H. T. Kellogg, J.:
This action is novel in character. The plaintiff was editor, manager and part owner of a newspaper, known as the Evening Herald, which was published in Binghamton, N. Y. The defendant Willis Sharpe Kilmer and his father, Jonas M. Kilmer, were the owners of the business of “ Dr. Kilmer and Company,” which manufactured and sold a certain kidney remedy known as “ Swamp Root.” These gentlemen, through extensive advertisement, business genius and, perhaps, through the intrinsic merit of the drug, marketed “ Swamp Root ” through a series of years with remarkable success. They became rich and conspicuous citizens in their home city of Binghamton, N. Y. The plaintiff in the columns of his newspaper frequently made derisive comments upon the nature of their business. To him the Kilmers were the manufacturers and purveyors of “ quack medicines ” rather than men of distinction in the social and business world. Their pet remedy was “ Swamp Rot ” or “ Rump Swat,” and not a benignant drug, efficacious in disorders of the kidneys. He did not stop with ridicule of the remedy; he proceeded to feature the Kilmers as greatly as possible in ways injurious to their pride. He exploited their marital troubles, their unpleasant litigations, the misfortunes of their relatives. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Kilmers, with their confidential agent, the defendant Jerome B. Hadsell, in the year 1904 determined to enter upon the newspaper field. There is much to indicate that the animating purpose of the undertaking was a desire to square accounts with the plaintiff. As far back as 1895 Willis Kilmer said to the plaintiff concerning the publication of a certain article by him: “That is a God damned pretty state of affairs, and I will tell you right now, I will get even with you for that some time.” In 1903, after the plaintiff had again published about the Kilmers a somewhat scurrilous article, Willis Kilmer, meeting the plaintiff upon the street, threatened to horsewhip him, saying: “ I will get even with you, * * * y0U are not through with me. I will get even with you.” A friend of the Kilmers and of the plaintiff [380]*380attempted to dissuade the Kilmers from entering into the newspaper business. He asked Willis Kilmer what he would say if the plaintiff apologized, and received the answer that everything would be all right, and that the plaintiff would then receive extensive advertising from their company. The plaintiff declined to apologize, and Willis Kilmer said: “ That settles it.” Accordingly, the Kilmers organized a corporation and began the publication of the Binghamton Press. Willis Kilmer approached the city editor of the Herald, and attempted to hire him away from the plaintiff. He met with a refusal. Kilmer said: “ Well, by God, I will tell you this, Mr. Spaulding, after the Press gets started your job on the Herald will be damned precarious. Your damned sheet won’t five.” Gradually the employees of the Herald left their employment and were engaged by the Press, which soon became a strong and popular newspaper. Among these employees were a cashier, a collector, a reporter, a mailing clerk, and an assistant mailing clerk. The Kilmers continued to exhibit animosity towards the plaintiff. They sought, without success, to induce an indorser upon promissory notes of the plaintiff or his newspaper company, to withdraw his name therefrom. On various occasions they expressed a desire to “ get ” him, and were disappointed that his newspaper continued so long to be published. In spite of the rivalry of the Press the Evening Herald continued its existence until the year 1910. However, its circulation and advertising during this period had fallen off greatly. In 1903 the Evening Herald had made a profit as high as $1,000 per month. For several years prior to 1910 the gross income of the Herald was so reduced that its newspaper was published at a loss. Prior to 1904 the Herald was free from debt, whereas by the year 1910 it had accumulated a large indebtedness. Prior to 1904 the salary of the plaintiff was $100 per week. His salary was reduced from time to time until it became but $40 per week. Finally, in the year 1910, the Evening Herald was sold for its debts and the plaintiff, losing his position as its editor and manager, was deprived of the substantial remuneration which he had been receiving. The Binghamton Press continued to be published after the year 1910, and so has continued until the present time. Jonas M. Kilmer died in the year 1912, and thereafter this action was brought. The plaintiff charges in his complaint that the loss of his position and salary was due to an unlawful conspiracy on the part of the defendants and Jonas M. Kilmer to cause him injury; that the Kilmers and Hadsell began and continued the publication of the Binghamton Press with the sole purpose in view of causing him injury; that as a result he sustained damages for which he demands a recovery. The evidence, viewed in the fight most favorable to [381]*381the plaintiff, in a measure justifies this conclusion. Nevertheless, the trial justice before whom the case was tried dismissed the complaint at the close of the plaintiff's case, and this appeal was taken.
It is a principle of general application that a malicious motive does not render unlawful acts which in themselves are lawful. It was said by Judge Cooley in his work on Torts (Vol. 2 [3d ed.], p. 1505): “ Bad motive, by itself, then, is no tort. Malicious motives make a bad act worse, but they cannot make that a wrong which in its own essence is lawful. 'An act which does not amount to a legal injury cannot be actionable because it is done with a bad intent.' ‘ Where one exercises a legal right only, the motive which actuates him is immaterial.’ ” This statement correctly expresses the law of this State. (Auburn & Cato Plank Road Co. v. Douglass, 9 N. Y. 444; Pickard v. Collins, 23 Barb. 444; Morris v. Tuthill, 72 N. Y. 575; Kiff v. Youmans, 86 id. 329.) In the Plank Road Company case a farmer built a driveway in close proximity to and paralleling a plank road in order to afford opportunity to travelers to evade a toll-gate erected by the plank road company, and thus to escape the payment of tolls. It was held that this act, although performed for the sole purpose of injuring the plank road company, did not constitute a legal wrong. In the Pickard case it was held that the erection of a high fence, for the sole purpose of cutting off the light of a neighbor, was not actionable. In the Morris case it was held that the assignee of certain mortgages, who bought them and started foreclosures thereon for the sole purpose of injuring the mortgagor, committed no wrong and could not be denied the right to foreclose. It was said by Judge Selden in the Plank Road case: " But, independent of authority, if a malignant motive is sufficient to make a man's dealings with his own property, when accompanied by damage to another, actionable, where is the principle to stop? It will be found to apply to a thousand other cases with the same force as to this. For instance, if a man sets up a trade, not with a view to his own profit, but solely to injure one already established in the same trade, how can the case be distinguished in principle from this? * * * and yet no one would contend that an action would he in these or similar cases.” In Allen v. Flood (L. R. [1898] App. Cas.
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H. T. Kellogg, J.:
This action is novel in character. The plaintiff was editor, manager and part owner of a newspaper, known as the Evening Herald, which was published in Binghamton, N. Y. The defendant Willis Sharpe Kilmer and his father, Jonas M. Kilmer, were the owners of the business of “ Dr. Kilmer and Company,” which manufactured and sold a certain kidney remedy known as “ Swamp Root.” These gentlemen, through extensive advertisement, business genius and, perhaps, through the intrinsic merit of the drug, marketed “ Swamp Root ” through a series of years with remarkable success. They became rich and conspicuous citizens in their home city of Binghamton, N. Y. The plaintiff in the columns of his newspaper frequently made derisive comments upon the nature of their business. To him the Kilmers were the manufacturers and purveyors of “ quack medicines ” rather than men of distinction in the social and business world. Their pet remedy was “ Swamp Rot ” or “ Rump Swat,” and not a benignant drug, efficacious in disorders of the kidneys. He did not stop with ridicule of the remedy; he proceeded to feature the Kilmers as greatly as possible in ways injurious to their pride. He exploited their marital troubles, their unpleasant litigations, the misfortunes of their relatives. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Kilmers, with their confidential agent, the defendant Jerome B. Hadsell, in the year 1904 determined to enter upon the newspaper field. There is much to indicate that the animating purpose of the undertaking was a desire to square accounts with the plaintiff. As far back as 1895 Willis Kilmer said to the plaintiff concerning the publication of a certain article by him: “That is a God damned pretty state of affairs, and I will tell you right now, I will get even with you for that some time.” In 1903, after the plaintiff had again published about the Kilmers a somewhat scurrilous article, Willis Kilmer, meeting the plaintiff upon the street, threatened to horsewhip him, saying: “ I will get even with you, * * * y0U are not through with me. I will get even with you.” A friend of the Kilmers and of the plaintiff [380]*380attempted to dissuade the Kilmers from entering into the newspaper business. He asked Willis Kilmer what he would say if the plaintiff apologized, and received the answer that everything would be all right, and that the plaintiff would then receive extensive advertising from their company. The plaintiff declined to apologize, and Willis Kilmer said: “ That settles it.” Accordingly, the Kilmers organized a corporation and began the publication of the Binghamton Press. Willis Kilmer approached the city editor of the Herald, and attempted to hire him away from the plaintiff. He met with a refusal. Kilmer said: “ Well, by God, I will tell you this, Mr. Spaulding, after the Press gets started your job on the Herald will be damned precarious. Your damned sheet won’t five.” Gradually the employees of the Herald left their employment and were engaged by the Press, which soon became a strong and popular newspaper. Among these employees were a cashier, a collector, a reporter, a mailing clerk, and an assistant mailing clerk. The Kilmers continued to exhibit animosity towards the plaintiff. They sought, without success, to induce an indorser upon promissory notes of the plaintiff or his newspaper company, to withdraw his name therefrom. On various occasions they expressed a desire to “ get ” him, and were disappointed that his newspaper continued so long to be published. In spite of the rivalry of the Press the Evening Herald continued its existence until the year 1910. However, its circulation and advertising during this period had fallen off greatly. In 1903 the Evening Herald had made a profit as high as $1,000 per month. For several years prior to 1910 the gross income of the Herald was so reduced that its newspaper was published at a loss. Prior to 1904 the Herald was free from debt, whereas by the year 1910 it had accumulated a large indebtedness. Prior to 1904 the salary of the plaintiff was $100 per week. His salary was reduced from time to time until it became but $40 per week. Finally, in the year 1910, the Evening Herald was sold for its debts and the plaintiff, losing his position as its editor and manager, was deprived of the substantial remuneration which he had been receiving. The Binghamton Press continued to be published after the year 1910, and so has continued until the present time. Jonas M. Kilmer died in the year 1912, and thereafter this action was brought. The plaintiff charges in his complaint that the loss of his position and salary was due to an unlawful conspiracy on the part of the defendants and Jonas M. Kilmer to cause him injury; that the Kilmers and Hadsell began and continued the publication of the Binghamton Press with the sole purpose in view of causing him injury; that as a result he sustained damages for which he demands a recovery. The evidence, viewed in the fight most favorable to [381]*381the plaintiff, in a measure justifies this conclusion. Nevertheless, the trial justice before whom the case was tried dismissed the complaint at the close of the plaintiff's case, and this appeal was taken.
It is a principle of general application that a malicious motive does not render unlawful acts which in themselves are lawful. It was said by Judge Cooley in his work on Torts (Vol. 2 [3d ed.], p. 1505): “ Bad motive, by itself, then, is no tort. Malicious motives make a bad act worse, but they cannot make that a wrong which in its own essence is lawful. 'An act which does not amount to a legal injury cannot be actionable because it is done with a bad intent.' ‘ Where one exercises a legal right only, the motive which actuates him is immaterial.’ ” This statement correctly expresses the law of this State. (Auburn & Cato Plank Road Co. v. Douglass, 9 N. Y. 444; Pickard v. Collins, 23 Barb. 444; Morris v. Tuthill, 72 N. Y. 575; Kiff v. Youmans, 86 id. 329.) In the Plank Road Company case a farmer built a driveway in close proximity to and paralleling a plank road in order to afford opportunity to travelers to evade a toll-gate erected by the plank road company, and thus to escape the payment of tolls. It was held that this act, although performed for the sole purpose of injuring the plank road company, did not constitute a legal wrong. In the Pickard case it was held that the erection of a high fence, for the sole purpose of cutting off the light of a neighbor, was not actionable. In the Morris case it was held that the assignee of certain mortgages, who bought them and started foreclosures thereon for the sole purpose of injuring the mortgagor, committed no wrong and could not be denied the right to foreclose. It was said by Judge Selden in the Plank Road case: " But, independent of authority, if a malignant motive is sufficient to make a man's dealings with his own property, when accompanied by damage to another, actionable, where is the principle to stop? It will be found to apply to a thousand other cases with the same force as to this. For instance, if a man sets up a trade, not with a view to his own profit, but solely to injure one already established in the same trade, how can the case be distinguished in principle from this? * * * and yet no one would contend that an action would he in these or similar cases.” In Allen v. Flood (L. R. [1898] App. Cas. 1) decided by the House of Lords in the year 1897, the head note reads: “An act lawful in itself is not converted by a malicious or bad motive into an unlawful act so as to make the doer of the act liable to a civil action.” In that case Lord Watson said: " In my opinion it is alike consistent with reason and common sense that when the act done is, apart from the feelings which prompted it, legal, the civil law ought to take no cognizance of its motive.” Sir Frederick Pollock, in his book [382]*382on Torts, newly edited in the year 1920 (11th ed. p. 23), says: “ Harm done without excuse cannot be made more wrongful than it is by the addition of bad feeling or personal ill-will, nor made lawful by its absence.” It has been said that an exception is found in that class of actions where damages are recoverable for maliciously inducing the employees of another to break their contracts of employment. (Lumley v. Gye, 2 E. & B. 216; Bowen v. Hall, L. R. 6 Q. B. Div. 333.) In Quinn v. Leathem (L. R. [1901] App. Cas. 495), decided by the House of Lords in 1901, Lord MacNaghten in interpreting Lumley v. Gye (supra) and Bowen v. Hall (supra) in the light of the decision made in Allen v. Flood (supra), states that these cases were decided not on the basis of malice but upon the ground “ that a violation of legal right committed knowingly is a cause of action, and that it is a violation of legal right to interfere with contractual relations recognized by law if there be no justification for the interference.” In a recent decision by our Court of Appeals (Lamb v. Cheney & Son, 227 N. Y. 418) the rule of Lumley v. Gye, as interpreted by Lord MacNaghten in Quinn v. Leathern, was adopted as the law of our State. It was there held that if one party maliciously interferes with a contract between other parties, and induces one of them to break the contract, the party injured can maintain an action against the person so interfering. In speaking of the element of malice necessary to the maintenance of such an action, Judge McLaughlin says: “It does not mean actual malice or ill-will, but consists in the intentional doing of a wrongful act without legal justification.” He further states: “ The gist of the action is not the intent to injure, but to interfere without justification with plaintiff’s contractual rights with knowledge thereof.” It has recently been said by a distinguished jurist: “ Today, most judges are inclined to say that what was once thought to be the exception is the rule, and what was the rule is the exception. A. may never do anything in his business for the purpose of injuring another without reasonable and just excuse.” (The Nature of the Judicial Process, Cardozo, p. 25.) The case of Lamb v. Cheney & Son is cited as an authority for this statement, but it would scarcely seem that the broad generalization thus made is justified by the decision therein. In that case an outstanding legal right inuring to the plaintiff through his contract with another was intentionally destroyed by the defendant without justification on his part. The same generalization has elsewhere frequently been made. (Mogul Steamship Co. v. McGregor, L. R. 23 Q. B. Div. 598; Aikens v. Wisconsin, 195 U. S. 194; Plant v. Woods, 176 Mass. 492.) It has been noted, however, that without an explanation of what constitutes just cause or excuse [383]*383the generalization amounts to little more than the truism that no man is justified in performing an action for which he has no justification. Thus Lord Halsbury (Allen v. Flood, L. R. [1898] App. Cas. 1, 75) in commenting upon a similar generalization made by Bowen, L. J., in the Mogul case, stated: “ The Lord Justice was too keen a reasoner not to observe that the words 1 without just cause or excuse ’ which he had used required exposition to render his reasoning complete.” In any event it remains the law that a malicious motive does not convert a right into a wrong. The plaintiff must succeed, therefore, if at all, upon the theory that the defendants have intentionally caused him injury without justification. The case differs from Lamb v. Cheney & Son, in that the defendant, entering into the competition complained of, interfered with no legal right possessed by the plaintiff or the newspaper company which employed him. Even if we accept the generalization which has been made as stating the law of this State, we cannot see that this defendant was without justification in entering upon a rivalry with the plaintiff or his company. Thus it was said by Fry, L. J., in the Mogul case: “ We have then to inquire whether mere competition, directed by one man against another, is ever unlawful. It was argued that the plaintiffs have a legal right to carry on their trade, and that to deprive them of that right by any means is a wrong. But the right of the plaintiffs to trade is not an absolute but a qualified right — a right conditioned by the like right in the defendants and all Her Majesty’s subjects, and a right therefore to trade subject to competition. Now, I know no limits to the right of competition in the defendants—I mean, no limits in law. * * * But no case has been or, I believe, can be cited where the only means used by the defendant to injure the plaintiff has been competition pure and simple. I think that if we were now to hold interference by mere competition unlawful, we should be laying down law both novel and at variance with that which modern legislation has- shown to be the present policy of the State.” We think that the plaintiff must fail in the action for three reasons: First. The acts of competition complained of were not rendered unlawful by the malicious intention of the defendants to injure the plaintiff by performing them. Second. The defendants by their acts interfered with no legal rights possessed by the plaintiff or his employer. Third. The acts of competition complained of were not oppressive or unfair and were fully justified as an exercise of the lawful right of competition. We also consider that the acts complained of did not become unlawful or actionable because the persons engaged therein “ conspired ” to commit them. (Brackett v. Griswold, 112 N. Y. [384]*384454; Cohen v. Fisher & Co., 135 App. Div. 238.) We, therefore, hold that the dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint was proper.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur, except Hinman, J., dissenting, with a memorandum.