The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Fenner, J.
The plantation involved in this controversy was owned' in indivisión by plaintiff, Beltran, owner of one-half, and by four Gautlireauxs, all present and majors, as joint owners of the other half-The undivided half belonging to the Gautlireauxs was encumbered by a special’mortgage and vendor’s privilege for $8,500 held by Charles-U. Gaudet.
[107]*107On tlie 27th of Marcli, 1885, Beltran sued the Gauthreauxs for a partition, alleging the impossibility of a partition in kind, and praying fora sale. The Gauthreauxs joined issue denying the necessity of the sale, submitting the question to the court, and praying for such judgment as the law and the nature of the case may require. Experts were appointed and reported, in substance, that the property could not be-divided in kind. Judgment was rendered on March 31, 1885, homologating the report of experts and ordering the sale to effect partition. The defendants thereupon filed a written acquiescence in the judgment and consent to its immediate execution, whereupon the judgment was immediately signed.
On the same day Gaudet sued out executory process on his mortgage,. under which the sheriff sfeized the property on April 7th, following. ■In the meantime, in execution of the judgment for partition, on April 1st, the plantation had been advertised for sale on May 2d, following, and on that day the sheriff adjudicated it to Beltran at the price of $11,000 cash. On the 4th of May, all the parties to the partition suit joined in a rule upon Gaudet, to show cause why the inscription of his mortgage and privilege as affect the property, should not be cancelled, and erased, and why he should not be referred, fortheir satisfaction,, to one-half the proceeds of the sale after deducting the costs and charges of the partition proceedings.
Gaudet opposed the relief sought, on the grounds :
1st. That the sale, even if a valid judicial sale, did not shift his. rights from the property to the proceeds, but that the purchaser was. bound to take the property subject to his mortgage and privilege.
2d. That the partition proceedings were consent proceedings, the sale a consent sale, and, on that ground, could not affect his mortgage and privilege.
3d. That, at the date-of the sale, the property was under seizure on his executory process, which prevented any valid adjudication, because-the property could not be delivered.
4th. That Beltran, the adjudicatee, was only a person interposed, the real purchaser being one Auguste Gauthreaux, who, owing to a previous agreement with Beltran, had been deterred from bidding at the sale, as he would otherwise have done.
5th. That he was not bound to bear any part of the cost of the partition proceedings, to which he was a stranger.
From a judgment making the rule absolute, Gaudet prosecutes the present appeal.
[108]*108We shall consider the grounds of his opposition in the order above indicated.
I.
On the question of the effect of judicial partitions by sale, on mortgages upon the share of one co-owner, the following principles are •apposite. Art. 1289 C. C. declares: “No one can be compelled to hold property with another, unless the contrary has been agreed on, any one has a right to demand the division of a thing held in common, by the action of partition.”
The absolute right of Beltran to require the partition cannot, therefore, be questioned, and could not be, in the slightest degree, affected by any mortgage which his co-owners might have placed upon their interest.
Judicial partitions are ordinarily made in kind; but Art. 1339 provided that, “When the property is indivisible by its nature, or when it cannot be conveniently divided, the judge shall order, at the instance ■of any one of the heirs, on proof of either of these facts, that it be sold at public auction, etc.”
The previous article 1338 had provided that, “In all judicial partitions where the property is divided in kind, the mortgages, liens and privileges existing against one of the co-proprietors, shall, by the mere fact of the partition, attach to the shares allotted to him by the partition, and cease to attach to the shares allotted to his co-proprietors.”
It was not deemed necessary to provide that, in case of partition by •sale, such mortgages should attach to the share of the proceeds coming to the co-proprietor liable for the same, because it seemed to be too •clear a corrollary of the foregoing principle. For why should a difference be made? At all events this hiatus in the code has been filled up by a long and consistent course of jurisprudence, holding that, at least in succession partitions by sale, the property passes free from mort.gages affecting the shares of co-proprietors, and that such mortgages are transferred to the shares of the latter in the proceeds. Succession of Pigneguy, 12 Rob. 450. Gilmore vs. Menard, 9 Ann. 212. Finley vs. Babin, 12 Ann. 236. Fabre vs. Hepp, 7 Ann. 9. Campbell vs. Woolfolt, 37 Ann. 320; 27 Ann. 125; 21 Ann. 253.
This is conceded, but it is claimed that the same rule does not apply to partitions between ordinary co-owners, But why? If the rule •of Art. 1338 relative to partitions in kind applies, as has never been •disputed, why should not its corrollary just enunciated apply also?
Besides, Art. 1,290 prescribes that, “All the rules established in the present chapter (of the partition of successions), with the exception of [109]*109that which relates to the collations, are applicable to partitions between co-proprietors of the same thing, when among the co-proprietors-any are absent, minors or interdicted, or when the co-proprietors of age and present cannot agree on the partition and the mode of making-it;” within which last category, upon the face of the proceedings, the present case falls. It should seem, therefore, very clear that the same-rule should apply to both cases.
In Life Association vs. Hall, 33 Ann. 53, we said : “Whether, in case of a sale to operate a partition among co-heirs or any class of co-owners, the mortgage creditors could be driven, against their will, to-accept the proceeds, in order to clear the property and pass it unencumbered to the adjudicator, is a question that has not, that we know, been as yet clearly adjusted; but it does not now appear to ns why it-should not be so, if the sale was truly a judicial one, made after compliance with all legal requisites; for it is manifest that the creditors, having the ability to protect themselves by bidding on the property to its value, etc., could be required to confine their mortgage to the proceeds of sale.”
It must be admitted that the opinion referred to contained other expressions seemingly in conflict with the foregoing; but in the later-case of Bayhi vs. Bayhi, 35 Ann. 531, the foregoing quotation was referred to with approval, and it was then distinctly decided that in a partition suit between co-heirs, by judicial sale, the mortgages affecting the share of one of them, can, on rule against the mortgages, be-relegated to the proceeds, and their inscriptions cancelled against the property. That case is conclusive on the point, because, although the-parties were co-heirs, they were co-heirs in possession, and, therefore,, simple co-proprietors, and the proceeding had no probate character. The same fact also existed in the case of Finley vs. Babin, 12 Ann.
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Fenner, J.
The plantation involved in this controversy was owned' in indivisión by plaintiff, Beltran, owner of one-half, and by four Gautlireauxs, all present and majors, as joint owners of the other half-The undivided half belonging to the Gautlireauxs was encumbered by a special’mortgage and vendor’s privilege for $8,500 held by Charles-U. Gaudet.
[107]*107On tlie 27th of Marcli, 1885, Beltran sued the Gauthreauxs for a partition, alleging the impossibility of a partition in kind, and praying fora sale. The Gauthreauxs joined issue denying the necessity of the sale, submitting the question to the court, and praying for such judgment as the law and the nature of the case may require. Experts were appointed and reported, in substance, that the property could not be-divided in kind. Judgment was rendered on March 31, 1885, homologating the report of experts and ordering the sale to effect partition. The defendants thereupon filed a written acquiescence in the judgment and consent to its immediate execution, whereupon the judgment was immediately signed.
On the same day Gaudet sued out executory process on his mortgage,. under which the sheriff sfeized the property on April 7th, following. ■In the meantime, in execution of the judgment for partition, on April 1st, the plantation had been advertised for sale on May 2d, following, and on that day the sheriff adjudicated it to Beltran at the price of $11,000 cash. On the 4th of May, all the parties to the partition suit joined in a rule upon Gaudet, to show cause why the inscription of his mortgage and privilege as affect the property, should not be cancelled, and erased, and why he should not be referred, fortheir satisfaction,, to one-half the proceeds of the sale after deducting the costs and charges of the partition proceedings.
Gaudet opposed the relief sought, on the grounds :
1st. That the sale, even if a valid judicial sale, did not shift his. rights from the property to the proceeds, but that the purchaser was. bound to take the property subject to his mortgage and privilege.
2d. That the partition proceedings were consent proceedings, the sale a consent sale, and, on that ground, could not affect his mortgage and privilege.
3d. That, at the date-of the sale, the property was under seizure on his executory process, which prevented any valid adjudication, because-the property could not be delivered.
4th. That Beltran, the adjudicatee, was only a person interposed, the real purchaser being one Auguste Gauthreaux, who, owing to a previous agreement with Beltran, had been deterred from bidding at the sale, as he would otherwise have done.
5th. That he was not bound to bear any part of the cost of the partition proceedings, to which he was a stranger.
From a judgment making the rule absolute, Gaudet prosecutes the present appeal.
[108]*108We shall consider the grounds of his opposition in the order above indicated.
I.
On the question of the effect of judicial partitions by sale, on mortgages upon the share of one co-owner, the following principles are •apposite. Art. 1289 C. C. declares: “No one can be compelled to hold property with another, unless the contrary has been agreed on, any one has a right to demand the division of a thing held in common, by the action of partition.”
The absolute right of Beltran to require the partition cannot, therefore, be questioned, and could not be, in the slightest degree, affected by any mortgage which his co-owners might have placed upon their interest.
Judicial partitions are ordinarily made in kind; but Art. 1339 provided that, “When the property is indivisible by its nature, or when it cannot be conveniently divided, the judge shall order, at the instance ■of any one of the heirs, on proof of either of these facts, that it be sold at public auction, etc.”
The previous article 1338 had provided that, “In all judicial partitions where the property is divided in kind, the mortgages, liens and privileges existing against one of the co-proprietors, shall, by the mere fact of the partition, attach to the shares allotted to him by the partition, and cease to attach to the shares allotted to his co-proprietors.”
It was not deemed necessary to provide that, in case of partition by •sale, such mortgages should attach to the share of the proceeds coming to the co-proprietor liable for the same, because it seemed to be too •clear a corrollary of the foregoing principle. For why should a difference be made? At all events this hiatus in the code has been filled up by a long and consistent course of jurisprudence, holding that, at least in succession partitions by sale, the property passes free from mort.gages affecting the shares of co-proprietors, and that such mortgages are transferred to the shares of the latter in the proceeds. Succession of Pigneguy, 12 Rob. 450. Gilmore vs. Menard, 9 Ann. 212. Finley vs. Babin, 12 Ann. 236. Fabre vs. Hepp, 7 Ann. 9. Campbell vs. Woolfolt, 37 Ann. 320; 27 Ann. 125; 21 Ann. 253.
This is conceded, but it is claimed that the same rule does not apply to partitions between ordinary co-owners, But why? If the rule •of Art. 1338 relative to partitions in kind applies, as has never been •disputed, why should not its corrollary just enunciated apply also?
Besides, Art. 1,290 prescribes that, “All the rules established in the present chapter (of the partition of successions), with the exception of [109]*109that which relates to the collations, are applicable to partitions between co-proprietors of the same thing, when among the co-proprietors-any are absent, minors or interdicted, or when the co-proprietors of age and present cannot agree on the partition and the mode of making-it;” within which last category, upon the face of the proceedings, the present case falls. It should seem, therefore, very clear that the same-rule should apply to both cases.
In Life Association vs. Hall, 33 Ann. 53, we said : “Whether, in case of a sale to operate a partition among co-heirs or any class of co-owners, the mortgage creditors could be driven, against their will, to-accept the proceeds, in order to clear the property and pass it unencumbered to the adjudicator, is a question that has not, that we know, been as yet clearly adjusted; but it does not now appear to ns why it-should not be so, if the sale was truly a judicial one, made after compliance with all legal requisites; for it is manifest that the creditors, having the ability to protect themselves by bidding on the property to its value, etc., could be required to confine their mortgage to the proceeds of sale.”
It must be admitted that the opinion referred to contained other expressions seemingly in conflict with the foregoing; but in the later-case of Bayhi vs. Bayhi, 35 Ann. 531, the foregoing quotation was referred to with approval, and it was then distinctly decided that in a partition suit between co-heirs, by judicial sale, the mortgages affecting the share of one of them, can, on rule against the mortgages, be-relegated to the proceeds, and their inscriptions cancelled against the property. That case is conclusive on the point, because, although the-parties were co-heirs, they were co-heirs in possession, and, therefore,, simple co-proprietors, and the proceeding had no probate character. The same fact also existed in the case of Finley vs. Babin, 12 Ann. 236, which is a further authority directly in point.
We consider the conclusion thus reached, in thorough harmony with the textual provisions of our law, with jurisprudence, with public interest and with reason and justice.
We find no hostile authority. The cases relied on from 26 Ann. 690s and 31st Ann. 798, when analysed, are clearly inapplicable; and the dictum in Freret vs. Freret 31 Ann. 506 that “ partition suits between co-proprietors, when they are present, or majors, or not interdicts, are not governed by the rules established in that section for the partition of successions,” is obiter and evidently uttered with exclusive reference to the question of jurisdiction and is in conflict with the plain terms of [110]*110Art. 1290, wliieli expressly extended those rales to partition suits between co-proprietors of age and present, when they “cannot agree on the partition or on the manner of making it.” We have thus taken occasion, very carefully, to again examine and settle this vexed question.
A contrary conclusion would have, in effect, paralyzed the right of the co-owner to terminate the indivisión of property, guaranteed by Art. 1289 C. (5., at least in every case where sale was essential and where the share of the other co-owner was burdened by mortgages exceeding its value. Nor can we see any harm accruing to the mortgage-creditor, from the partition by sale, since it gives him the advantage of having the entire property sold, which is much more likely to bring full value, than a sale of an undivided interest.
II.
The charge that the partition proceedings were collusive and, in their nature, mere consent proceedings, has no merit, and is fully disposed of by the JBa.yliis case, which held, first that, in answer to a rule precisely like the one before us, the validity of the judgment of partition could not be assailed; second, that the parties, plaintiff and defendant, in a partition suit, had a perfect right to submit the issues to the determination of the court, and that, whatever might have been the common desire of the parties, yet, if the issue was propexly formed and determined by the court, not according to consent of parties, but according to law and evidence, the judgment so rendered is not a consent judgment. Such was the case, here; and it matters not what the relations of the attorney of defendants were to the other parties; if lie had the authority of defendants to place the case, at issue and if the judge decided it on the law and evidence, that is all that is required. What concern has the appellant with the waiver of delays made in the case, or with the rapidity with which the proceedings were conducted? The sale, was made in full conformity to all the requirements of law, and that is the only matter with which he had any concern.
III.
The seizure under appellant’s executory process, made after the court had rendered its decree ordering the property to be sold, surely could not interfere with the execution of that judgment, which was already in progress under pending advertisements. This would be a new mode of enjoining the execution of judgments.
Ownership and not possession is the basis of partition. C. C. 1324. The sale takes place subject to the rights of the seizing creditor, and [111]*111those rights we have just defined. See Citizens’ Bank vs. Ferry, 32 Ann. 310.
IY.
We cannot see what concern the appellant has with the question of whether Beltran was the real purchaser or only a person interposed, since it is not pretended that he represents any of appellant’s debtors. He would have no greater rights, under our law, against the adjudicatee, for whom he claims Beltran was interposed, than against Beltran himself.
So far as the evidence in the record is concerned, there is' none establishing any combination between Beltran and Gauthreaux operating to prevent bidding at the sale. It does not appear that Gauthreaux ever intended, or was able, to bid at,the sale, which was for cash. It is merely proved that Beltran had agreed with Gauthreaux (who had no connection with the, parties to the partition suit) that, if he bought and his title proved good, he would sell to Gauthreaux at an agreed price and on terms of credit. There is nothing illegal in this.
The evidence, of Poirier, the husband of one of-the defendants in the partition suit, was properly excluded. His wife was a party to and interested in the issue, and Poirier had no separate interest therein. Therefore, under article 2281, he was clearly an incompetent witness.
V.
Finally, we see not how the share of appellant’s debtors, which passes to the satisfaction of his niortgage, can be ascertained -without first deducting their share of the costs of the partition suit and sale. The judgment, so decrees, and these costs were necessary to realize the proceeds, which go to the satisfaction of his debt. Surely Beltran cannot be made to pay them either as party or as purchaser.
We find no error in the judgment.
Judgment affirmed.