The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hornblower, C. J.
The facts stated in the pleadings and admitted by the demurrer, are, that the plaintiff and the defendants resided in Connecticut, when the promissory notes declared upon, were given, and when they became due and payable, that the parties continued to reside there for more than six years, after the cause of action accrued, and that the plaintiff still resides out of this State, bat commenced this action before the defendants had been six years in this State.
The question therefore presented by the pleadings, is whether a non-resident creditor, who has a demand against a non-resident debtor, of more than six years’ standing; and which would have been barred by our statute, if both parties, or if the defendant only had resided here, can pursue him into this State, and maintain an action against him ?
This is not an attempt to set up the statute of limitation of another State, in bar of an action commenced here, on the ground that the right of action had accrued in such other State, and would have been barred if the suit had been commenced there. Nor does the plaintiff seek to avoid the influence of our statute, by showing that the action would not be barred by the statute of limitation of the State where the cause of action accrued, and the parties resided. Therefore the question of the lex loci contractus, is not involved, as it was in Nash v. Tupper, 1 Caine’s R. 406; and in Ruggles v. Keeler, 3 Johns. R. 263, and in the English commentaries referred to, in those cases: nor are we called upon to give any opinion as to the validity of such a plea, on the one hand; or whether a foreign statute can be pleaded in avoidance of our own, on the other. The simple question is, as before stated, whether a foreign creditor may after any lapse of time, follow his unsuspecting debtor into this State, and here, successfully prosecute him, notwithstanding the defendant invokes the protection of our statute of limitations ?
In this case before cited, of Ruggles v. Keeler, 3 Johns. R. 263, it was decided by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, that in an action of assumpsit brought there, the defendant might set off demands against the plaintiff, arising in Connecticut, where both parties resided, and which would have [174] been barred by the statute of that State, if sued for there— provided the plaintiff had not resided six years in the State of New York. That decision inevitably involves the principle that a foreign plaintiff may institute an action against his debtor, coming into the State of New York, upon a cause of action of more than six years’ standing', provided he has not suffered his debtor to reside there six years, before commencing his suit. But I am not satisfied with the answer given by the court in that case, to the very obvious and serious, as well as the “ plausible ” argument which was interposed againts each rule. Stale and liquidated claims, which the plaintiff would not venture to sue for at home, may be revived and successfully prosecuted against persons casually travelling on business or for pleasure, or who may change their residence, after a lapse of years, provided they have not lived in their new domicile, long enough to be protected by the local statute of limitations. The court, as may be seen in that case, 3 Johns. R. 263, 268, instead of the shield, which the salutary and quieting influence of the statute would at once afford a defendant, under such circumstance, would leave him to the uncertain and doubtful protection of presumptive payment. It is very easy to see, that in many cases, mere presumption of payment, from lapse of time, would be a feeble and precarious defence, where in-a suit between the parties at home, the statute would be a positive bar. The effect of such a decision by this court, would be virtually to say, that though the rights of absent plaintiffs, are not saved by our statutes, yet such plaintiffs may at any time, when they can arrest a debtor here, maintain their action, provided such debtor has not resided six years in this State. Such a rule once established, would make it hazardous for strangers to come within our jurisdiction; and would invite foreign suitors, to make our courts the arena of litigation, in all cases where their domestic statute of limitation would effectually bar their claims.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hornblower, C. J.
The facts stated in the pleadings and admitted by the demurrer, are, that the plaintiff and the defendants resided in Connecticut, when the promissory notes declared upon, were given, and when they became due and payable, that the parties continued to reside there for more than six years, after the cause of action accrued, and that the plaintiff still resides out of this State, bat commenced this action before the defendants had been six years in this State.
The question therefore presented by the pleadings, is whether a non-resident creditor, who has a demand against a non-resident debtor, of more than six years’ standing; and which would have been barred by our statute, if both parties, or if the defendant only had resided here, can pursue him into this State, and maintain an action against him ?
This is not an attempt to set up the statute of limitation of another State, in bar of an action commenced here, on the ground that the right of action had accrued in such other State, and would have been barred if the suit had been commenced there. Nor does the plaintiff seek to avoid the influence of our statute, by showing that the action would not be barred by the statute of limitation of the State where the cause of action accrued, and the parties resided. Therefore the question of the lex loci contractus, is not involved, as it was in Nash v. Tupper, 1 Caine’s R. 406; and in Ruggles v. Keeler, 3 Johns. R. 263, and in the English commentaries referred to, in those cases: nor are we called upon to give any opinion as to the validity of such a plea, on the one hand; or whether a foreign statute can be pleaded in avoidance of our own, on the other. The simple question is, as before stated, whether a foreign creditor may after any lapse of time, follow his unsuspecting debtor into this State, and here, successfully prosecute him, notwithstanding the defendant invokes the protection of our statute of limitations ?
In this case before cited, of Ruggles v. Keeler, 3 Johns. R. 263, it was decided by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, that in an action of assumpsit brought there, the defendant might set off demands against the plaintiff, arising in Connecticut, where both parties resided, and which would have [174] been barred by the statute of that State, if sued for there— provided the plaintiff had not resided six years in the State of New York. That decision inevitably involves the principle that a foreign plaintiff may institute an action against his debtor, coming into the State of New York, upon a cause of action of more than six years’ standing', provided he has not suffered his debtor to reside there six years, before commencing his suit. But I am not satisfied with the answer given by the court in that case, to the very obvious and serious, as well as the “ plausible ” argument which was interposed againts each rule. Stale and liquidated claims, which the plaintiff would not venture to sue for at home, may be revived and successfully prosecuted against persons casually travelling on business or for pleasure, or who may change their residence, after a lapse of years, provided they have not lived in their new domicile, long enough to be protected by the local statute of limitations. The court, as may be seen in that case, 3 Johns. R. 263, 268, instead of the shield, which the salutary and quieting influence of the statute would at once afford a defendant, under such circumstance, would leave him to the uncertain and doubtful protection of presumptive payment. It is very easy to see, that in many cases, mere presumption of payment, from lapse of time, would be a feeble and precarious defence, where in-a suit between the parties at home, the statute would be a positive bar. The effect of such a decision by this court, would be virtually to say, that though the rights of absent plaintiffs, are not saved by our statutes, yet such plaintiffs may at any time, when they can arrest a debtor here, maintain their action, provided such debtor has not resided six years in this State. Such a rule once established, would make it hazardous for strangers to come within our jurisdiction; and would invite foreign suitors, to make our courts the arena of litigation, in all cases where their domestic statute of limitation would effectually bar their claims.
In Nash v. Tupper, 1 Caine’s R. 402, it was held by the Supreme Court of New York, that the statute of limitations of that State, was a good plea in bar, to an action on a foreign contract. To such a plea, in that case, the plaintiff replied, that the cause of action had accrued in the State of Connecticut; that [175] by the statute of limitations of that State, the action was not yet barred, and averred that the contract on which the action was founded, had been made in Connecticut, and in reference to the statute of limitations of that State. This replication was overruled on demurrer and judgment given for the defendant. The principal point discussed in that case, was whether the lex loci, or the lex fori should prevail; and it was decided in favour of the latter. It does not however appear by the case as reported, how long the defendant had resided in New York; or whether six years had expired before he came into that State; and therefore, the precise point before us, was not discussed or decided in that case. But the court said, that the plaintiff having elected to prosecute his suit in that State, he must pursue his remedy agreeably to their laws; and their courts could not dispense with an adherence to the requisites of time, place, and maimer of commencing and prosecuting such suit, because the cause of action arose in another State. So, in my opinion, if the parties, plaintiffs and defendants, are all strangers and nonresidents, they must be dealt with in our courts, so far at least as this question is concerned, as if their domicile was here. The plaintiff cannot, with any show of reason, complain of such a measure of justice. He has voluntarily come into our court, and invoked its aid; and has thereby adopted the lex fori, as the rule by which his case is to be governed. He has sued his debtors here, and they claim the protection of that law, which must control this court, and which says that all actions of assumpsit shall be brought within six years after the cause of action accrued, and not after. I11 opposition to this claim, the plaintiff alleges, that the defendants resided out of this State, when the cause of action accrued, and that they had not been six years in this State, when this action was commenced. By this answer, it is true the plaintiff brings his case prima facie, within the saving influence of the act of 1820, Rev. Laws, 670, by which it is enacted, that if the debtor “ shall not be a resident in this State,” when the cause of action accrues, or shall “ afterwards remove from this State,” then the period of his non-residence, shall not be computed as any part of the time [176] limited by the statute. But the plaintiff’s case is not left to stand upon that foundation, for, by his demurrer to the rejoinder of the defendants, he admits, that he himself was a non-resident when the contract was made, and the action accrued, and that he still is so — and that the cause of action accrued to him, while he and the defendants were all of them out of this State, and more than six years before the defendants or any of them came into this State. Now, the question arises, when did the plaintiff acquire a right to bring an action in this State ? Why, as soon as the cause of action accrued; for he had just as much right to bring an action .then, as he had after the defendants came here. His right of bringing an action in New Jersey, did not depend upon the defendants’ ooming into this State, though his doing so to any useful purpose, might have depended on that event.
Is the plaintiff then, such a creditor as the Legislature had in view, when they passed the act of 1820 ? I think not. If he is, then that act has saved the action of every non-resident and of every foreigner, indefinitely, or until their debtors shall come into this State, and reside here for six years. Instead of this, the whole spirit of our legislation upon this subject, is opposed to such a construction. In not one of our statutes of limitation, is their a saving clause in favor of absent, nonresident or foreign creditors; yet the doctrine contended for by the plaintiff’s counsel, would place such creditor on a better footing in our courts, than our own citizens. It was, I apprehend, exclusively in reference to causes of action accruing here, that the saving clauses were introduced. The language of the act of 1820, Rev. Laws, 670, clearly implies this. It enacts, that if any person against whom there is, or shall be, any such cause of action, shall not be resident in this State, when such cause of action accrues ; or shall remove from this State, after the same shall accrue, then, &c. Nowi why I would ask, make the residence out of, or the removing from this State, the contingency upon which the action shall be saved, unless upon the supposition that the cause of action accrued here, and the right of action existed here ? In respect to such cases, there is a reason why the action should be saved, upon those contin[177] genciea. In the first place, if the creditor resides here, or the contract was to be performed in this State, and the debtor resides out of this State, when the right of action accrues, the plaintiff ought not to be compelled to go abroad in search of his debtor; but should be permitted to sue him at any time within six years after he comes into the State ; and in the second place, if the debtor or person liable to" be sued, absconds or removes out of the State, he deprives his creditor or person entitled to the action, of the opportunity of suing him here, where the contract was to be performed, or the cause of action arose; and he ought not therefore to derive any advantage from his own voluntary absence. But no such equity exists in reference to foreign creditors, whose action did not accrue here, and whose debtor did not reside here, when the right of action accrued. Such a creditor or plaintiff has not been hindered or delayed by the absence of the defendant from this State; .nor was, the defendant in such case bound to eome into this State to perform his contracts, or to be sued in our courts for not doing so. The doctrine contended for by the plaintiff, would require us to read our act of 1820, as if it subjected every stranger coming into this State, to be liable for the term of six years, to the suits of foreign plaintiffs, wherever the cause of action arose, and however antiquated the claim. Such, however, I think is not a sound construction of the statute. It is true, that in Massachusetts, it has been decided that whore both the plaintiff and defendant resided out of the State when the contract was made and the cause of action arose, that an action might be brought at any time within six years after the defendant came into that State. Dwight v. Clark, 7 Mass. R. 515 ; Pearsall v. Dwight, 2 Mass. R. 84. But the statute of that State, not only withholds its protection from non-resident and absent defendants, but saves the rights of non-resident and foreign creditors, in broad and express terms. ‘The policy of our statute is very different in this respect. It makes no allowance for the absence of a creditor from this State, whether he be a citizen or a foreigner: and we shall best effectuate its intent, by considering the absence or non-residence of a debtor, an excuse only in favour of creditors who reside here, or whose [178] right of action accrued in this State. Let judgment therefore, bn entered for the defendant.
Ford and Ryerson, Justices, concurred.
Judgment for defendant.
CirED in Howe v. Lawrence, 2 Zab. 107 ; Taberer v. Brentnall, 3 Harr. 263-264 ; Hoguet v. Wallace, 4 Dutch. 526 ; Associates Jersey v. Davison, 5 Dutch. 424.