BARNHILL, J., dissenting.
WINBORNE, J., concurs in dissent.
This was an action to recover on a note in the sum of $5,976. Defendants denied liability and pleaded want of consideration.
This case was here at Fall Term, 1942, and is reported in 222 N.C. 174,22 S.E.2d 270. That appeal involved only the pleadings. On the trial below compulsory reference was ordered and both parties excepted. The referee found the defendants liable on the note sued on in the sum of $800, and plaintiff filed exceptions to the report with demand for jury trial upon issues tendered. The issues tendered and submitted to the jury on the trial were these:
"1. Are the defendants indebted to plaintiff by virtue of their promissory note, as alleged in the complaint?
"2. If so, in what sum?"
The jury answered the first issue yes, and the second issue $5,976. From judgment on the verdict defendants appealed.
The plaintiff declared upon a past-due negotiable note, regular in form, and offered evidence of its execution by the defendants. This made out aprima facie case, and imposed upon the defendants the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut the presumption created by the statute (G. S., 25-29), or incur the risk of an adverse verdict. Stein v. Levins,205 N.C. 302, 171 S.E. 96; Benner v. Phipps, 214 N.C. 14, 197 S.E. 549. In accord with this rule the plaintiff, having introduced the note in evidence, rested his case.
The defendants admitted signing the note sued on, but testified they signed it at the instance of the plaintiff who was then cashier of the bank with which they had been dealing; that when they signed the note the amount was left blank; that they were induced to sign it in that form by the insistence of the plaintiff that he needed it on account of an expected bank examination, and that it would be filled in with the comparatively small amount of checks of defendants which had been paid and held out from entry by the bank. Defendants testified the plaintiff paid nothing to them or to the bank; that all of defendants' antecedent obligations to the bank had been paid.
The transactions between plaintiff and defendants and the bank are detailed in the record, but much of this is not material to the questions presented by this appeal. However, it appears that defendants were borrowers from the bank, and that the bank in addition through its cashier, the plaintiff, had indulged the practice of paying defendants' checks drawn on the bank when they had insufficient deposits or credit therein, and holding out the checks in the bank until the defendants should execute notes to the bank to cover.
The plaintiff's contention was that in August, 1940, the defendants' unpaid notes given to cover held out checks, together with additional checks which had since been paid by the bank, had accumulated until they aggregated $5,976, and that at plaintiff's suggestion the defendants signed the note in suit in that sum, payable not to the bank but to him individually, to cover same. The plaintiff admits he paid nothing to the defendants or to the bank, but he contends that, having been subsequently found short in his accounts with the bank and convicted or pleaded guilty in the United States District Court, the surety on his fidelity bond paid to the bank the amount of his shortage which grew out of the Wright checks, and that he has agreed to reimburse the Surety Company, and is doing so by monthly payments secured by mortgage on his home. He contends that the amount for which the defendants were liable to the bank, being the same amount designated in the note, was paid by the Surety Company to the bank; that this was in discharge of the liability of the defendants, and that his, the plaintiff's, repayment to the Surety Company of this debt, which was primarily the obligation of the defendants, entitled him to be given now the status of having furnished the full consideration for the defendants' note. In other words, he contends that the consideration for the note in suit was his agreement to pay the defendants' debt to the bank; that while he did not do so at the time, he has now done so, and the full benefit agreed has inured to the defendants, and the full payment has been made by him. 10 C. J. S., 616; Turner v. Rogers, 121 Mass. 12; Restatement Law Contracts, sec. 75, p. 83.
It also appeared in evidence that while the transactions about the notes and held out checks were being carried on between the defendants and the bank, the plaintiff Beam was manipulating certain deposit accounts in the bank in order to cover the shortages occasioned by holding out Wright's checks; that he unlawfully took funds from the accounts of other depositors to make good these shortages, and falsified and concealed entries on the books of the bank in violation of law.
It will be noted that whatever debt defendants owed at the time was to the bank and not to the plaintiff, and that, for some reason, he had the note executed in his own name, with the agreement, as he contends, as consideration therefor that he would pay to the bank the amount designated in the note in settlement of defendants' debts to the bank.
Considering the evidence in the light of the plaintiff's contentions, the rather unusual situation shown by the record may be diagrammed like this: A being indebted to B, executes note to C upon the latter's promise to pay B. C does not himself pay the debt, but wrongfully takes money from D and pays B. Upon discovery, B returns the money to D, and thereupon E, the surety on C's bond, reimburses B, and C agrees to
reimburse E. Whereupon C sues A on the note, on the ground that consideration is now shown.
The defendants, on the other hand, offered evidence tending to show that all their notes and obligations to the bank had been paid prior to the execution of this note, and that it was only in consequence of the representations of plaintiff Beam that there were some additional checks held out, amounting to $700 or $800, and that he wished them to sign a note in order to tide him over a bank examination, that they were induced to sign the note in blank.
The defendants contend that they owe Beam nothing and never have; that Beam never paid anything to them or to the bank; that they had no transactions with Beam personally, only with the bank through him, and that the note sued on was entirely without consideration; that plaintiff's misapplication of the bank's funds began prior to the defendants' dealings with the bank, and were not connected with defendants' checks. Defendants further assert they had no knowledge that Beam was taking funds from other depositors to cover his shortages. They contend that the note being without consideration at the time of its execution, plaintiff should not now, out of circumstances showing the wrongful taking of the property of others to cover his own defalcations, be permitted to invoke an equity which would inure to his own benefit, and by this circuitous method give life to a note void for lack of consideration. The defendants also call attention to evidence that after the discovery of plaintiff's defalcation and his prosecution he offered the note now in suit to the bank and also to the Surety Company, but neither would accept it. Neither claimed any interest in it.
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BARNHILL, J., dissenting.
WINBORNE, J., concurs in dissent.
This was an action to recover on a note in the sum of $5,976. Defendants denied liability and pleaded want of consideration.
This case was here at Fall Term, 1942, and is reported in 222 N.C. 174,22 S.E.2d 270. That appeal involved only the pleadings. On the trial below compulsory reference was ordered and both parties excepted. The referee found the defendants liable on the note sued on in the sum of $800, and plaintiff filed exceptions to the report with demand for jury trial upon issues tendered. The issues tendered and submitted to the jury on the trial were these:
"1. Are the defendants indebted to plaintiff by virtue of their promissory note, as alleged in the complaint?
"2. If so, in what sum?"
The jury answered the first issue yes, and the second issue $5,976. From judgment on the verdict defendants appealed.
The plaintiff declared upon a past-due negotiable note, regular in form, and offered evidence of its execution by the defendants. This made out aprima facie case, and imposed upon the defendants the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut the presumption created by the statute (G. S., 25-29), or incur the risk of an adverse verdict. Stein v. Levins,205 N.C. 302, 171 S.E. 96; Benner v. Phipps, 214 N.C. 14, 197 S.E. 549. In accord with this rule the plaintiff, having introduced the note in evidence, rested his case.
The defendants admitted signing the note sued on, but testified they signed it at the instance of the plaintiff who was then cashier of the bank with which they had been dealing; that when they signed the note the amount was left blank; that they were induced to sign it in that form by the insistence of the plaintiff that he needed it on account of an expected bank examination, and that it would be filled in with the comparatively small amount of checks of defendants which had been paid and held out from entry by the bank. Defendants testified the plaintiff paid nothing to them or to the bank; that all of defendants' antecedent obligations to the bank had been paid.
The transactions between plaintiff and defendants and the bank are detailed in the record, but much of this is not material to the questions presented by this appeal. However, it appears that defendants were borrowers from the bank, and that the bank in addition through its cashier, the plaintiff, had indulged the practice of paying defendants' checks drawn on the bank when they had insufficient deposits or credit therein, and holding out the checks in the bank until the defendants should execute notes to the bank to cover.
The plaintiff's contention was that in August, 1940, the defendants' unpaid notes given to cover held out checks, together with additional checks which had since been paid by the bank, had accumulated until they aggregated $5,976, and that at plaintiff's suggestion the defendants signed the note in suit in that sum, payable not to the bank but to him individually, to cover same. The plaintiff admits he paid nothing to the defendants or to the bank, but he contends that, having been subsequently found short in his accounts with the bank and convicted or pleaded guilty in the United States District Court, the surety on his fidelity bond paid to the bank the amount of his shortage which grew out of the Wright checks, and that he has agreed to reimburse the Surety Company, and is doing so by monthly payments secured by mortgage on his home. He contends that the amount for which the defendants were liable to the bank, being the same amount designated in the note, was paid by the Surety Company to the bank; that this was in discharge of the liability of the defendants, and that his, the plaintiff's, repayment to the Surety Company of this debt, which was primarily the obligation of the defendants, entitled him to be given now the status of having furnished the full consideration for the defendants' note. In other words, he contends that the consideration for the note in suit was his agreement to pay the defendants' debt to the bank; that while he did not do so at the time, he has now done so, and the full benefit agreed has inured to the defendants, and the full payment has been made by him. 10 C. J. S., 616; Turner v. Rogers, 121 Mass. 12; Restatement Law Contracts, sec. 75, p. 83.
It also appeared in evidence that while the transactions about the notes and held out checks were being carried on between the defendants and the bank, the plaintiff Beam was manipulating certain deposit accounts in the bank in order to cover the shortages occasioned by holding out Wright's checks; that he unlawfully took funds from the accounts of other depositors to make good these shortages, and falsified and concealed entries on the books of the bank in violation of law.
It will be noted that whatever debt defendants owed at the time was to the bank and not to the plaintiff, and that, for some reason, he had the note executed in his own name, with the agreement, as he contends, as consideration therefor that he would pay to the bank the amount designated in the note in settlement of defendants' debts to the bank.
Considering the evidence in the light of the plaintiff's contentions, the rather unusual situation shown by the record may be diagrammed like this: A being indebted to B, executes note to C upon the latter's promise to pay B. C does not himself pay the debt, but wrongfully takes money from D and pays B. Upon discovery, B returns the money to D, and thereupon E, the surety on C's bond, reimburses B, and C agrees to
reimburse E. Whereupon C sues A on the note, on the ground that consideration is now shown.
The defendants, on the other hand, offered evidence tending to show that all their notes and obligations to the bank had been paid prior to the execution of this note, and that it was only in consequence of the representations of plaintiff Beam that there were some additional checks held out, amounting to $700 or $800, and that he wished them to sign a note in order to tide him over a bank examination, that they were induced to sign the note in blank.
The defendants contend that they owe Beam nothing and never have; that Beam never paid anything to them or to the bank; that they had no transactions with Beam personally, only with the bank through him, and that the note sued on was entirely without consideration; that plaintiff's misapplication of the bank's funds began prior to the defendants' dealings with the bank, and were not connected with defendants' checks. Defendants further assert they had no knowledge that Beam was taking funds from other depositors to cover his shortages. They contend that the note being without consideration at the time of its execution, plaintiff should not now, out of circumstances showing the wrongful taking of the property of others to cover his own defalcations, be permitted to invoke an equity which would inure to his own benefit, and by this circuitous method give life to a note void for lack of consideration. The defendants also call attention to evidence that after the discovery of plaintiff's defalcation and his prosecution he offered the note now in suit to the bank and also to the Surety Company, but neither would accept it. Neither claimed any interest in it.
The defendants noted exception to the court's instruction to the jury that "under all this evidence" they should answer the first issue yes, and that they should not concern themselves with any investigation as to whether the defendants were indebted, but should consider only the second issue as to the amount.
The question in the first issue was whether the defendants were "indebted to the plaintiff by virtue of the promissory note sued on." The defendants did not deny that there were at the time of the execution of the note to plaintiff in the bank some "held out" checks which would have constituted an overdraft, but we do not understand the defendants admitted the validity of the note sued on, or their indebtedness to the plaintiff Beam thereon. This being so, their defenses that they had paid their notes and obligations to the bank, that they owed Beam nothing, that the note was without consideration and obtained for an illegal purpose (7 Am. Jur., 965), were disregarded, as was also their contention that the circumstances negatived the application of the equitable principle of subrogation in aid of a wrongdoer, and failed to
afford ground for the maintenance of a suit on this note against these defendants.
We think this assignment of error well grounded, and that the instruction to which exception was noted must be held for error. At the time it was given the note was nudum pactum. There was then no legal obligation on the defendants to pay Beam. The circumstances relied upon by the plaintiff to show he had eventually paid, through the Surety Company, a debt which was primarily the obligation of the defendants, are not admitted. The defendants' view is that the note was procured by the plaintiff to aid him in perpetrating a fraud on his employer and to cover up his violations of law, and that these fraudulent transactions were in no way related to the defendants' overdrafts, either in time or amount. From the defendants' standpoint and in accord with their testimony, the plaintiff's wrongful conduct was such as to deprive him of the benefit of his repayment to the Surety Company, under the principle of subrogation, for the purpose of supplying evidence of consideration for the note sued on.
We think the defendants were entitled to have this phase of the case considered by the jury on the first issue. Forced repayment by plaintiff to the Surety Company of a debt for which defendants were primarily liable would seem to entitle him to be put in the shoes of the Surety Company and to succeed to its rights if he could follow or trace the fund and show that the debt he repaid to the Surety Company, and through it to the bank, was the same debt which defendants owed to the bank. But on this point the defendants' evidence is at odds with that of the plaintiff.
In view of these conflicting claims and the evidence in support thereof we think the defendants' motion for judgment of nonsuit was properly denied. While the defendants contend the entire transaction is so tainted with illegality that no action on a note growing out of it can be maintained, we think consideration of the plaintiff's evidence in the light most favorable for him presents a different view, at least entitling him to go to the jury.
The plaintiff testified the Wrights owed the amount of the note at the time of its execution, and that the figures $5,976 were discussed with them, and that nothing had been paid thereon. According to his testimony the antecedent transactions leading up to the execution of the note were these: The defendants were large truck growers, at times needing considerable sums of money, and were borrowers of the bank. Numerous notes and renewals were given by defendants beginning in 1938. In addition the defendants' checks were honored and held out in the bank until notes could be given to cover same. The last of these notes was one for $4,700. "At that time he actually owed the bank approximately
that amount of money. The nature of it was items I had held for Mr. Wright — checks." Subsequently other checks were cashed and on 25 August, 1940, the aggregate was $5,976, for which the note sued on in that amount was given. "The $5,976 is made up of the $4,700 note and additional checks which I had cashed for Mr. Wright between the time the $4,700 note was discounted and the $5,976 note was given. Mr. Wright would come to me saying how much money he needed and how badly he needed it. He said that Mrs. Wright was in the hospital and he was trying to clear new ground and needed money to pay hospital and other bills. I advanced him the money up to $5,976, and that is what goes to make up the $5,976 note. No part of that note has been paid. I gave Mr. Wright the $4,700 note when I received the $5,976 note. I think I stamped it paid. At the time the $5,976 note was given I felt that Mr. Wright was not going to get a note discounted to take care of those items, and I made the note payable to myself because I knew that I or the bonding company would have to reimburse the bank for the money I had let Mr. Wright have, I might say illegally. I had not been authorized to make this loan. The bonding company has reimbursed the bank and to secure the bonding company I gave a mortgage on my house. I am now paying the bonding company $50.00 per month."
He testified that at the time of the execution of the $5,976 note, in addition to delivery of the $4,700 note marked paid, Wright received the checks back. "The checks I gave back were those that came to the bank on Mr. Wright that I cashed, approximately $1,200."
Plaintiff admitted that in order to cover the shortage occasioned by cashing Wright's checks he manipulated other accounts in the bank, and that he pleaded guilty to making false entries, but he contends that for his wrongdoing in this respect Wright got the benefit, while he has had to pay the penalty imposed by the law; that to deny him recovery on the note would permit Wright to escape the payment of a just debt for which the plaintiff has paid in full.
According to plaintiff's evidence the only illegality in these transactions consisted not in the consideration of the note nor in its execution, but in the means employed to provide the funds to loan to Wright, and that Wright having received the money is justly indebted therefor; that plaintiff profited nothing by these transactions, but on the other hand has paid or is paying the full amount of Wright's debt, $5,976.
In this connection it will be noted that in the case of Covington v.Threadgill, 88 N.C. 186, which was a suit on a note given for intoxicating liquor in violation of the express provisions of the statute then in force, it was said the sale of liquor by plaintiff to the defendant in that case was illegal, and "being thus illegal, so that no action in
affirmance of it can be maintained by the court, it taints and violates any contract into which it enters or forms any part of the consideration." It might be argued, however, that if plaintiff in that case had loaned the defendant money, though plaintiff had derived it from the sale of liquor to others, the principle stated in the opinion would not have prevented recovery of the debt, the vitiating influence of tainted money not going that far.
Now, on the other hand, the defendants say the facts are entirely different; that the $4,700 note was paid by defendants in cash; that at the time of the execution of the note sued on the held out checks did not amount to more than $800; that Beam's shortage in the bank was $7,600, and this was in no way related to defendants' transaction with the bank; that the note sued on was signed in blank and given for an unlawful purpose to cover plaintiff's own defalcation; that the note was without consideration, and that the consideration and the entire transaction on which he bases his suit were tainted with fraud and illegality.
The decision of these conflicting claims was for the jury.
It will be borne in mind that the plaintiff does not ground his action on subrogation. He sues at law on a promissory note. However, when absence of present consideration for the note appears, he avails himself of the aid of equity and offers evidence to show that he was compelled to and did pay the debt which was the consideration for the note, not directly, but indirectly through the Surety Company, and in discharge of the primary liability of the defendants therefor; and that, in accord with the principle of subrogation, his reimbursement of the Surety Company constitutes consideration to support the note. The defendants controvert the evidence upon which this conclusion rests, and thus the application of the equitable principles involved depends upon the determination of the disputed facts.
Legal subrogation, as distinguished from conventional subrogation, is a device adopted by equity to compel the ultimate discharge of an obligation by him who in good conscience ought to pay it. It arises when one person has been compelled to pay a debt which ought to have been paid by another and for which the other was primarily liable. Trust Co. v. Godwin,190 N.C. 512, 130 S.E. 323; Grantham v. Nunn, 187 N.C. 394, 121 S.E. 662; 50 Am. Jur., 678; 60 C. J., 705; Pom. Eq., 5th Ed., sec. 1419; Sheldon on Subrogation 4; 3105 Grand Corp. v. New York, 288 N.Y. 178, 141 A.L.R., 1211. The application of this doctrine has been expanded beyond matters of strict suretyship or priorities, and is called into operation by a variety of circumstances. Burgoon v. Lavezzo, 92 F. (2), 726, 113 A.L.R., 944. The equity of subrogation and the different situations in which it has been made available as an aid to justice have been considered in numerous cases by this Court. Boney, Ins. Comr., v. Ins. Co., 213 N.C. 563, 197 S.E. 122; Wallace v.Benner, 200 N.C. 124 (132), 156 S.E. 795; Morris v. Cleve, 197 N.C. 253,148 S.E. 253; Jeffreys v. Hocutt, 195 N.C. 339, 142 S.E. 226;Everett v. Staton, 192 N.C. 216, 134 S.E. 492; Trust Co. v. Godwin,190 N.C. 512, 130 S.E. 323; Grantham v. Nunn, 187 N.C. 394,121 S.E. 662; Caldwell v. Robinson, 179 N.C. 518, 103 S.E. 75; Brownv. Harding, 170 N.C. 253, 86 S.E. 1010; Pub. Co. v. Barber, 165 N.C. 478,81 S.E. 694; Moring v. Privott, 146 N.C. 558, 60 S.E. 509; Liles v. Rogers,113 N.C. 197, 18 S.E. 104.
However, it is generally held that equitable relief on this ground will be withheld from those who are themselves guilty of wrongful conduct with respect to the transaction in which it is invoked. One who is a mere volunteer, or who is guilty of fraud in bringing about the situation wherein he seeks the aid of equity, will not be permitted to avail himself of the relief afforded by the doctrine of subrogation. Wallace v. Benner,200 N.C. 124, 156 S.E. 795; 50 Am. Jur., 694-707, 4 A.L.R., 44 (annotation). It will not be applied to a tortious transaction at the instance of a tort-feasor, nor enforced in a doubtful case when the rights are not clear. 60 C. J., 702. "One who wrongfully appropriates the property of another for his own use will not receive the aid of a court of equity in any matter with which such reprehensible conduct is connected." Pom. Eq., 5th Ed., sec. 401, 4 A.L.R., 54; Union Central L. Ins. Co. v. Drake, 214 Fed., 536 (542); Keystone Driller Co. v. General Excavator Co.,290 U.S. 240.
Without undertaking to explore all the ramifications of the principles of this equity or to define the extent of any application of these principles to the contrasting phases of the testimony in this case, we think the determination of the question of consideration and the ultimate liability of the defendants on the note in suit depends on the proper decision of the underlying and controlling facts relating to the first issue.
For the reasons given we conclude that the defendants are entitled to a new trial, and it is so ordered.
New trial.