Yah Ness, J.
delivered the opinion of the court. It may be true that the defendant intended to purchase the farm mentioned in the case, for his client; though, judging from the facts before us, it would rather seem that he bought it on his own account. The fact of taking the deed directly to himself, and not to his client, affords a more clear indication of his real intention at the time of the sale, than his declarations made before and after. But admitting that lie meant to make the purchase in behalf of his principal, still, having no authority from him for that purpose, he cannot compel him, or his representatives, to accept of it. It is not pretended, that his employer gave Mm any express authority or direction to make the purchase for him 5 and no such authority was derived from his retainer to collect the debt due from Elijah Beardsley,
Admitting, however, for a moment, that an attorney may be justified in making a purchase in behalf of his client, when such a measure is indispensably necessary to save or secure his debt; yet this is not even a case of that description. On the sale of the farm, Ilashrovck offered to give within one dollar of the sum for which it was struck off to the defendant; and it is admitted by the case, that the price for which the farm was sold, exceeded the amount of all the executions in the sheriff’s hands; so that there was not the least necessity for the defendant to become the purchaser, in order to secure his client’s demand.
If the defendant was authorized to make this purchase on account of his principal, then the latter was bound to accept it, according to the terms upon which it was made. By these [468]*468terms, the defendant stipulated to pay the amount due to Hasbrouck upon his judgment, which he has actually done; and Phinehas Beardsley, consequently, became liable to reimburse the defendant the money thus paid. To permit an attorney, in this way, to make his client his debtor, might frequently lead to the most injurious consequences. Many clients, instead of recovering and receiving their money according to the ordinary course of proceeding, would, unexpectedly, find themselves involved^ in intricate and extravagant speculations, to the management of which they might be totally .incompetent; and which, in the end, might prove ruinous.
The defendant could not make himself a trustee for his principal, against his will, and throw upon his hands a purchase which his interest did not require him to make. Suppose the farm had turned out to be worth one half the sum which the defendant gave for it, would Phinehas Beardsley have been obliged to take it ? If Phinehas Beardsley had ratified the purchase by some positive, unequivocal act, such as reimbursing the defendant the money paid to Hasbrouck, or agreeing to do go, he would have been bound to abide by it, however disadvantageous it might have proved. But so far from assenting to the purchase, it appears, from the defendant’s own testimony, that soon after the sale, when the defendant offered him the sheriff s deed, he declined to accept it; and, at the same time, told the defendant he was already embarrassed, on account of Elijah Beardsley, and preferred he should sell the farm.
It follows from what I have said, that the defendant is to be considered as a purchaser in his own right, and for his own benefit; and not as trustee for Phinehas Beardsley ; and if this be true, the remaining question in this case may be easily disposed of.
The general rule indisputably is, that the action for money had and received cannot be supported, unless the defendant has actually received money. It has, however, been held in the English courts, that taking negotiable paper is equivalent to the receipt of money; and although we have never sanctioned that doctrine by an express decision, yet, in the case of. Gumming v. Hackley, (8 Johns. Rep. 206.) the court seem to Intimate their approbation of it. But the present case stands ?$pon different grounds. Here the attorney or agent has dis[469]*469charged a debt due to his principal, and applied that debt to Ihe payment and satisfaction of nis own debt; for the amount ©f which he is liable to the plaintiff in this form of action ; and so it has frequently been decided.
In the case of Scott and others v. Surman and others, {WiU les’ Rep. 400.) the plaintiffs consigned to the bankrupt, as them factor, a quantity of tar, which he sold before his bankruptcy, and it was agreed that the tar should be paid for in promissory notes, payable in four months after the delivery of the tar, and that a debt of thirty-one pounds, due from the factor to the vendees, on his own account, should be deducted. The suit was brought to recover this sum of thirty-one pounds, as well as other moneys in the hands of the defendant. The court held, that this thirty-one pounds stood just on the same footing as if the factor had received that sum in money, before Ms bankruptcy, from the vendees; and that the plaintiffs must come in as creditors under the factor’s commission. The same principle was adopted by the court in deciding one of the points in the case of Ward v. Evans. (2 Ld. Raym. 928.) But the case of Floyd v. Day, (3 Mass. Rep.) is, perhaps, more fully in point; and I will, therefore, state it a little more at large. Floyd, the plaintiff, having a demand upon one Pilsbury, appointed the defendant, Day, his agent, to recover for her a sum of money, in satisfaction of her demand. The defendant commenced a suit against Pilsbury, and the matter was then compromised by Pilsbury’s agreeing to give three hundred dollars, for a discharge from the plaintiff’s demand in full. For this sum, the defendant, instead of money, took Pilsbury''.->• note, payable to himself, and discharged Pilsbury, as he was authorized to do by the plaintiff; so that she had no remedy, except against the defendant. Upon this state of facts, the ’ court decided, that the plaintiff could not maintain trover for the note; but that the defendant having, instead of money, received the note of Pilsbury, and discharged him, the property of the note was in the defendant, and he became immediately answerable to the plaintiff for the amount, as for “ so much money received by him for her use ; and an action of assumpsit was her proper remedy. For although the defendant received no money, yet by his transaction he discharged Pilsbury from the plaintiff’s demand on him for money, and he must be considered as having made himself answerable to [470]*470her for the money he ought to have received of Pilsbury.* t^ese cases may he added that of Denton and others v. Livingston, (9 Johns. Rep. 96.) which was decided iñ con» formity with the doctrine laid down in the preceding cases; and the reasons assigned by the court, in the decision of the first point, to which I particularly refer, will be found strictly applicable to this cause.
If the sheriff had demanded and received the money for which the land was sold, from the defendant, on the execution of the deed to him, there is no question he would have been perfectly justifiable in immediately paying it back again to him; and, in that case, it is not disputed, that this suit might have been supported.
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Yah Ness, J.
delivered the opinion of the court. It may be true that the defendant intended to purchase the farm mentioned in the case, for his client; though, judging from the facts before us, it would rather seem that he bought it on his own account. The fact of taking the deed directly to himself, and not to his client, affords a more clear indication of his real intention at the time of the sale, than his declarations made before and after. But admitting that lie meant to make the purchase in behalf of his principal, still, having no authority from him for that purpose, he cannot compel him, or his representatives, to accept of it. It is not pretended, that his employer gave Mm any express authority or direction to make the purchase for him 5 and no such authority was derived from his retainer to collect the debt due from Elijah Beardsley,
Admitting, however, for a moment, that an attorney may be justified in making a purchase in behalf of his client, when such a measure is indispensably necessary to save or secure his debt; yet this is not even a case of that description. On the sale of the farm, Ilashrovck offered to give within one dollar of the sum for which it was struck off to the defendant; and it is admitted by the case, that the price for which the farm was sold, exceeded the amount of all the executions in the sheriff’s hands; so that there was not the least necessity for the defendant to become the purchaser, in order to secure his client’s demand.
If the defendant was authorized to make this purchase on account of his principal, then the latter was bound to accept it, according to the terms upon which it was made. By these [468]*468terms, the defendant stipulated to pay the amount due to Hasbrouck upon his judgment, which he has actually done; and Phinehas Beardsley, consequently, became liable to reimburse the defendant the money thus paid. To permit an attorney, in this way, to make his client his debtor, might frequently lead to the most injurious consequences. Many clients, instead of recovering and receiving their money according to the ordinary course of proceeding, would, unexpectedly, find themselves involved^ in intricate and extravagant speculations, to the management of which they might be totally .incompetent; and which, in the end, might prove ruinous.
The defendant could not make himself a trustee for his principal, against his will, and throw upon his hands a purchase which his interest did not require him to make. Suppose the farm had turned out to be worth one half the sum which the defendant gave for it, would Phinehas Beardsley have been obliged to take it ? If Phinehas Beardsley had ratified the purchase by some positive, unequivocal act, such as reimbursing the defendant the money paid to Hasbrouck, or agreeing to do go, he would have been bound to abide by it, however disadvantageous it might have proved. But so far from assenting to the purchase, it appears, from the defendant’s own testimony, that soon after the sale, when the defendant offered him the sheriff s deed, he declined to accept it; and, at the same time, told the defendant he was already embarrassed, on account of Elijah Beardsley, and preferred he should sell the farm.
It follows from what I have said, that the defendant is to be considered as a purchaser in his own right, and for his own benefit; and not as trustee for Phinehas Beardsley ; and if this be true, the remaining question in this case may be easily disposed of.
The general rule indisputably is, that the action for money had and received cannot be supported, unless the defendant has actually received money. It has, however, been held in the English courts, that taking negotiable paper is equivalent to the receipt of money; and although we have never sanctioned that doctrine by an express decision, yet, in the case of. Gumming v. Hackley, (8 Johns. Rep. 206.) the court seem to Intimate their approbation of it. But the present case stands ?$pon different grounds. Here the attorney or agent has dis[469]*469charged a debt due to his principal, and applied that debt to Ihe payment and satisfaction of nis own debt; for the amount ©f which he is liable to the plaintiff in this form of action ; and so it has frequently been decided.
In the case of Scott and others v. Surman and others, {WiU les’ Rep. 400.) the plaintiffs consigned to the bankrupt, as them factor, a quantity of tar, which he sold before his bankruptcy, and it was agreed that the tar should be paid for in promissory notes, payable in four months after the delivery of the tar, and that a debt of thirty-one pounds, due from the factor to the vendees, on his own account, should be deducted. The suit was brought to recover this sum of thirty-one pounds, as well as other moneys in the hands of the defendant. The court held, that this thirty-one pounds stood just on the same footing as if the factor had received that sum in money, before Ms bankruptcy, from the vendees; and that the plaintiffs must come in as creditors under the factor’s commission. The same principle was adopted by the court in deciding one of the points in the case of Ward v. Evans. (2 Ld. Raym. 928.) But the case of Floyd v. Day, (3 Mass. Rep.) is, perhaps, more fully in point; and I will, therefore, state it a little more at large. Floyd, the plaintiff, having a demand upon one Pilsbury, appointed the defendant, Day, his agent, to recover for her a sum of money, in satisfaction of her demand. The defendant commenced a suit against Pilsbury, and the matter was then compromised by Pilsbury’s agreeing to give three hundred dollars, for a discharge from the plaintiff’s demand in full. For this sum, the defendant, instead of money, took Pilsbury''.->• note, payable to himself, and discharged Pilsbury, as he was authorized to do by the plaintiff; so that she had no remedy, except against the defendant. Upon this state of facts, the ’ court decided, that the plaintiff could not maintain trover for the note; but that the defendant having, instead of money, received the note of Pilsbury, and discharged him, the property of the note was in the defendant, and he became immediately answerable to the plaintiff for the amount, as for “ so much money received by him for her use ; and an action of assumpsit was her proper remedy. For although the defendant received no money, yet by his transaction he discharged Pilsbury from the plaintiff’s demand on him for money, and he must be considered as having made himself answerable to [470]*470her for the money he ought to have received of Pilsbury.* t^ese cases may he added that of Denton and others v. Livingston, (9 Johns. Rep. 96.) which was decided iñ con» formity with the doctrine laid down in the preceding cases; and the reasons assigned by the court, in the decision of the first point, to which I particularly refer, will be found strictly applicable to this cause.
If the sheriff had demanded and received the money for which the land was sold, from the defendant, on the execution of the deed to him, there is no question he would have been perfectly justifiable in immediately paying it back again to him; and, in that case, it is not disputed, that this suit might have been supported. The sheriff, however, instead of going through the useless ceremony of first receiving the money from the defendant with one hand, and paying it back with the other, at once accomplished the same thing, by taking from him a receipt in full satisfaction of the execution. This negotiation was the same as money to the defendant. He paid his own debt with his client’s judgment, and he cannot be allowed to say that no money came into his hands.
If the defendant had been duly authorized by his principal, to purchase the land in trust for him, and had, when required, refused to execute the trust, I agree, that the action for money had and received could not be . maintained. The fact, that the purchase was not thus made, distinguishes this case from those cited by the defendant’s counsel, in which it has been held that this action would not lie. In consequence of the discharge given to the sheriff, the plaintiff can never again resort to his judgment against Elijah Beardsley to obtain satis - faction of his demand. The defendant has had the benefit of that judgment as effectually as if he had received the money upon it, and then made use of it in the payment of any other debt he may have contracted. Suppose Ilasbrouck had, in fact, become the purchaser, for the sum he offered for the farm, (which, it appears, was enough to pay his own judgment, as well as that of Phinehas Beardsley,) and the defendant, instead of receiving the money from him, and due to his client, had consented that Ilasbrouck should set off a debt which he happened to hold against him, for an equal amount, surely in that case the defendant would not have been permitted to say, that no money had come into his hands.
[471]*471I do not mean to question the authority of the cases relied upon by the defendant’s counsel. The present case depends upon different principles, and is distinguishable in many respects, as will be seen by a summary consideration of some of them. Let us take, for instance, the case of Longchamp v. Kenny, {Doug. 136.) and suppose the plaintiff, instead of the evidence he gave in that case, had shown that he delivered the masquerade ticket to Kenny, the defendant, to sell, and to pay over the money to the plaintiff, and that Kenny had sold the ticket to some person to whom he was indebted, in a sum equal to the value of the ticket, and instead of receiving the money, had paid his debt with it, and taken a receipt in full. I think, upon such a, state of facts, (which would make that and the present case analogous,) the plaintiff’s right to recover upon the count, for money had and received, would have been perfectly clear. Again, take the case of Nightingal et. al., Assignees, &c. v. Devisme, (5 Burr. 2589.) and suppose the defendant, Devisme, on the same day he received the stock, had paid a debt he owed with it, and taken a discharge of the debt, (which would also have made that case like the present,) I think there would have been no question but the action for money had and received would have been sustained. While the ticket, in the first case, (putting out of view the facts from which the court presumed that Kenny actually received the money for the ticket,) and the stock, in the other, remained in the hands of the respective defendants, they were properly held not to be liable as for money had and received; but add to these cases the facts which I have stated, and the result, no doubt, would have been entirely different. We are of opinion, therefore, that the plaintiffs are entitled to judgment.
Spencer, J. not having heard the argument of the cause, gave no opinion.
Judgment for the plaintiffs.