Mr. Justice Wilkes
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This cause was heard upon demurrer_ in the court below. The demurrer was overruled, and the defendants have appealed to this court, and assigned errors.
The defendants are the county of Davidson, the mayor and city council of Nashville, and Len K. Hart, trustee of Davidson county. The case, as made by the bill, is that Benedict Bros, are residents of Davidson county, and are now, and have been for twenty years past, manufacturers of and dealers in lumber; their place of business being in Nashville, Tennessee. They were called upon by the tax assessors for a statement of personalty taxable in their hands on the 10th of [185]*185January, 1900. They refused to list as taxable a quantity of logs and lumber which they had in their yards on that day, which lumber had been manufactured from logs cut from their own lands in the State of Tennessee, and from logs which had been bought by them from other persons owning lands in the State, and upon which the logs grew. Thereupon the tax assessors for the county and city assessed complainants as owning personalty consisting of lumber and logs to the amount of $18,000. The State tax was paid under protest by complainants, and the present suit is to recover back the tax thus paid for State purposes from the trustee, and to enjoin the collection of the taxes assessed for county and municipal purposes. It is claimed by complainants that the property thus assessed is exempt from taxation, under sections 28 and 80 of article 2 of the 'constitution of Tennessee. The assessment law in force at the time of this assessment is chapter 435 of the Acts of 1899, and by section 2, subsection 5, of the act, it is provided that “all growing crops, of whatever nature or kind, the direct product of the soil of this State in the hands of the producer, or his immediate vendee, and manufactured articles from the produce of this State in the hands of the manufacturer, shall be exempt from taxation.” Section 28, of article 2, of the constitution of the state, contains the following words: “All property, real, personal or mixed, shall be taxed, but the legislature may except such as may be held by the State, by counties, cities or towns, and used exclu[186]*186sively for public or corporation purposes, and such, as may be held or used for purposes purely religious, charitable, scientific, literary or educational, and shall except one thousand dollars worth of personal property in the hands of each taxpayor, and the direct product of the soil in the hands of the producer, and his immediate " vendee.” Section 30 of the same article is as follows: “No article manufactured of the produce of this State shall be taxed otherwise than to pay inspection fees.” So far as these provisions relate to the direct product of the soil, in the hands of the producer and his immediate vendee, and to articles manufactured of the product of this State, they are mandatory and self-executing. Complainants claim exemption from taxation upon the property assessed under and by virtue of each of these provisions of the constitution as well as the terms of the act of 1899. Without construing the language 'and provisions of section 28, above set out, which we think not necessary in this case, we proceed to inquire whether the property thus assessed is exempt under the provisions of section 30.
It is difficult to give a correct definition of the terms “articles manufactured of the produce of the State.” It is evident that they are not the same as the direct product of the soil, in the hands of the producer or his immediate vendee. The direct product of the soil is necessarily in every instance the produce of the State, but it does not follow that the produce of the State is confined to the direct products of the soil. And while [187]*187the direct product of the soil is necessarily embraced within the terms “produce of the State,” it may not fall within the definition of “an article manufactured of the produce of the State.” To illustrate: Wheat is a direct product of the soil, but it is not an article manufactured of the produce of the State. Flour made of wheat grown upon Tennessee soil is an article manufactured of the produce of the State, but it is not a direct product of the soil, though manufactured out of the direct product of the soil. Wheat grown on Tennessee soil is exempt, under the provision of section 28, supra, while flour manufactured of such wheat is not, but is exempt only under section 80. It is worthy of note that the exemption contained in section 30, of “articles manufactured of the produce of the State,” originated with the constitution of 1796, and was brought forward into the constitutions of 1884 and 1870 in substantially the same language, while the exemption in section 28 of the direct products of the soil, in the hands, of the producer or his immediate vendee, originated with, and is first found in the constitution of 1870. It is a fair inference that our constitution makers of 1870 did not consider the terms as the equivalent of each other, and that they intended, by incorporating both provisions in the constitution of 1870, to make an ex- - emption under section 28, which had not previously existed under section 30. We are of opinion that the term “produce of the State” is intended to embrace whatever is produced or grown in the State, or is the [188]*188yield of tlie State, Avh.eth.er it be crops or timber or coal or iron or marble or Avood, or any other article Avhich may be' treated as produced or groAvn ‘Svithin the State from or on the soil, or may be found in the soil. It must be noted, however, that it is not “the produce of the State,” Avhich is exempt under section 30, but “articles manufactured of such produce.” So that it becomes necessary to decide what is an article manufactured, within the sense of this provision. The ordinary definitions of the Avord “manufactured” can aid us but little. There will be no dispute but that an article (for example, a piece of furniture), when reduced to its finished state, as a table, would, in the hands of the manufacturer, come under the head of a “manufactured article,” after it had gone through the many stages to reach that condition. And the troublesome question is, when did it become manufactured? Originally the tree out of which the material came was growing in the forest. This tree Avith saAV or ax, Avas felled to the ground. Next it was cut into lengths or logs, and in that shape became a merchantable timber. These were transported to the mill, and saAved into rough lumber. This rough lumber was afterAvards ripped into desirable sizes and lengths. Then the material went through a planing or smoothing process; then a process of joining or adjusting the pieces one to another; then a process of being fastened in shape; next, a polishing process, it may be an oil or varnish finish; and other manipulations known to the trade for converting the crude [189]*189material into handsome and nsefnl shapes and appearances, ultimately designed as “furniture;” and all these different processes may have been conducted by different parties.
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Mr. Justice Wilkes
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This cause was heard upon demurrer_ in the court below. The demurrer was overruled, and the defendants have appealed to this court, and assigned errors.
The defendants are the county of Davidson, the mayor and city council of Nashville, and Len K. Hart, trustee of Davidson county. The case, as made by the bill, is that Benedict Bros, are residents of Davidson county, and are now, and have been for twenty years past, manufacturers of and dealers in lumber; their place of business being in Nashville, Tennessee. They were called upon by the tax assessors for a statement of personalty taxable in their hands on the 10th of [185]*185January, 1900. They refused to list as taxable a quantity of logs and lumber which they had in their yards on that day, which lumber had been manufactured from logs cut from their own lands in the State of Tennessee, and from logs which had been bought by them from other persons owning lands in the State, and upon which the logs grew. Thereupon the tax assessors for the county and city assessed complainants as owning personalty consisting of lumber and logs to the amount of $18,000. The State tax was paid under protest by complainants, and the present suit is to recover back the tax thus paid for State purposes from the trustee, and to enjoin the collection of the taxes assessed for county and municipal purposes. It is claimed by complainants that the property thus assessed is exempt from taxation, under sections 28 and 80 of article 2 of the 'constitution of Tennessee. The assessment law in force at the time of this assessment is chapter 435 of the Acts of 1899, and by section 2, subsection 5, of the act, it is provided that “all growing crops, of whatever nature or kind, the direct product of the soil of this State in the hands of the producer, or his immediate vendee, and manufactured articles from the produce of this State in the hands of the manufacturer, shall be exempt from taxation.” Section 28, of article 2, of the constitution of the state, contains the following words: “All property, real, personal or mixed, shall be taxed, but the legislature may except such as may be held by the State, by counties, cities or towns, and used exclu[186]*186sively for public or corporation purposes, and such, as may be held or used for purposes purely religious, charitable, scientific, literary or educational, and shall except one thousand dollars worth of personal property in the hands of each taxpayor, and the direct product of the soil in the hands of the producer, and his immediate " vendee.” Section 30 of the same article is as follows: “No article manufactured of the produce of this State shall be taxed otherwise than to pay inspection fees.” So far as these provisions relate to the direct product of the soil, in the hands of the producer and his immediate vendee, and to articles manufactured of the product of this State, they are mandatory and self-executing. Complainants claim exemption from taxation upon the property assessed under and by virtue of each of these provisions of the constitution as well as the terms of the act of 1899. Without construing the language 'and provisions of section 28, above set out, which we think not necessary in this case, we proceed to inquire whether the property thus assessed is exempt under the provisions of section 30.
It is difficult to give a correct definition of the terms “articles manufactured of the produce of the State.” It is evident that they are not the same as the direct product of the soil, in the hands of the producer or his immediate vendee. The direct product of the soil is necessarily in every instance the produce of the State, but it does not follow that the produce of the State is confined to the direct products of the soil. And while [187]*187the direct product of the soil is necessarily embraced within the terms “produce of the State,” it may not fall within the definition of “an article manufactured of the produce of the State.” To illustrate: Wheat is a direct product of the soil, but it is not an article manufactured of the produce of the State. Flour made of wheat grown upon Tennessee soil is an article manufactured of the produce of the State, but it is not a direct product of the soil, though manufactured out of the direct product of the soil. Wheat grown on Tennessee soil is exempt, under the provision of section 28, supra, while flour manufactured of such wheat is not, but is exempt only under section 80. It is worthy of note that the exemption contained in section 30, of “articles manufactured of the produce of the State,” originated with the constitution of 1796, and was brought forward into the constitutions of 1884 and 1870 in substantially the same language, while the exemption in section 28 of the direct products of the soil, in the hands, of the producer or his immediate vendee, originated with, and is first found in the constitution of 1870. It is a fair inference that our constitution makers of 1870 did not consider the terms as the equivalent of each other, and that they intended, by incorporating both provisions in the constitution of 1870, to make an ex- - emption under section 28, which had not previously existed under section 30. We are of opinion that the term “produce of the State” is intended to embrace whatever is produced or grown in the State, or is the [188]*188yield of tlie State, Avh.eth.er it be crops or timber or coal or iron or marble or Avood, or any other article Avhich may be' treated as produced or groAvn ‘Svithin the State from or on the soil, or may be found in the soil. It must be noted, however, that it is not “the produce of the State,” Avhich is exempt under section 30, but “articles manufactured of such produce.” So that it becomes necessary to decide what is an article manufactured, within the sense of this provision. The ordinary definitions of the Avord “manufactured” can aid us but little. There will be no dispute but that an article (for example, a piece of furniture), when reduced to its finished state, as a table, would, in the hands of the manufacturer, come under the head of a “manufactured article,” after it had gone through the many stages to reach that condition. And the troublesome question is, when did it become manufactured? Originally the tree out of which the material came was growing in the forest. This tree Avith saAV or ax, Avas felled to the ground. Next it was cut into lengths or logs, and in that shape became a merchantable timber. These were transported to the mill, and saAved into rough lumber. This rough lumber was afterAvards ripped into desirable sizes and lengths. Then the material went through a planing or smoothing process; then a process of joining or adjusting the pieces one to another; then a process of being fastened in shape; next, a polishing process, it may be an oil or varnish finish; and other manipulations known to the trade for converting the crude [189]*189material into handsome and nsefnl shapes and appearances, ultimately designed as “furniture;” and all these different processes may have been conducted by different parties. Now, at Avhat stage of this process does the article become exempt as a manufactured article? Evidently the purpose of the exemption is to encourage manufacturing, and the pertinent question is, shall a construction be placed upon the clause which virtually says that, when the last finishing strokes have been put upon the articles, it becomes exempt in the hands of the manufacturer, and not until then, or shall we say the exemption begins when the first act of manufacturing is done, or at some intermediate stage? Did the makers of the constitution mean to say to the manufacturer: “Your product shall be exempt in your hands if by your good fortune it can reach the finished stage, but, if by my good fortune and the aid of my machinery I can catch the material in any intermediate stage between the log and the table, you must pay taxes upon it. In other words, you, the manufacturer, and you, the tax gatherer, shall start on equal terms when the log is placed on the yard of the mill manufacturer. It must then be a race of diligence between you from that time to the time the table is finished and ready for market. If you, the manufacturer, can by any means, open or secret, convert the log into the table before the tax gatherer catches you, then it is exempt; otherwise it is not.”
We cannot think this is a correct view. The pro[190]*190cess of manufacturing begins at least when tbe log is on tbe yard for tbe purpose of being sawed. When it is sawed into rough lumber, and when that is ripped into sizes and lengths, and when these are fastened together, and fitted one piece to another, and when the article is being polished, glazed, rubbed, or varnished, in all the stages from the time the log is on the yard until it appears finished by the manufacturer, the exemption attaches and continues. Rough lumber and logs are articles of commerce, and for many purposes they are, in this condition, finished, and are not intended to be further manipulated; and so, also, is lumber which has been ripped into lengths or dressed for use. Logs are used in house or bridge building without further change. The exact question in this case is whether logs, in the hands of the mill-operating manufacturer, and the lumber, when cut by him into larger or smaller shapes and pieces, are exempt. We are not dealing with a condition where the owner of the tree has felled it, and cut it into lengths to be shipped to a foreign market and sold as logs; nor, on the other hand, are we dealing with the case of the same owner who may have felled his trees, and cut them into lengths in the forest, with a view of hauling them to his own mill, and then converting them by sawing them into lumber. Neither of these cases is presented. But we have the case of logs upon the yard of' the sawyer or mill-operating manufacturer, ready to be sawed, and lumber upon the yard, already sawed. Nor are we dealing with the question of the taxability of the [191]*191finished article after it has left the hands of the manufacturer, and gone into the hands of the dealer or consumer. We express no opinion as to the application of the constitutional exemption to any of these conditions, as they are not involved in the present case. We do not consider the cases cited from California in point, as they turn upon different facts and different constitutional provisions. Nor do we find any other authorities in conflict with this holding.
We are of opinion that, under the facts in this record, the logs upon the yard, in the hands of the mill-operating manufacturer and his property, and lumber rough and smooth, cut by him from such logs grown on Tennessee soil, are articles manufactured from the produce of the State, and exempt under the provisions of section 30, article 2, of the constitution; and the demurrer was therefore properly overruled, and complainants, under the allegations of their bill, are entitled to recover back the taxes paid the State, and to perpetually enjoin the taxes assessed by the county and city; and the decree of the court below is therefore affirmed, and the cause remanded, at costs of defendants for the appeal.