Pettit, President.
--The first question is easily resolved. Whatever might be the decision in a case in which the executor could not be so well acquainted with the matter in conies!, as his testator might ¡save been, yet where, as in the present instance, the executrix, having; voluntarily entered into a submission, had a full opportunity of becoming informed in relation to the grounds and merits of the controversy, there is no reason, founded upon the representative character of the defendant, for dispensing with an affidavit of de-fence. Upon this point, the judges concur in opinion.
Tiie other question is not free from difficulty. The majority of the members of the court however are of opinion that the plaintiff is [259]*259entitled to a judgment. The submission contemplates the payment of money. This is not the less true because it may comprehend something else. I think the act of assembly should be construed liberally whenever such a course is necessary to promote the object of giving a judgment, promptly and without expense, in cases in which there is no defence ; as it should receive a liberal construction also in favour of an affidavit of defence, where a real defence exists. But no latitude of interpretation seems to be here required. The submission is a mutual obligation that one party shall pay and the other shall receive the stun of money which the award diall designate. The award fixes the amount in the very manner which the parlies expressly prescribed and marked out for that purpose. The submission is in the nature of an authority to the arbitrator to bind the parties to the extent of the terms employed; and in the instance before us, to bind either of them to the payment of money. The award that there is a sum of money due from the defendant to the plaintiff is but an execution of this authority. Taken together, the submission and award constitute one instrument of writing, and that is for the payment of money. It has not the compulsory character of a judgment. It is an instrument which was voluntary in its origin, and which, in its conclusion, was in accordance with the compact and direction of the parties. It is complete in itself. It is free from any qualification, either contingent, collateral or conditional. It is positive as to the undertaking and certain as to live amount. The contract, which was but executory under the submission, has become fixed and irrevocable by the award. Though the finding might have been the other way, it is sufficient that it is now in favour of the plaintiff, according to the authority given by the defendant. If it be competent, to a party to bind himself to pay money through an instrument executed under his authority by another hand, why should not such an obligation be deemed to be within the act 1 It is within its spirit; it is not excluded by its words. An instrument which directly binds the party to the payment of money is all that the law requires, no matter by what process the result may be reached. I hold every such instrument to be comprehended without any breadth or equity of construction. The criterion is, does the instrument directly bind the defendant to pay money Í If so, it is ejusdem generis with bills, notes and bonds. When the award is once made, it cannot be separated from the submission. Common reason views them in connection with each other, and technical law can keep them apart only by a refinement [260]*260too nice for practical operation. The submission is indispensable to the support of the action on the award. Indeed the action rests upon both. Upon the whole I am of opinion that the paper filed is within a strict construction of the 2d section of the act of the 28th of March 1835. Looking to the general intent of the law, a more appropriate case for its operation could hardly be suggested. The rule is to be made absolute.
Stroud, J. concurred.
Jones, J.
It appears to me that the submission and award fried in this case do not, either separately or together, coustitute an instrument of writing within the meaning of the act of the 28th of March 1835, section 2.
The submission is a contract and an instrument of writing between the parties, but it has been fully executed, and no action can now be maintained upon it by either party, because no breach of its terms could be truly assigned. If the non performance of the award were a breach of the contract of submission, then an action might be maintained upon the submission for that cause. But the rales of pleading would not allow such an action, which proves that the liability created by the award is distinct from that created by the submission. The act however intends instruments of writing upon which an'action may be brought.
Besides, it is not. an instrument of writing for the payment of money. The character of an instrument is fixed upon its execution ; it is not variable and dependent, in that respect, upon the conduct of the parties under it, or in violation of its terms. If this instrument could not with propriety be denominated an instrument for the payment of money on the 7th of May 1834, the day of its execution, looking at it while it was executory, it cannot now be denominated such, looking at it retrospectively from the award. At that time it was a revocable instrument, and it continued to be revocable by act of law, or by the act of either party so long as it was executory. Now a revocable instrument ia not absolutely binding to any purpose. If either party had revoked the submission, the other would have been invested by that act with a cause of action ; but an action brought upon the instrument for that cause would not have been within this section. While the instrument remained executory, the ultimate duty was in suspense; it could not be known what duty would be imposed by the arbitrator, nor the extent of it, nor upon which of [261]*261them it would be imposed. Nothing appears in the submission to show that each did not claim a balance against the other. The arbitrator might have awarded that their claims were balanced, or the performance of some act by one or both, different from the payment of money. Now such an instrument is quite different from the obligation incurred by the obligor, maker or drawer of a bond, note or bill. No person thus bound could ever have an action on the instrument against the obligee, payee or drawer. Yet here the object of the instrument was as much to bind the plaintiff'as the defendant ; and if Mr Bayard had revoked the submission, Mrs Gillasspy might have maintained against him an action on the instrument for that cause. In those cases also there is no uncertainty as to the nature or extent of the duty incurred. That is fixed irrevocably by the instrument itself, and such, I apprehend, is the nature of all instruments within the meaning of this section. The legislature first enumerates bills, notes, bonds; then follows the phrase, “or other instruments of writing for the payment of money,” meaning ius!ru-men ts ejusdem generis. The sentence is elliptical; it means instruments executed by the defendant only, unilateral acts or obligations, and not reciprocal obligations, where there is no debituni in prcesenti arising from it, and due by one party to the other, I lay the submission therefore out of the question.
But is not the award an instrument of writing within the meaning of the act] This is the second question. An award is nota contract, nor strictly speaking an instrument of writing.
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Pettit, President.
--The first question is easily resolved. Whatever might be the decision in a case in which the executor could not be so well acquainted with the matter in conies!, as his testator might ¡save been, yet where, as in the present instance, the executrix, having; voluntarily entered into a submission, had a full opportunity of becoming informed in relation to the grounds and merits of the controversy, there is no reason, founded upon the representative character of the defendant, for dispensing with an affidavit of de-fence. Upon this point, the judges concur in opinion.
Tiie other question is not free from difficulty. The majority of the members of the court however are of opinion that the plaintiff is [259]*259entitled to a judgment. The submission contemplates the payment of money. This is not the less true because it may comprehend something else. I think the act of assembly should be construed liberally whenever such a course is necessary to promote the object of giving a judgment, promptly and without expense, in cases in which there is no defence ; as it should receive a liberal construction also in favour of an affidavit of defence, where a real defence exists. But no latitude of interpretation seems to be here required. The submission is a mutual obligation that one party shall pay and the other shall receive the stun of money which the award diall designate. The award fixes the amount in the very manner which the parlies expressly prescribed and marked out for that purpose. The submission is in the nature of an authority to the arbitrator to bind the parties to the extent of the terms employed; and in the instance before us, to bind either of them to the payment of money. The award that there is a sum of money due from the defendant to the plaintiff is but an execution of this authority. Taken together, the submission and award constitute one instrument of writing, and that is for the payment of money. It has not the compulsory character of a judgment. It is an instrument which was voluntary in its origin, and which, in its conclusion, was in accordance with the compact and direction of the parties. It is complete in itself. It is free from any qualification, either contingent, collateral or conditional. It is positive as to the undertaking and certain as to live amount. The contract, which was but executory under the submission, has become fixed and irrevocable by the award. Though the finding might have been the other way, it is sufficient that it is now in favour of the plaintiff, according to the authority given by the defendant. If it be competent, to a party to bind himself to pay money through an instrument executed under his authority by another hand, why should not such an obligation be deemed to be within the act 1 It is within its spirit; it is not excluded by its words. An instrument which directly binds the party to the payment of money is all that the law requires, no matter by what process the result may be reached. I hold every such instrument to be comprehended without any breadth or equity of construction. The criterion is, does the instrument directly bind the defendant to pay money Í If so, it is ejusdem generis with bills, notes and bonds. When the award is once made, it cannot be separated from the submission. Common reason views them in connection with each other, and technical law can keep them apart only by a refinement [260]*260too nice for practical operation. The submission is indispensable to the support of the action on the award. Indeed the action rests upon both. Upon the whole I am of opinion that the paper filed is within a strict construction of the 2d section of the act of the 28th of March 1835. Looking to the general intent of the law, a more appropriate case for its operation could hardly be suggested. The rule is to be made absolute.
Stroud, J. concurred.
Jones, J.
It appears to me that the submission and award fried in this case do not, either separately or together, coustitute an instrument of writing within the meaning of the act of the 28th of March 1835, section 2.
The submission is a contract and an instrument of writing between the parties, but it has been fully executed, and no action can now be maintained upon it by either party, because no breach of its terms could be truly assigned. If the non performance of the award were a breach of the contract of submission, then an action might be maintained upon the submission for that cause. But the rales of pleading would not allow such an action, which proves that the liability created by the award is distinct from that created by the submission. The act however intends instruments of writing upon which an'action may be brought.
Besides, it is not. an instrument of writing for the payment of money. The character of an instrument is fixed upon its execution ; it is not variable and dependent, in that respect, upon the conduct of the parties under it, or in violation of its terms. If this instrument could not with propriety be denominated an instrument for the payment of money on the 7th of May 1834, the day of its execution, looking at it while it was executory, it cannot now be denominated such, looking at it retrospectively from the award. At that time it was a revocable instrument, and it continued to be revocable by act of law, or by the act of either party so long as it was executory. Now a revocable instrument ia not absolutely binding to any purpose. If either party had revoked the submission, the other would have been invested by that act with a cause of action ; but an action brought upon the instrument for that cause would not have been within this section. While the instrument remained executory, the ultimate duty was in suspense; it could not be known what duty would be imposed by the arbitrator, nor the extent of it, nor upon which of [261]*261them it would be imposed. Nothing appears in the submission to show that each did not claim a balance against the other. The arbitrator might have awarded that their claims were balanced, or the performance of some act by one or both, different from the payment of money. Now such an instrument is quite different from the obligation incurred by the obligor, maker or drawer of a bond, note or bill. No person thus bound could ever have an action on the instrument against the obligee, payee or drawer. Yet here the object of the instrument was as much to bind the plaintiff'as the defendant ; and if Mr Bayard had revoked the submission, Mrs Gillasspy might have maintained against him an action on the instrument for that cause. In those cases also there is no uncertainty as to the nature or extent of the duty incurred. That is fixed irrevocably by the instrument itself, and such, I apprehend, is the nature of all instruments within the meaning of this section. The legislature first enumerates bills, notes, bonds; then follows the phrase, “or other instruments of writing for the payment of money,” meaning ius!ru-men ts ejusdem generis. The sentence is elliptical; it means instruments executed by the defendant only, unilateral acts or obligations, and not reciprocal obligations, where there is no debituni in prcesenti arising from it, and due by one party to the other, I lay the submission therefore out of the question.
But is not the award an instrument of writing within the meaning of the act] This is the second question. An award is nota contract, nor strictly speaking an instrument of writing. An instrument is an act between parties. It is the evidence of a contract or transaction in pais. But an award, though not in curia, is quasi a judicial act ; it operates in invitum, like a judgment, but at the common law it cannot be enforced by execution. Awards are not mentioned nor described its the section under consideration. Yet judgments are. The legislature proceeds by way of specification, intending evidently not to embrace within it all causes of action, nor all forms of action. It is observable that actions of debt upon judgments are not included. Why omit them 1 Why omit awards 1 It is not for us to inquire into the reasons for discrimination. We can go no further than the act goes. I cannot agree that this act should be extended by an equitable construction. The act, it is fairly presumable, specifies all that the legislature intended ; to enlarge it would be, in effect, to make new specifications. This is not a remedial act, in the proper sense. It does not profess to give a new remedy where none [262]*262existed before. The effect of it is to dispense the plaintiff from the obligation to prove his case in the common course, unless the defendant will swear that he has a defence, and disclose its nature and character. It therefore deprives the defendant of the power of putting his case before a jury by plea merely ; yet this is nothing more than the common right. The plaintiff alleges his cause without oath ; the defendant, according to the common course, is allowed to allege his defence without oath ; and the court conclude nothing against either, as to his right, till the jury have passed upon their proofs. Why should we enlarge this act by construction, in abridgement of common right, and in favour of the plaintiffs 1 It appears to me that sound principles of exposition forbid us to do so.
The only remaining point is, whether the two papers filed in the cause may be considered one instrument, within the meaning of this act. It is said the submission contemplates an award of money ; and therefore the award when made may relate to the submission, and cure its defects as an instrument when taken by itself. If that view of the matter be correct, the action should have been brought on the submission. The words of the act are : “ in all actions instituted, &c. on instruments, &c., the plain tiff may have judgment, provided he shall file, &c. “ a copy of the instrument of writing on which the action has been brought.” Now this action is brought, not on the submission, but on the award. The real complaint, is not that the defendant revoked the submission, but that she will not perform the duty imposed by the award. The submission, it is true, is alleged as inducement to the action, and without, that the declaration would be defective ; but the gist of the action is the award. This idea is the converse of the proposition which the plaintiff'ought to establish. It creates a difficulty touching the form of the action, unless he intended to proceed in the common course: for if the submission be the instrument, the action is not founded upon it; if the award be the principal thing, the idea of making it relate to tire submission is irrelevant to the question. But this proposition cannot be supported. In the first place, the submission, does not contemplate the payment, of a sum of money by this defendant to the plaintiff. It is not necessary to repeat the observations made on this point. Again, if the award in law becomes a part, of the submission by .relation, and in that manner partakes of the nature of a contract, bow is it that different forms of actions are appropriated by the law to the submission and the award ? Why are mutual bonds taken so frequently to secure the [263]*263performance of awards? A submission is the act of the parties; an award is the act of arbitrators, or an umpire. The award cannot change the nature of the contract, nor make it as an instrument certain in respect of the liabilities of the parties. The certainty is in the award. Hence the action of debt is appropriated to it. Hence this action is brought upon the award and not on the submission. I cannot perceive, therefore, how the award can aid the submission, or the submission aid the award, for the purpose of this application ; and I think the judgment ought to be refused.
Rule absolute;