Ben Christian v. The Southern Company

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: January 10, 2025
• Docket: 24-10762
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 1 of 8

[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 24-10762 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________

BEN CHRISTIAN, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus THE SOUTHERN COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-04563-WMR ____________________ USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 2 of 8

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Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, and NEWSOM and GRANT, Cir- cuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Ben Christian appeals the summary judgment in favor of Southern Company Services, Inc. and against his complaint under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. 29 U.S.C. § 623. We affirm. Christian was 63 years old and worked for Southern Com- pany Services in November 2017. On November 3, 2017, Christian had a meeting with Cheryl Peters and Human Resources repre- sentative Erin Pickens. Peters gave Christian the option to retire or be fired in two weeks—on November 17, 2017. Christian explained that he was working on a critical project that only he could do. Pe- ters responded that she wanted to talk to the company president about the project. Christian understood this response to be an offer to continue his employment and that Peters wanted him to work until the end of the year or the completion of the project. Peters told Christian that she would notify him on November 6, 2017, what his options were. During the November 3 meeting, Southern Company Services terminated Christian’s access to computer sys- tems, deactivated his access badge, delivered his personal belong- ings, and escorted him out of the building. On November 6, Peters left Christian a voicemail stating that there was “additional information” for Christian “to consider [his] options going forward.” Christian did not return the call. USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 3 of 8

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Instead, on November 7, he emailed Pickens requesting items dis- cussed at the November 3 meeting “concerning [his] departure” as well as “additional information” Peters mentioned in the Novem- ber 6 voicemail regarding his “options going forward.” Pickens responded to Christian’s email on November 8: We discussed that your employment was be- ing terminated, with your last day in the office being Friday, November 3rd, and last day of pay being Nov. 17. We gave you the option to notify us in writing, if you chose to retire in lieu of termination. We also discussed that you and Cheryl would make contact on Monday, and that you would decide by Wednesday, November 8 (today) if you were choosing to retire. As you stated, I believe that Cheryl tried to contact you on Monday. I would encourage you to touch base with her. On November 10, 2017, Christian filed a complaint with Southern Company Service’s Corporate Concerns Department where he stated he was terminated at the November 3 meeting. Christian filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employ- ment Opportunity Commission on May 8, 2018. The Commission dismissed his charge and issued him a right to sue letter. Christian filed a complaint against Southern Company Ser- vices in the district court. Southern Company Services moved to dismiss Christian’s complaint because he filed an untimely charge with the Commission and failed to assert a plausible claim of age USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 4 of 8

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discrimination. The district court granted the motion to dismiss based in part on Pickens’s November 8 email. Christian appealed, and we vacated the dismissal and remanded because the reliance on extrinsic evidence meant the motion should have been treated as one for summary judgment. On remand, Southern Company Services moved for sum- mary judgment on the grounds that Christian’s charge was un- timely and that he could not establish that he was terminated be- cause of his age. It argued that Christian was terminated at the No- vember 3 meeting, and even if that meeting did not provide une- quivocal notice, Pickens’s email on November 8 was unequivocal. Christian responded that the limitations period did not begin to run until November 10, when he decided to accept his termination. He argued that even if unequivocal notice was given before then, there were triable issues of fact regarding equitable tolling. The magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation that Christian’s complaint be dismissed as untimely. The magistrate judge reasoned that Christian’s statements proved that he under- stood his termination was effective on November 3 and his later contrary testimony was blatantly contradicted by the record. Alter- natively, the magistrate judge found that Christian received une- quivocal notice of termination by the November 8 email. The mag- istrate judge ruled that Christian was not entitled to equitable toll- ing because there was no possibility of continued employment. Christian objected that the magistrate judge considered the facts in the light favorable to Southern Company Services by USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 5 of 8

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ignoring context around his statements about the November 3 meeting. He argued that his subjective understanding did not mat- ter and the communication from Peters was equivocal. He argued that the November 8 email was equivocal because Pickens was not a decisionmaker and the email did not address Christian’s concerns. He argued that he was entitled to equitable tolling because South- ern Company Services’s communications were confusing. The district court adopted the report and recommendation and granted summary judgment. It ruled that the magistrate judge did not err in considering Christian’s earlier statements regarding the November 3 meeting. It found that Peters did not equivocate in her decision to terminate Christian, and Pickens’s November 8 email resolved any arguable equivocation. It ruled that it had dis- cretion to ignore Christian’s argument that Pickens was not a deci- sionmaker because he raised it in his objections to the report and recommendation and that his response showed the email was not confusing. It ruled that Christian was not entitled to equitable toll- ing because a reasonably prudent person would have known he was terminated on November 3. We review the grant of summary judgment de novo and view the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non- moving party. Bailey v. Metro Ambulance Servs., Inc., 992 F.3d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 2021). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review de novo whether equitable tolling applies but review for clear USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 6 of 8

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error any factual findings. Cabello v. Fernandez-Larios, 402 F.3d 1148, 1153 (11th Cir. 2005). The district court did not err in ruling that Christian’s charge was untimely. Before filing suit, a plaintiff in Georgia must file a charge of discrimination with the Commission within 180 days of the alleged discrimination. 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(1)(A); Watson v. Blue Circle, Inc., 324 F.3d 1252, 1258 (11th Cir. 2003) (discussing that be- cause Georgia is a non-deferral state a charge of discrimination must be filed within 180 days under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5). The period for filing a charge of dis- crimination does not begin to run until the employee receives un- equivocal notice of an adverse employment decision. Wright v. Am- South Bancorporation, 320 F.3d 1198, 1201–03 (11th Cir. 2003). The communication of the final decision to terminate is what triggers the start of the filing period, not the date that employment ends. Cocke v. Merrill Lynch & Co., 817 F.2d 1559, 1561 (11th Cir. 1987). As both parties agree, the date the filing period began to run does not turn on Christian’s “subjective belief ” but rather whether he re- ceived an “unequivocal communication” on November 3rd, 6th, or 8th that he had been terminated. See Wright, 320 F.3d at 1203. Chris- tian’s argument about any impermissible credibility determina- tions regarding his subjective understanding is irrelevant. See Ander- son v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (“Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the gov- erning law will properly preclude the entry of summary judg- ment.”). Even if we were to assume that the communications dur- ing the November 3 meeting were equivocal because Peters USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 7 of 8

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discussed unspecified additional options available to Christian and promised to talk to the company president, Pickens’s email on No- vember 8 was unequivocal that Christian could either retire or be terminated. Christian’s argument that Pickens was not a deci- sionmaker came too late and was unsupported by legal authority. See Williams v. McNeil, 557 F.3d 1287, 1292 (11th Cir. 2009) (“[A] dis- trict court has discretion to decline to consider a party’s argument when that argument was not first presented to the magistrate judge.”). At latest, the filing period ran from November 8, 2017, to May 7, 2018, and Christian’s charge filed on May 8, 2018, was un- timely. See 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(1)(A). The district court did not err in ruling that Christian was not entitled to equitable tolling. The timely filing of a charge of dis- crimination is not a jurisdictional prerequisite and is subject to eq- uitable tolling. Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982). When a plaintiff does not allege that the defendant actively misled him, he must prove that he pursued his rights diligently and extraordinary circumstances prevented him from filing. Villarreal v. RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co., 839 F.3d 958, 971–72 (11th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (applying the general test for equitable tolling in an appeal alleging age discrimination). Under equitable tolling, the “limita- tions period does not start to run until a plaintiff knew or reasona- bly should have known that [he] was discriminated against.” Carter v. W. Publ’g Co., 225 F.3d 1258, 1265 (11th Cir. 2000). Christian did not argue that extraordinary circumstances prevented him from fil- ing. See Villarreal, 839 F.3d at 971–72. And applying the reasonable person test, which the district court applied, and the parties do not USCA11 Case: 24-10762 Document: 27-1 Date Filed: 01/10/2025 Page: 8 of 8

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contest on appeal, Christian reasonably should have known as of the November 8 email that he was being terminated. See Carter, 225 F.3d at 1265. This incident was not a circumstance where the com- pany was looking for another position for him or offering to trans- fer him. See Pearson v. Macon-Bibb Cnty. Hosp. Auth., 952 F.2d 1274, 1279–80 (11th Cir. 1992) (holding equitable tolling applied when an employee was offered the option to transfer or be terminated); Cocke, 817 F.2d at 1561 (holding that equitable tolling applied where an employer was actively pursuing other positions for the em- ployee). Christian was not entitled to equitable tolling. We AFFIRM the summary judgment in favor of Southern Company Services and GRANT Christian’s motion to substitute.