Mr. Presiding Justice Chytraus
delivered the opinion of the court.
The sole question and entire controversy in this case is whether the promise of Zulfer, the defendant, to pay to the manufacturing company, the plaintiff, the account due the latter from the laundry company is an original or collateral promise. The account was an existing indebtedness of the laundry company when the promise to pay it was made by defendant. The promise was not made in writing. An agreement of forbearance to sue is a sufficient consideration to support a promise. Wickham v. Hyde Park, etc., Ass’n, 80 Ill. App. 523, 528. And an agreement to forbear may, under proper instructions, be inferred by the jury from the facts and circumstances and the acts and declarations of the parties. Webbe v. Romona O. S. Co., 58 Ill. App. 222, 227. Clearly the jury would have been justified in finding, upon the evidence adduced, that upon defendant’s promise plaintiff impliedly, in the case at bar, agreed to and did refrain from bringing immediate suit against the laundry company and accepted defendant’s proposition to pay the laundry company’s account in monthly installments of $100 each. From the evidence of what was said and done and of the manner and times of payment of the account, an implication or inference is fairly deducible that plaintiff agreed with defendant upon the payment of the amount of the account in installments and not to bring suit for recovery of the amount so long as defendant should not default. There was evidence, therefore, of a new consideration moving from plaintiff to defendant and a consideration upon which the promise defendant made to pay plaintiff the account of the laundry company could be sustained. As to the adequacy of the consideration there is no question made nor is there room for any question. Holding a chattel mortgage upon the property of the laundry company, defendant was naturally, under the circumstances here appearing, desirous that the laundry company’s plant should be sold as a going concern rather than at a chattel mortgage salé. His statements that were suit brought for the account he would foreclose and plaintiff’s claim would then “be wiped out,” indicates a scantness of security.
A condition of scantness of security would explain why it might be desirable, so far as defendant was concerned, that the business should be nursed along so as to be sold as a going concern and disclose what was the main, if not the only, purpose and object of defendant in making the promise. An eminent text writer, concerning promises such as the one we are considering, has said: “It may indeed be stated as a general rule, that wherever the main purpose and object of the promisor is not to answer for another, but to sub-serve some purpose of his own, his promise is not within the statute, although it may be in form a promise to pay the debt of another.” 3 Pars. Cont. (6th Ed.) 24.
It is contended that when a promise is made to pay an existing debt of another, although there be a new consideration moving from the promisee to the new promisor, nevertheless, unless the promise is made in writing, it is within the statute of frauds and void. In other words, the contention is that all promises, not in writing, to pay an existing debt of another contravene the statute and are utterly invalid. There are decisions, at least statements in opinions, rendered in the courts of Illinois which sustain the contention, but such is not the law in Illinois.
In Borchsenius v. Canutson, 100 Ill. 82, 92-3, there was a new consideration for a promise to pay the debt of another without any written evidence of such promise and the statute of frauds was held not to be applicable. It is also to be observed that in that case the original indebtedness was not cancelled but continued to exist.
In Power v. Rankin, 114 Ill. 52, a promise upon a new consideration to pay an existing debt of another was held valid, notwithstanding the statute of frauds, although the promise was not in writing. It was there said (p. 55): “If there is a new consideration moving from the promisee to the promisor, then the super-added consideration makes it a new agreement, which is not within the statute” and, further, concerning a promise upon a new consideration: “A promise of this character, under the rule established by the authorities, is an original undertaking, and in no manner affected by the statute of frauds.” In that case there was no cancellation of the original indebtedness or any part thereof.
To the same effect: Kee v. Cahill, 86 Ill. App. 561; Graham v. Mason, 17 Ill. App. 399.
In Wickham v. Hyde Park, etc., Assn., ib., at page 528 it was held: “It is not, as appellant’s counsel contend, necessary to the validity of the promise that the original debtor shall be discharged.”
The language used by the defendant in the case at bar indicates he intended to make an original and independent promise to the plaintiff. The language defendant used is not such as to suggest that he intended to make a promise collateral to any promise or liability of the laundry company. In testing whether promises, under circumstances such as those here involved, are original or collateral, Professor Parsons has laid down the rule that “It must be remembered, that the expressions used by the parties are the first and the most direct evidence of their intention.” 3 Pars. Cont. (6th Ed.) 21.
Defendant herein contends that Eddy v. Roberts, 17 Ill. 504, 507, lays down the rule that: “The collateral promise must not only be founded on a new consideration but be in writing,” and that the decision in that case controls the case at bar. That case has been so frequently cited, particularly in the Appellate Court reports of this state, that it requires to be considered with more than usual attention. Appellants therein, Eddy et al., brought the suit against Boberts to recover upon his promise to pay a debt of one Williams. That debt existed at the time the promise was made. It was held the declaration was insufficient for a recovery and the cause was remanded with leave to the plaintiffs to amend their declaration. The facts are stated to be that Williams, who had been engaged in the wood-cutting business, had had in his employ workmen who, under an arrangement between Williams and the plaintiffs, had obtained their pay in goods from plaintiffs’ store, and the goods were charged to Williams. At a time when Williams was indebted to plaintiffs Boberts bought him out (p. *506) and, as part of the transaction, agreed with Williams to pay his debt to plaintiffs. Then Roberts requested plaintiffs to let his hands have goods, to be charged to him, from plaintiffs’ store, but plaintiffs refused to enter into such an arrangement unless the debt of Williams were first paid. Roberts then promised that if plaintiffs would furnish goods to the hands he would pay not only for the goods furnished but also the indebtedness of Williams. Plaintiffs furnished goods but as Williams’ debt was not paid suit was brought.
There was a declaration in the suit consisting of three special counts and the common counts for goods sold and delivered. The court held there could be no recovery under the common counts and that the first two counts were not proven. The third count alleged (p.
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Mr. Presiding Justice Chytraus
delivered the opinion of the court.
The sole question and entire controversy in this case is whether the promise of Zulfer, the defendant, to pay to the manufacturing company, the plaintiff, the account due the latter from the laundry company is an original or collateral promise. The account was an existing indebtedness of the laundry company when the promise to pay it was made by defendant. The promise was not made in writing. An agreement of forbearance to sue is a sufficient consideration to support a promise. Wickham v. Hyde Park, etc., Ass’n, 80 Ill. App. 523, 528. And an agreement to forbear may, under proper instructions, be inferred by the jury from the facts and circumstances and the acts and declarations of the parties. Webbe v. Romona O. S. Co., 58 Ill. App. 222, 227. Clearly the jury would have been justified in finding, upon the evidence adduced, that upon defendant’s promise plaintiff impliedly, in the case at bar, agreed to and did refrain from bringing immediate suit against the laundry company and accepted defendant’s proposition to pay the laundry company’s account in monthly installments of $100 each. From the evidence of what was said and done and of the manner and times of payment of the account, an implication or inference is fairly deducible that plaintiff agreed with defendant upon the payment of the amount of the account in installments and not to bring suit for recovery of the amount so long as defendant should not default. There was evidence, therefore, of a new consideration moving from plaintiff to defendant and a consideration upon which the promise defendant made to pay plaintiff the account of the laundry company could be sustained. As to the adequacy of the consideration there is no question made nor is there room for any question. Holding a chattel mortgage upon the property of the laundry company, defendant was naturally, under the circumstances here appearing, desirous that the laundry company’s plant should be sold as a going concern rather than at a chattel mortgage salé. His statements that were suit brought for the account he would foreclose and plaintiff’s claim would then “be wiped out,” indicates a scantness of security.
A condition of scantness of security would explain why it might be desirable, so far as defendant was concerned, that the business should be nursed along so as to be sold as a going concern and disclose what was the main, if not the only, purpose and object of defendant in making the promise. An eminent text writer, concerning promises such as the one we are considering, has said: “It may indeed be stated as a general rule, that wherever the main purpose and object of the promisor is not to answer for another, but to sub-serve some purpose of his own, his promise is not within the statute, although it may be in form a promise to pay the debt of another.” 3 Pars. Cont. (6th Ed.) 24.
It is contended that when a promise is made to pay an existing debt of another, although there be a new consideration moving from the promisee to the new promisor, nevertheless, unless the promise is made in writing, it is within the statute of frauds and void. In other words, the contention is that all promises, not in writing, to pay an existing debt of another contravene the statute and are utterly invalid. There are decisions, at least statements in opinions, rendered in the courts of Illinois which sustain the contention, but such is not the law in Illinois.
In Borchsenius v. Canutson, 100 Ill. 82, 92-3, there was a new consideration for a promise to pay the debt of another without any written evidence of such promise and the statute of frauds was held not to be applicable. It is also to be observed that in that case the original indebtedness was not cancelled but continued to exist.
In Power v. Rankin, 114 Ill. 52, a promise upon a new consideration to pay an existing debt of another was held valid, notwithstanding the statute of frauds, although the promise was not in writing. It was there said (p. 55): “If there is a new consideration moving from the promisee to the promisor, then the super-added consideration makes it a new agreement, which is not within the statute” and, further, concerning a promise upon a new consideration: “A promise of this character, under the rule established by the authorities, is an original undertaking, and in no manner affected by the statute of frauds.” In that case there was no cancellation of the original indebtedness or any part thereof.
To the same effect: Kee v. Cahill, 86 Ill. App. 561; Graham v. Mason, 17 Ill. App. 399.
In Wickham v. Hyde Park, etc., Assn., ib., at page 528 it was held: “It is not, as appellant’s counsel contend, necessary to the validity of the promise that the original debtor shall be discharged.”
The language used by the defendant in the case at bar indicates he intended to make an original and independent promise to the plaintiff. The language defendant used is not such as to suggest that he intended to make a promise collateral to any promise or liability of the laundry company. In testing whether promises, under circumstances such as those here involved, are original or collateral, Professor Parsons has laid down the rule that “It must be remembered, that the expressions used by the parties are the first and the most direct evidence of their intention.” 3 Pars. Cont. (6th Ed.) 21.
Defendant herein contends that Eddy v. Roberts, 17 Ill. 504, 507, lays down the rule that: “The collateral promise must not only be founded on a new consideration but be in writing,” and that the decision in that case controls the case at bar. That case has been so frequently cited, particularly in the Appellate Court reports of this state, that it requires to be considered with more than usual attention. Appellants therein, Eddy et al., brought the suit against Boberts to recover upon his promise to pay a debt of one Williams. That debt existed at the time the promise was made. It was held the declaration was insufficient for a recovery and the cause was remanded with leave to the plaintiffs to amend their declaration. The facts are stated to be that Williams, who had been engaged in the wood-cutting business, had had in his employ workmen who, under an arrangement between Williams and the plaintiffs, had obtained their pay in goods from plaintiffs’ store, and the goods were charged to Williams. At a time when Williams was indebted to plaintiffs Boberts bought him out (p. *506) and, as part of the transaction, agreed with Williams to pay his debt to plaintiffs. Then Roberts requested plaintiffs to let his hands have goods, to be charged to him, from plaintiffs’ store, but plaintiffs refused to enter into such an arrangement unless the debt of Williams were first paid. Roberts then promised that if plaintiffs would furnish goods to the hands he would pay not only for the goods furnished but also the indebtedness of Williams. Plaintiffs furnished goods but as Williams’ debt was not paid suit was brought.
There was a declaration in the suit consisting of three special counts and the common counts for goods sold and delivered. The court held there could be no recovery under the common counts and that the first two counts were not proven. The third count alleged (p. 505) that one Williams was indebted to plaintiffs; that in consideration plaintiffs would furnish goods to employes of defendant and charge the same to defendant the defendant promised to pay for such goods and also to pay the plaintiffs said indebtedness of the said Williams; that plaintiffs did furnish the said goods, etc. This count the Supreme Court held was substantially proved and that the question arose whether the verbal promise to pay the debt of Williams, therein stated, was binding in law. In considering this question the court said (p. 507) that when one is primary or principal debtor and the relation of debtor and creditor remains unchanged, both as to the right and the remedy, and no trust is created by the transaction out of which a new party’s promise arises, then such promise is in its nature collateral and not original. The court, upon the facts and state of pleadings involved, announced these principles of law that: “Where the principal and the collateral contracts are made at the same time, the credit given, or consideration passing, between the principal parties may be sufficient to sustain the collateral promise, but such promise must be in writing. Where the collateral promise is subsequent to the creation of the principal contract or debt, the collateral promise must not only be founded on a new consideration but be in writing.” And the court held that in the case then before the court the plaintiffs might recover upon the undertaking involved, although not in writing, by declaring “on the special contract as made to the plaintiffs;” but that there could be no recovery upon the third or any other count in the declaration filed.
In view of the later decisions of our Supreme Court already referred to and other decisions, we cannot accede to the correctness of the proposition that the principles of law announced in and the holding of that case are now the law of Illinois. Neither can we agree that in the first of the principles of law above stated to have been announced there is any collateral contract involved.
With reference to the case of Chicago Heights Lumber Company v. Miller, 219 Ill. 79, cited on behalf of defendant, it is sufficient to say that it is not in point, for in that case there is no pretense of a consideration moving to Miller, the promisor, from the lumber company, the promisee, for the promise to pay the debt of Frink. Upon no conceivable theory could Miller’s promise be an original valid promise.
The case of Resseter v. Waterman, 151 Ill. 169, to which we are referred, we do not find to be in point. Eesseter brought suit against Waterman because, as alleged, Waterman had induced Eesseter to become surety for John and Ole Severson by promising Besseter to obtain from Ole Severson a chattel mortgage to secure the same and also another indebtedness upon which Eesseter was previously surety. Waterman obtained no such chattel mortgage and Eesseter sustained a loss. In reality there was no promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another charged against Waterman or involved in the case.
The remark “Undoubtedly, under the Statute of Frauds the promise to pay the debt of another, after the same is incurred, is void, unless made upon a consideration and reduced to writing” in the opinion in the case of Lusk v. Throop, 189 Ill. 127, is an obiter dictum. There was no promise made after the debt of another had been incurred involved in that case.
The statement in Home Nat’l Bank v. Waterman, 30 Ill. App. 535, 549, that the original debt must be. given up in order that the new promisor should become principal in an original promise is inconsistent with Borchsenius v. Canutson, ib., and Power v. Rankin, ib., and the contrary is specifically held in Kee v. Cahill, 86 Ill. App. 561.
The written communications between the parties were competent evidence as bearing upon the interpretation of the contract between Zulfer and the plaintiff. Subsequent construction of their own contracts by parties, by their acts and conduct and written communications, is competent where there is a question of construction or interpretation. If, subsequent to the conversation in question, plaintiff in conduct and letters treated defendant as having made an original promise, that circumstance would have a probative value favorable to plaintiff, while if the plaintiff treated defendant as having made a collateral promise, that circumstance would have a probative value favorable to defendant. A similar statement may be made as to the conduct and letters of the defendant having a probative value.
According to the later decisions of the Supreme Court of this state the learned trial judge erred in directing a verdict for the defendant at the close of the plaintiff’s case. The judgment rendered upon that verdict must be reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.