
“you have constructed numerous temporary structures and placed a drop box on the property for
a long period of time, in violation of the Covenant prohibition against temporary structures.” CP
at 130. The letter asked the Harmons to “immediately correct any non-conforming use of the
property by promptly removing the trailer and temporary structures from the property.” CP at
130. The letter threatened legal action if they failed to comply within thirty days of the letter.
The Harmons apparently did not reply.
The Harmons began construction of a pole-barn in October. The barn had corrugated
sheet metal siding and roofing.
On December 14, Thomas’s attorney wrote to the Harmons with a final demand to
comply with the covenants. The letter stated that the Harmons had been living in a trailer for
longer than the covenants allowed and had constructed numerous temporary structures, including
a drop box on the property. The letter stated, “This will be our last attempt to compel
compliance with the above-mentioned Covenants. Your failure to comply with this final demand
will result in a lawsuit being filed against you.” CP at 133. The letter stated that it enclosed a
draft complaint, but the complaint is not in the record. The letter concluded, “Please
immediately correct any and all non-conforming use of the property by promptly removing the
trailer and temporary structures from the property.” CP at 134.
4 No. 52486-4-II
Lana Harmon wrote back to the attorney, stating “You need to clarify these said
temporary structures in question.” CP at 136. Sometime after receiving the demand letter from
the Trust, the Harmons removed the cattle panel, storage shed, and greenhouse.
Trust’s Lawsuit Against the Harmons
In February 2016, the Trust filed a lawsuit against the Harmons, alleging that the
Harmons had breached the restrictive covenants by erecting several temporary, noncompliant
structures on their property and by constructing a barn with siding and roofing that did not
complement the house on their property. The Trust also asserted that in spite of its demands to
the Harmons to abide by the restrictive covenants, the Harmons had failed to correct their
nonconforming uses of their property.
The Harmons filed an answer to the complaint, representing themselves. Both Lana and
Sunshine Harmon signed the answer. The Harmons denied violating the restrictive covenants or
failing to correct any nonconforming uses. The Harmons then retained counsel and filed an
amended answer. The amended answer continued to name both Lana and Sunshine Harmon as
defendants.
The Trust moved for partial summary judgment, arguing that as a matter of law the
Harmons had violated the restrictive covenants requiring the siding and roofing materials of
outbuildings to be similar to the home on the property and prohibiting temporary structures. The
Trust requested a permanent injunction prohibiting the Harmons from constructing temporary
structures on their property, ordering them to remove all temporary structures from their
property, and ordering the Harmons to remove the metal siding and roofing from the barn and
replace them with lap siding and asphalt composite shingles.
5 No. 52486-4-II
The trial court granted the Trust’s motion for partial summary judgment. The court
enjoined the Harmons from placing temporary structures on their property in the future and gave
them 150 days to remove and replace the metal siding and roofing on their barn. If they were
unable to do so in 150 days, the Harmons were required to remove the barn.
The Trust later moved to amend the case caption, replacing “John Doe Harmon” with
“Sunshine Harmon.” CP at 359. The Harmons did not object. The trial court granted the
motion to amend the case caption.
In July 2018, the Trust moved for entry of final judgment. The Trust requested an award
of attorney fees under paragraph 13 of the restrictive covenants as the “prevailing party.” CP at
361. The Harmons objected to the fees and costs as submitted by the Trust, arguing that they
were not reasonable. The Harmons did not argue that attorney fees were not recoverable under
paragraph 13.
The trial court permanently enjoined the Harmons from erecting temporary structures on
their property and noted that the violation of the covenants with respect to the pole-barn’s siding
and roofing had been abated. The court entered judgment against the Harmons for $26,616 in
attorney fees. The Harmons did not argue that liability should not be imposed on Sunshine
Harmon.
The Harmons appeal the trial court’s order granting partial summary judgment and a
permanent injunction, and awarding attorney fees to the Trust.
ANALYSIS
A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT REGARDING OUTBUILDINGS COVENANT
The Harmons argue that the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment to the
Trust regarding the outbuildings covenant because they presented evidence to create an issue of
6 No. 52486-4-II
material fact whether their barn’s siding and roofing material “complemented” or was “similar”
to their house. We hold that this issue is moot and decline to consider it.
Before entry of judgment the Harmons abated the alleged violation of the outbuildings
covenant by replacing the metal siding and roofing on their barn with materials that were
acceptable to the Trust. Both the Harmons and the Trust agree in supplemental briefing that this
issue is now moot. We agree.
A case is moot if we cannot provide the relief sought or can no longer provide effective
relief. Randy Reynolds & Assocs., Inc. v. Harmon, 193 Wn.2d 143, 152, 437 P.3d 677 (2019).
As a general rule, we do not consider cases that are moot or present only abstract
questions. 4518 S. 256th, LLC v. Karen L. Gibbon, PS, 195 Wn. App. 423, 433, 382 P.3d 1
(2016).
Here, whether we affirm or reverse the trial court’s ruling on the outbuildings covenant
makes no difference. The alleged violation has been abated. Therefore, the issue is moot.
The Harmons argue that the outbuildings covenant may be relevant to the trial court’s
award of attorney fees to the Trust, which they challenge. However, as discussed below, we hold
that the Trust is not entitled to recover attorney fees for enforcement of the outbuildings
covenant because the Trust never made a demand for compliance with that covenant. Therefore,
we reverse the award of attorney fees regardless of whether the trial court erred in ruling that the
Harmons violated the outbuildings covenant.
Because the issue is moot, we decline to address whether the trial court erred in granting
partial summary judgment to the Trust regarding the outbuildings covenant.
7 No. 52486-4-II
B. PERMANENT INJUNCTION REGARDING TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
The Harmons argue that the trial court erred in granting the Trust a permanent injunction
enjoining the Harmons from placing future temporary structures on their property. The Harmons
claim that a permanent injunction was inappropriate because the Trust provided no evidence that
it had a well-grounded fear of an immediate invasion of its rights under the temporary structures
covenant. We disagree.
The purpose of restrictive covenants is “to make residential subdivisions more attractive
for residential purposes.” Hollis v. Garwall, Inc., 137 Wn.2d 683, 699, 974 P.2d 836 (1999).
They are enforceable by injunctive relief. Id. A plaintiff seeking injunctive relief must show (1)
a clear legal or equitable right, and (2) a well-grounded fear of immediate invasion of that right.
Id. The party is not required to show substantial damage from the violation of a restrictive
covenant to enjoin a violation. Id. We review a trial court’s decision to grant an injunction to
enforce restrictive covenants for an abuse of discretion. Green v. Normandy Park, 137 Wn. App.
665, 698, 151 P.3d 1038 (2007).
Here, paragraph 6 of the restrictive covenants provided: “No shacks, garages, barns or
other out buildings [or] structures of a temporary character shall be used on any lot or parcel at
any time. All structures must be built on a permanent foundation.” CP at 77. The Harmons
argue that because they had removed various temporary structures on their property from time to
time in response to the Trust’s complaints, the Trust had not established that its fear of an
immediate violation of the temporary structures covenant was well-grounded.
However, the Trust submitted numerous photographs of the various shacks, tents, and
other temporary structures the Harmons had placed around their property at various times. The
Trust also submitted evidence of the letters it sent to the Harmons requesting they take down the
8 No. 52486-4-II
temporary structures to comply with paragraph 6, as well as a drafted complaint. The Harmons
appeared to dispute that there were structures on their property that violated the temporary
structures covenant. They removed the cattle panel, storage shed, and greenhouse sometime
before the lawsuit was filed, but two domestic dog kennels and an above-ground pool remained.
This evidence was sufficient to conclude that the Trust had a well-grounded fear that the
Harmons would soon violate the temporary structures covenant again.
The Harmons also argue that the Trust failed to prove it would have no adequate remedy
at law without the permanent injunction, and that money damages would have been sufficient to
compensate the Trust for any resulting loss in property values.
Injunctive relief is not appropriate where the party requesting the relief has a “ ‘plain,
complete, speedy, and adequate remedy at law.’ ” Bellevue Square, LLC v. Whole Foods Mkt.
Pac. Nw., Inc., 6 Wn. App. 2d 709, 716, 432 P.3d 426 (2018), review denied, 193 Wn.2d 1024
(2019) (quoting Tyler Pipe Indus., Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 96 Wn.2d 785, 791, 638 P.2d 1213
(1982)). In general, courts have found a remedy at law inadequate in three situations: (1) the
injury cannot be compensated by money damages, (2) the damages cannot be ascertained with
certainty, and (3) the remedy at law would be inefficient because the injury is continuous in
nature. Bellevue Square, 6 Wn. App. 2d at 716.
Money damages are sometimes appropriate to compensate a loss in property value. See
Kucera v. Dep’t of Transp., 140 Wn.2d 200, 210, 995 P.2d 63 (2000). But here, there was no
way to determine with certainty what the Harmons’ future construction of temporary structures
on their property might do to the property values in the rest of the subdivision. In this case,
money damages would have been an inadequate remedy.
9 No. 52486-4-II
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the
permanent injunction regarding temporary structures on the Harmons’ property.
C. RECOVERY OF ATTORNEY FEES UNDER THE RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS
The Harmons argue that the Trust was not entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees
under paragraph 13 of the restrictive covenants because the Trust did not make a demand for
compliance regarding the siding and roofing of the Harmons’ barn or the temporary structures on
the Harmons’ property before filing suit. We agree regarding the violation of the outbuildings
covenant but disagree regarding the violation of the temporary structures covenant.
1. Failure to Raise Issue in Trial Court
Initially, the Trust argues that we decline to consider the Harmons’ argument because
they did not raise the issue in the trial court. The Harmons argue that we still should consider
this issue under RAP 2.5(a)(2) because the Trust failed to prove sufficient facts upon which the
relief of attorney fees could be granted. We agree with the Harmons.
In response to the Trust’s requests for attorney fees in the trial court, the Harmons
challenged only the reasonableness of the amount of fees requested and did not argue that
attorney fees were not recoverable under paragraph 13 of the restrictive covenants. We generally
do not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. See RAP 2.5(a); Kave v. McIntosh
Ridge Primary Rd. Ass’n, 198 Wn. App. 812, 823, 394 P.3d 446 (2017).
However, RAP 2.5(a)(2) provides that an appellant may raise for the first time on appeal
the “failure to establish facts upon which relief can be granted.” This exception applies where
the proof of particular facts at trial is required to sustain a claim. Mukilteo Ret. Apts., LLC v.
Mukilteo Investors, LP, 176 Wn. App. 244, 246, 310 P.3d 814 (2013). And the rule can apply to
the recovery of attorney fees. Stedman v. Cooper, 172 Wn. App. 9, 24-25, 292 P.3d 764 (2012).
10 No. 52486-4-II
Here, paragraph 13 stated that, to be entitled to recover attorney fees, the grantor must
“demand . . . compliance” with the covenants and the defendants must “fail[] to comply with
such demand” before the grantor files suit. CP at 78-79. Therefore, to obtain relief the Trust
was required to establish two facts: a demand for compliance and a failure to comply with the
demand. The Harmons’ argument is that the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to
establish these facts. Therefore, we consider the Harmons’ argument for the first time on appeal
under RAP 2.5(a)(2).
2. Failure to Assert Affirmative Defense
The Trust also argues that the Harmons are precluded from arguing that the Trust cannot
recover attorney fees based on a failure to demand compliance because both the Harmons’
answer and amended answer failed to specifically allege the Trust’s failure to make the required
pre-suit demands as required by CR 8(c) and CR 9(c). We disagree with the Trust.
The Trust claims that the Harmons’ argument that the Trust was required to demand
compliance with the covenants constituted both an affirmative defense under CR 8(c) and a
denial of a condition precedent under CR 9(c) that was required to be specifically pleaded.
CR 8(c) states that a defendant’s answer must affirmatively set forth a number of
specified affirmative defenses as well as “any other matter constituting an avoidance or
affirmative defense.” However, this requirement is not absolute. Hogan v. Sacred Heart
Medical Ctr, 101 Wn. App. 43, 54-55, 2 P.3d 968 (2000). The purpose of CR 8(c) is to avoid
surprise. Henderson v. Tyrrell, 80 Wn. App. 592, 624, 910 P.2d 522 (1996). If the failure to
plead a defense affirmatively “does not affect the substantial rights of the parties, the
noncompliance will be considered harmless.” Mahoney v. Tingley, 85 Wn.2d 95, 100, 529 P.2d
1068 (1975).
11 No. 52486-4-II
CR 9(c) states: “In pleading the performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is
sufficient to aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed or have occurred.
A denial of performance or occurrence shall be made specifically and with particularity.”
(Emphasis added.)
The Trust’s complaint “pray[ed]” for reasonable attorney fees under paragraph 13 of the
covenants. CP at 7. The Harmons’ answer expressly denied that the Trust was entitled to
attorney fees, and their amended answer expressly denied the paragraph in which the Trust
requested attorney fees. But neither answer expressly identified the failure to comply with the
requirements of paragraph 13 as an affirmative defense nor expressly asserted the failure of a
condition precedent. And the Harmons did not argue in the trial court that attorney fees were not
recoverable under paragraph 13 because the Trust did not demand compliance.
We conclude that compliance with the terms of paragraph 13 was not an affirmative
defense that was required to be pleaded specifically. The Trust pleaded that it was entitled to
attorney fees under the terms of paragraph 13. Therefore, the Trust had the burden of proving
compliance with the requirements of that provision; the Harmons did not have the burden of
proving noncompliance as a defense. And the Harmons’ answer was sufficient to put the Trust
on notice that the Harmons were challenging the recovery of attorney fees under paragraph 13.
We also conclude that CR 9(c) does not apply here. CR 9(c) states that a plaintiff can
aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed. At that point, the defendant
must specifically deny such performance. However, here the Trust did not allege that it had
performed all conditions precedent, for which it had the burden of proof. Therefore, the
Harmons’ obligation to specifically deny such an allegation was never triggered.
12 No. 52486-4-II
We conclude that the Harmons are not precluded from arguing that the Trust cannot
recover attorney fees based on a failure to demand compliance.
3. Paragraph 13 Requirements
A court may award reasonable attorney fees only when such an award is authorized by
contract, statute, or recognized ground of equity. Union Bank, NA v. Blanchard, 194 Wn. App.
340, 364, 378 P.3d 191 (2016). Paragraph 13, entitled “Enforcement,” stated:
The Grantor . . . shall be entitled to bring any suit or action to enforce these Covenants. Should any suit or action instituted by the Grantor . . . to enforce any of said . . . covenants and restrictions, or to restrain the violation of any thereof, after demand for compliance therewith or for the cessation of such violation, and failure to comply with such demand, then and in either of said events . . . the parties instituting such suit or action shall be entitled to recover attorney’s fees in such suit or action.
CP at 78-79 (emphasis added). In other words, paragraph 13 allowed an award of attorney fees
when the grantor instituted an action to enforce the covenants after (1) a demand for compliance
and (2) failure to comply with the demand.
a. Outbuildings Covenant
The Harmons argue that they did not received a “demand for compliance” regarding their
barn’s alleged violations of the restrictive covenants because none of the Trust’s pre-suit letters
addressed the issue of the outbuildings covenant.
Thomas’s attorney sent the Harmons two demands for compliance with the covenants in
2015. However, those demands were specifically limited to the Harmons living in a trailer for
longer than the covenants allowed and constructing temporary structures. The October letter
asked the Harmons to “immediately correct any non-conforming use of the property by promptly
removing the trailer and temporary structures from the property.” CP at 130. The December
13 No. 52486-4-II
letter stated, “Please immediately correct any and all non-conforming use of the property by
promptly removing the trailer and temporary structures from the property.” CP at 134.
The Harmons began construction of a pole-barn in October 2015. But neither letter
demanded compliance with the outbuildings covenant. And the Trust submitted no other
evidence that it made a formal demand for compliance regarding the Harmons’ barn.
The Trust argues that both the Harmons’ answer and amended answer to the Trust’s
complaint admitted that the Trust made the required pre-suit demands for compliance with the
covenants. But the answers expressly denied that the Harmons had violated any covenants and
denied failing to accede to demands to abide by the covenants. The answers also expressly
denied that the Trust was entitled to recover attorney fees under paragraph 13. We conclude that
these answers cannot fairly be interpreted as admitting that the Trust had made a demand for
compliance regarding the outbuildings covenant.
Because the Trust did not demand that the Harmons comply with the outbuildings
covenant, the Trust did not satisfy the demand for compliance requirement in paragraph 13.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees to the Trust regarding
enforcement of this covenant.
b. Temporary Structures Covenant
The Harmons did receive demands for compliance regarding the temporary structures
covenant. The October and December letters stated that the temporary structures on the
Harmons’ property violated the restrictive covenants and asked them to immediately remove
temporary structures from the property. Both letters warned that the failure to comply with this
demand would result in a lawsuit being filed against them.
14 No. 52486-4-II
The Harmons argue that because the Trust did not respond to Lana Harmon’s letter
telling the Trust “to clarify these said temporary structures in question,” CP at 136, the Harmons
did not receive a demand for compliance under paragraph 13 with respect to temporary
structures. But paragraph 13 contains no requirement that a demand for compliance be
uncontested before the party initiating a suit to enforce the covenants is entitled to attorney fees.
That the Harmons disagreed they were violating the restrictive covenants regarding temporary
structures does not alter the fact that the Trust sent them a demand for compliance.
We hold that the trial court did not err in ruling that the Trust was entitled to recover
attorney fees regarding enforcement of the temporary structures covenant.
4. Fee Award Against Sunshine Harmon
The Harmons argue that the award of attorney fees under the restrictive covenants against
Sunshine Harmon was not appropriate because he was not an owner of the property at issue, nor
was he a party to the restrictive covenants. The Trust argues that the Harmons should not be
entitled to raise this argument for the first time on appeal.
As stated above, we generally do not consider arguments raised for the first time on
appeal. See RAP 2.5(a); Kave, 198 Wn. App. at 823. Here, the Harmons did not object to the
inclusion of Sunshine Harmon as a defendant in the lawsuit or to the amendment of the case
caption to replace “John Doe Harmon” with “Sunshine Harmon.” Finally, the Harmons did not
object to entry of judgment against both Lana and Sunshine Harmon. Accordingly, we decline to
consider this argument.
5. Attorney Fees on Appeal
The Trust requests its attorney fees on appeal under paragraph 13 of the restrictive
covenants. This appeal is part of the Trust’s suit to enforce the restrictive covenants, for which
15 No. 52486-4-II
paragraph 13 allowed the recovery of attorney fees under certain conditions. Based on the
court’s holdings above, we hold that the Trust is entitled to recover its attorney fees for enforcing
the temporary structures covenant but not for the outbuildings covenant.
CONCLUSION
We decline to address the trial court’s order granting partial summary judgment regarding
violation of the outbuildings covenant, and we affirm the trial court’s entry of the permanent
injunction regarding temporary structures. Regarding attorney fees, we reverse the trial court’s
award of attorney fees to the Trust for enforcement of the outbuildings covenant, but we affirm
the trial court’s award of attorney fees to the Trust for enforcement of the temporary structures
covenant. Finally, we award attorney fees to the Trust on appeal for only the enforcement of the
temporary structures covenant.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, J.
We concur:
SUTTON, A.C.J.
GLASGOW, J.