Opinion by
William W. Pobteb, J.,
The policy upon which suit is brought covered, inter alia, the buildings on a farm and certain personal property. The buildings and part of the personalty were destroyed by fire. The loss on the personal property was paid by the defendant. Payment for the loss on the buildings was refused. The facts are, that on September 16, 1896, the plaintiff and his wife executed and delivered a deed of the farm to one Morse, a brother-in-law of the plaintiff. The making of the deed was inspired by some domestic trouble of the plaintiff. The purpose was to bar the dower of his wife. After a time, he and his wife becoming reconciled, Morse executed a deed conveying the property back to the plaintiff, on February 20, 1897. The fire occurred April 3, 1897.
The transaction, above described, is said to work a nullification of the contract of insurance under this clause of the policy: “ This entire policy, unless otherwise provided by an agreement indorsed hereon, or added hereto, shall be void if any [533]*533change, other than by the death of an insured, take place in the interest, title or possession of the subject of insurance (except change of occupants without increase of hazard), whether by legal process or judgment, or by voluntary act of the insured, or otherwise. ” The question is, was the conveyance by the insured and his wife to Morse a change of “ interest, title or possession of the subject of insurance ? ”
It is not alleged that there was any change in the possession of the property insured. The plaintiff remained in occupancy until the time of the fire. It is argued, however, that the transaction between the plaintiff and Morse was a change in the “ interest ” and “ title” of the insured.
The form of the clause under discussion has been the result of growth and development. The stipulation has ever been, in purpose, a prohibition of alienation of the property by the insured without the assent of the insurer. The trend of the decisions has been to apply the clause, in its earlier forms, to cases of absolute alienation. Partial loss of ownership, an insurable interest remaining, did not result in loss of insurance. More recently the clause has been expressed as in the policy before us, by introducing the words, “ change of ” interest or title. The language is evidently intended to widen the scope of the restriction. Whether it be broad enough to cover the present case is to be determined.
If there be any doubts as to the application of the clause, the doubts, under general canons of construction, are to be resolved in favor of the insured: Pipe Lines v. Insurance Co., 145 Pa. 346, 358. Contracts of insurance should be liberally construed in aid of the indemnity which was contemplated by the parties: Machine Co. v. Insurance Co., 173 Pa. 53. Before proceeding to inquire more minutely of the meaning of the words “interest” and “title,” it may be said generally that they are not to be applied in too technical a sense. Authority for this statement is found in Yost v. Insurance Co., 179 Pa. 381. There, the policy required the interest of the assured to be “ unconditional and sole ownership. ” The Supreme Court held that such a condition must he understood, not in a technical sense, but as requiring the insured to be the “ actual and substantial owner. ” See also Chandler v. Insurance Co., 88 Pa. 223, and Insurance Co. v. Wilgus, 88 Pa. 107.
[534]*534The word “ interest ” in the clause before us may refer to the relation of the insured to the thing insured as distinguished from the ownership by the former. It may be that the phrase covers a change in the interest of the holder of an incumbrance. It may be that it refers to an insured whose “ interest ” does not extend to the whole property insured; orto one whose “interest ” is contingent, remote or defeasible. Regarding the clause, however, as including a change in any interest in the thing insured, it is impossible to make application of it to the case before us. The conveyance by the insured to Morse passed no interest to the latter. All of the interest, which was absolute ownership, remained in the insured. The property was as much his after, as it was before, the making of the deed. While a deed in form, it, in substance, as between the parties, differed in nothing from a power of attorney to convey upon the. request of the grantor. The reconveyance by Morse to the plaintiff operated as a revocation of the' power. It certainly passed no interest. There was, therefore, no change of interest by the transaction within a fair construction of the language of the clause.
It is strongly urged, however, that .there was a change of “ title.” There undoubtedly was a recorded conveyance by the insured to Morse. A deed to an innocent purchaser by Morse would have estopped any claim of title by the insured. But the rights of third parties are not for determination here. They are governed by principles not involved in this discussion. The grantee had power to convey away the title of the grantor. This, if done in violation of the agreement proven in the case, would have been- an act of fraud. The position of Morse was, as between the original parties, simply that of a vehicle for the passage of title, should it become necessary to convey. As between the two parties he held no more “ title ” than if he had been given a deed signed and acknowledged with the name of the grantee omitted, but to be filled in and delivered in accordance with the instructions of the grantor. If it be said that Morse had power to-make a good deed to a stranger, it maybe answered, that the grantor of a power loses nothing of his title until the execution of the power. Here, there was no execution of the power, but a surrender of it before the loss covered by the insurance in dispute. “ Title,” by the old definitions, was said to be the means whereby a man holdeth land. It means, as [535]*535modern attempts at definition have shown, much more than this. We need here, however, no technical definition. “ Title,” in its accepted daily nntechnical use, means “ ownership.” The deed held by Morse was not “ title.” It was evidence of title. It was in form a muniment of title. But between the original parties it conveyed no more than it was intended to convey, which was nothing. Not one tittle of interest passed; not one vestige of actual ownership vested.
It will have been seen that the conveyance by the insured to Morse, and the reconveyance by Morse to the insured, have been regarded only in their intention and effect as between the parties themselves. This we have done on the authority of Burk-hart v. Insurance Co., 11 Pa. Superior Ct. 280. In that case the language of the clause differed from the one now before us. The effect of that decision was to hold that, notwithstanding the provisions of the act of 1881 required the defeasance accompanying an absolute deed to be in writing, it was possible for the insured to prove, in a suit against the insurance company on a subsequent loss by fire, that the transaction was but a pledge of the land for debt, and, therefore, not an alienation. Here what purports to be an absolute conveyance and reconveyance, is proven conclusively to be in fact no change or intended change, as between the parties, of any possession, interest or title.
If it be said that the first deed was a conveyance in trust and that the trust, not being in writing, the deed was absolute, we have but to refer to Burkhart v.
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Opinion by
William W. Pobteb, J.,
The policy upon which suit is brought covered, inter alia, the buildings on a farm and certain personal property. The buildings and part of the personalty were destroyed by fire. The loss on the personal property was paid by the defendant. Payment for the loss on the buildings was refused. The facts are, that on September 16, 1896, the plaintiff and his wife executed and delivered a deed of the farm to one Morse, a brother-in-law of the plaintiff. The making of the deed was inspired by some domestic trouble of the plaintiff. The purpose was to bar the dower of his wife. After a time, he and his wife becoming reconciled, Morse executed a deed conveying the property back to the plaintiff, on February 20, 1897. The fire occurred April 3, 1897.
The transaction, above described, is said to work a nullification of the contract of insurance under this clause of the policy: “ This entire policy, unless otherwise provided by an agreement indorsed hereon, or added hereto, shall be void if any [533]*533change, other than by the death of an insured, take place in the interest, title or possession of the subject of insurance (except change of occupants without increase of hazard), whether by legal process or judgment, or by voluntary act of the insured, or otherwise. ” The question is, was the conveyance by the insured and his wife to Morse a change of “ interest, title or possession of the subject of insurance ? ”
It is not alleged that there was any change in the possession of the property insured. The plaintiff remained in occupancy until the time of the fire. It is argued, however, that the transaction between the plaintiff and Morse was a change in the “ interest ” and “ title” of the insured.
The form of the clause under discussion has been the result of growth and development. The stipulation has ever been, in purpose, a prohibition of alienation of the property by the insured without the assent of the insurer. The trend of the decisions has been to apply the clause, in its earlier forms, to cases of absolute alienation. Partial loss of ownership, an insurable interest remaining, did not result in loss of insurance. More recently the clause has been expressed as in the policy before us, by introducing the words, “ change of ” interest or title. The language is evidently intended to widen the scope of the restriction. Whether it be broad enough to cover the present case is to be determined.
If there be any doubts as to the application of the clause, the doubts, under general canons of construction, are to be resolved in favor of the insured: Pipe Lines v. Insurance Co., 145 Pa. 346, 358. Contracts of insurance should be liberally construed in aid of the indemnity which was contemplated by the parties: Machine Co. v. Insurance Co., 173 Pa. 53. Before proceeding to inquire more minutely of the meaning of the words “interest” and “title,” it may be said generally that they are not to be applied in too technical a sense. Authority for this statement is found in Yost v. Insurance Co., 179 Pa. 381. There, the policy required the interest of the assured to be “ unconditional and sole ownership. ” The Supreme Court held that such a condition must he understood, not in a technical sense, but as requiring the insured to be the “ actual and substantial owner. ” See also Chandler v. Insurance Co., 88 Pa. 223, and Insurance Co. v. Wilgus, 88 Pa. 107.
[534]*534The word “ interest ” in the clause before us may refer to the relation of the insured to the thing insured as distinguished from the ownership by the former. It may be that the phrase covers a change in the interest of the holder of an incumbrance. It may be that it refers to an insured whose “ interest ” does not extend to the whole property insured; orto one whose “interest ” is contingent, remote or defeasible. Regarding the clause, however, as including a change in any interest in the thing insured, it is impossible to make application of it to the case before us. The conveyance by the insured to Morse passed no interest to the latter. All of the interest, which was absolute ownership, remained in the insured. The property was as much his after, as it was before, the making of the deed. While a deed in form, it, in substance, as between the parties, differed in nothing from a power of attorney to convey upon the. request of the grantor. The reconveyance by Morse to the plaintiff operated as a revocation of the' power. It certainly passed no interest. There was, therefore, no change of interest by the transaction within a fair construction of the language of the clause.
It is strongly urged, however, that .there was a change of “ title.” There undoubtedly was a recorded conveyance by the insured to Morse. A deed to an innocent purchaser by Morse would have estopped any claim of title by the insured. But the rights of third parties are not for determination here. They are governed by principles not involved in this discussion. The grantee had power to convey away the title of the grantor. This, if done in violation of the agreement proven in the case, would have been- an act of fraud. The position of Morse was, as between the original parties, simply that of a vehicle for the passage of title, should it become necessary to convey. As between the two parties he held no more “ title ” than if he had been given a deed signed and acknowledged with the name of the grantee omitted, but to be filled in and delivered in accordance with the instructions of the grantor. If it be said that Morse had power to-make a good deed to a stranger, it maybe answered, that the grantor of a power loses nothing of his title until the execution of the power. Here, there was no execution of the power, but a surrender of it before the loss covered by the insurance in dispute. “ Title,” by the old definitions, was said to be the means whereby a man holdeth land. It means, as [535]*535modern attempts at definition have shown, much more than this. We need here, however, no technical definition. “ Title,” in its accepted daily nntechnical use, means “ ownership.” The deed held by Morse was not “ title.” It was evidence of title. It was in form a muniment of title. But between the original parties it conveyed no more than it was intended to convey, which was nothing. Not one tittle of interest passed; not one vestige of actual ownership vested.
It will have been seen that the conveyance by the insured to Morse, and the reconveyance by Morse to the insured, have been regarded only in their intention and effect as between the parties themselves. This we have done on the authority of Burk-hart v. Insurance Co., 11 Pa. Superior Ct. 280. In that case the language of the clause differed from the one now before us. The effect of that decision was to hold that, notwithstanding the provisions of the act of 1881 required the defeasance accompanying an absolute deed to be in writing, it was possible for the insured to prove, in a suit against the insurance company on a subsequent loss by fire, that the transaction was but a pledge of the land for debt, and, therefore, not an alienation. Here what purports to be an absolute conveyance and reconveyance, is proven conclusively to be in fact no change or intended change, as between the parties, of any possession, interest or title.
If it be said that the first deed was a conveyance in trust and that the trust, not being in writing, the deed was absolute, we have but to refer to Burkhart v. Insurance Co., supra, again, wherein Judge Beeber uses this language, which he justifies by citation: “ The language of the act of June 8,1881, is no more general than is that of the statute of frauds and perjuries of March 21, 1772,1 Sm. L. 389, sec. 1, nor than that of the Act of April 22, 1856, P. L. 532, sec. 4, requiring deeds of trust of land to be in writing. These acts of assembly were passed to prevent the compulsory transfer of title to real estate for breach of contracts unless such contracts were evidenced by writings. The courts have persistently refused to apply these acts for the benefit of persons not parties to the parol contract, or privies thereto.”
There has been no violation of the policy under the clause quoted. There can be no hardship in enforcing a contract in ac[536]*536cordance with the generally accepted meaning of the terms in which it is expressed. There is quite an apparent hardship in depriving one of his idemnity, who has continued to perform his obligation in the payment of assessments, on the ground that he has done an act empty in form, innocent in intention and barren of injury to the insurer.
The judgment is affirmed.
Rice, P. J., and W. D. Porter, J., dissent.