BUCK, J.
This action was brought against both defendants 'above named to recover for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, resulting from an accident upon a street of the defendant city, along which the defendant railway company was operating a street-railway under an ordinance of the city. Plaintiff dismissed the action as to the defendant city, upon the ground, as stated in the argument, that plaintiff had failed to give the city notice within the time required by law to hold it responsible for the alleged damage. At the trial a verdict was rendered against the defendant railway company for the sum of $500, and from an order refusing a new trial the defendant appeals, and the case comes before us upon a bill of exceptions.
The authority of the railway company to lay its tracks and operate its railw’ay in the streets of the city of Mankato is derived from an ordinance passed by the city, and approved December 14,1885. The railway company accepted the conditions of the ordinance, and had operated its railway for a period of several years prior to the time of the injury complained of by the plaintiff. It appears that such railway company constructed the track in question along the center line of Front street, in said city, upon the established grade thereof, and when first constructed it was in some places above the actual surface of the street, but thereafter the street was, by the proper [248]*248authorities of said city, filled for the entire length of the street-railway track with dirt and grayel and macadamized up to the level of the surface of the rails of said street-railway. Between the rails of the track of said street-railway such work was done by the railway company. It had never raised the tracks above the established grade of the 'street, and it had never assumed or undertaken to repair or keep in repair any portion of the street outside of the rails of said, street-railway, and had never been requested so to do, except as provided in the said ordinance.
On August 31, 1893, and for a period of several weeks prior to that date, the surface of the ground along Front street, between Hickory and Walnut streets, in said city, had been worn away -by public travel thereon, and along the outer side of the rails of said street-railway, so that in places the surface of the street outside of such rails was from one to three inches below the upper surface of said rails. On August 31, 1893, the plaintiff, with a team of horses and wagon and load of hay, upon which he was riding, attempted to and did drive across the street-railway between Hickory and Walnut* streets, and in driving across the street-railway, because the rails of said street-railway were above the then surface of said street outside thereof not to exceed three inches, the wheels of plaintiff^ wagon caught upon the outer side of the most easterly rail of said street-railway, and slid along the same for some distance, turning plaintiff’s wagon nearly at right angles with Front street, and because thereof plaintiff’s wagon became unbalanced, and tipped over, throwing plaintiff upon the whippletrees behind his horses, and in front of his wagon, and plaintiff’s horses' ran away, and he was seriously injured.
Section 3 of the ordinance provides that: “The track of said railway shall not be raised above the surface of the street, and the same is to be laid with rails approved by the common council, and the same shall he so laid and maintained that carriages and vehicles of every kind can easily and freely cross said track at any and all points thereof with the least obstruction possible.” Various other l>rovisions of the ordinance require the railway company to keep the (racks clear and in good condition, to remove snow from the tracks, and spread the same so that the street may not be obstructed thereby, and so that the same may not be a hindrance to vehicles in cross[249]*249lng the tracks or in passing along the street. Section 4 of the ordinance also provides that the railway company shall “repair any and all injury done to the streets, sidewalks, curbs or gutters by the construction or repairing of the tracks along the streets as herein provided for, and to protect and save harmless the city of Mankato against any and all claims for damages arising from or caused by the construction or management of the tracks or roads herein provided for.” Section 13 of the ordinance provides that its acceptance by the railway company, with the provisions, conditions, regulations, and limitations therein expressed, shall become and be ■deemed a contract' between the parties.
There is no question raised but that the railway company ac■cepted the provisions of the ordinance, and operated its railway thereunder. It was therefore the duty of the railway company to see that these conditions were performed. The benefit and advantage it received from the city in obtaining a corporate franchise Car-Tied with it a concurrent obligation so to construct and maintain its tracks as not to endanger the public travel. Irrespective of the ■question of the obligation of a street-railway company so to construct and maintain its track in a public street in such a condition as not materially to impede or obstruct public travel when there is no express contract obligation, yet its duty and obligation seem quite clear in this case under its acceptance of the conditions of the ordinance, and this duty must have been well understood by both .the ■company and the city authorities. Whenever the surface of the street sank below the top of the rails, it was the duty of the railway company to restore it to a safe condition for the passage of vehicles of every kind. This was a continuing duty under the conditions of the ordinance. We do not, however, hold that it was the primary duty of the railway company to keep in repair the street ■outside of its tracks, except that it is required to lay and maintain its rails so that carriages can easily and freely cross its track, and this includes the duty of filling up outside its rails (when the earth becomes worn or washed away), so as to make safe connection between its tracks and the balance of the street.
Whatever might be the duty of the city in this respect as to the public generally, it- wras under no obligation to make these repairs, as between itself and the railway company. If the city was com[250]*250pe]led to make such repairs, it would impose au additional expense- and burden upon the taxpayers, never contemplated by the parties,, and totally unwarranted by the terms of the ordinance. The claim of the railway company that it would be a trespasser if it undertook to make repairs in the street outside of and adjoining the tracks, is not justified by the facts or the law. There is no question but that it had a right to put down its rails upon the street, and maintain them thei’e. It was not a trespasser in so doing, and if it laid' its tracks and maintained them without any act of negligence upon its part, it would not, in such case, be liable for accidents resulting-from its tracks being in a public street. But a municipal corporation is a trustee for the general public in regard to the use of its streets, and it can keep them in safe repair itself; or when, as in this case, it grants to a private corporation the right to use a part of the street, it may attach to such grant a condition that the portion of the street adjacent or contiguous to the tracks shall continually be kept and maintained by the private corporation accepting such grant and enjoying its advantages and benefits, so that carriages can easily and freely cross its tracks.
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BUCK, J.
This action was brought against both defendants 'above named to recover for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, resulting from an accident upon a street of the defendant city, along which the defendant railway company was operating a street-railway under an ordinance of the city. Plaintiff dismissed the action as to the defendant city, upon the ground, as stated in the argument, that plaintiff had failed to give the city notice within the time required by law to hold it responsible for the alleged damage. At the trial a verdict was rendered against the defendant railway company for the sum of $500, and from an order refusing a new trial the defendant appeals, and the case comes before us upon a bill of exceptions.
The authority of the railway company to lay its tracks and operate its railw’ay in the streets of the city of Mankato is derived from an ordinance passed by the city, and approved December 14,1885. The railway company accepted the conditions of the ordinance, and had operated its railway for a period of several years prior to the time of the injury complained of by the plaintiff. It appears that such railway company constructed the track in question along the center line of Front street, in said city, upon the established grade thereof, and when first constructed it was in some places above the actual surface of the street, but thereafter the street was, by the proper [248]*248authorities of said city, filled for the entire length of the street-railway track with dirt and grayel and macadamized up to the level of the surface of the rails of said street-railway. Between the rails of the track of said street-railway such work was done by the railway company. It had never raised the tracks above the established grade of the 'street, and it had never assumed or undertaken to repair or keep in repair any portion of the street outside of the rails of said, street-railway, and had never been requested so to do, except as provided in the said ordinance.
On August 31, 1893, and for a period of several weeks prior to that date, the surface of the ground along Front street, between Hickory and Walnut streets, in said city, had been worn away -by public travel thereon, and along the outer side of the rails of said street-railway, so that in places the surface of the street outside of such rails was from one to three inches below the upper surface of said rails. On August 31, 1893, the plaintiff, with a team of horses and wagon and load of hay, upon which he was riding, attempted to and did drive across the street-railway between Hickory and Walnut* streets, and in driving across the street-railway, because the rails of said street-railway were above the then surface of said street outside thereof not to exceed three inches, the wheels of plaintiff^ wagon caught upon the outer side of the most easterly rail of said street-railway, and slid along the same for some distance, turning plaintiff’s wagon nearly at right angles with Front street, and because thereof plaintiff’s wagon became unbalanced, and tipped over, throwing plaintiff upon the whippletrees behind his horses, and in front of his wagon, and plaintiff’s horses' ran away, and he was seriously injured.
Section 3 of the ordinance provides that: “The track of said railway shall not be raised above the surface of the street, and the same is to be laid with rails approved by the common council, and the same shall he so laid and maintained that carriages and vehicles of every kind can easily and freely cross said track at any and all points thereof with the least obstruction possible.” Various other l>rovisions of the ordinance require the railway company to keep the (racks clear and in good condition, to remove snow from the tracks, and spread the same so that the street may not be obstructed thereby, and so that the same may not be a hindrance to vehicles in cross[249]*249lng the tracks or in passing along the street. Section 4 of the ordinance also provides that the railway company shall “repair any and all injury done to the streets, sidewalks, curbs or gutters by the construction or repairing of the tracks along the streets as herein provided for, and to protect and save harmless the city of Mankato against any and all claims for damages arising from or caused by the construction or management of the tracks or roads herein provided for.” Section 13 of the ordinance provides that its acceptance by the railway company, with the provisions, conditions, regulations, and limitations therein expressed, shall become and be ■deemed a contract' between the parties.
There is no question raised but that the railway company ac■cepted the provisions of the ordinance, and operated its railway thereunder. It was therefore the duty of the railway company to see that these conditions were performed. The benefit and advantage it received from the city in obtaining a corporate franchise Car-Tied with it a concurrent obligation so to construct and maintain its tracks as not to endanger the public travel. Irrespective of the ■question of the obligation of a street-railway company so to construct and maintain its track in a public street in such a condition as not materially to impede or obstruct public travel when there is no express contract obligation, yet its duty and obligation seem quite clear in this case under its acceptance of the conditions of the ordinance, and this duty must have been well understood by both .the ■company and the city authorities. Whenever the surface of the street sank below the top of the rails, it was the duty of the railway company to restore it to a safe condition for the passage of vehicles of every kind. This was a continuing duty under the conditions of the ordinance. We do not, however, hold that it was the primary duty of the railway company to keep in repair the street ■outside of its tracks, except that it is required to lay and maintain its rails so that carriages can easily and freely cross its track, and this includes the duty of filling up outside its rails (when the earth becomes worn or washed away), so as to make safe connection between its tracks and the balance of the street.
Whatever might be the duty of the city in this respect as to the public generally, it- wras under no obligation to make these repairs, as between itself and the railway company. If the city was com[250]*250pe]led to make such repairs, it would impose au additional expense- and burden upon the taxpayers, never contemplated by the parties,, and totally unwarranted by the terms of the ordinance. The claim of the railway company that it would be a trespasser if it undertook to make repairs in the street outside of and adjoining the tracks, is not justified by the facts or the law. There is no question but that it had a right to put down its rails upon the street, and maintain them thei’e. It was not a trespasser in so doing, and if it laid' its tracks and maintained them without any act of negligence upon its part, it would not, in such case, be liable for accidents resulting-from its tracks being in a public street. But a municipal corporation is a trustee for the general public in regard to the use of its streets, and it can keep them in safe repair itself; or when, as in this case, it grants to a private corporation the right to use a part of the street, it may attach to such grant a condition that the portion of the street adjacent or contiguous to the tracks shall continually be kept and maintained by the private corporation accepting such grant and enjoying its advantages and benefits, so that carriages can easily and freely cross its tracks. In repairing that portion of the street outside of and adjacent to the rails in a reasonable and prudent manner, so as to make the crossing of them convenient and safe for the public travel in the manner above indicated, would be not only the performance of a contract duty, but one which, it had by the very terms of the contract a license and a right to do.. Certainly, in such case, the railway company could not be deemed guilty of a trespass because it performed a public duty arising out of a license and contract agreement with a municipal corporation,, where it had the authority to make the contract and grant the license. The proper test in such case would be whether the repairs were necessary, and, if so, whether the company, were making them in a reasonable, prudent, and safe manner for the convenience and safety of the traveling public, and so as not unnecessarily to interfere with the use of the street.
Whether the condition of the track was such, at the time of the-injury complained of, as to constitute neglect of duty on the part of the railway company, whereby injury resulted to the plaintiff, was a question of fact for the jury. The defendant was rightfully in the street, but being there, it was the province of the jury to de[251]*251termine whether its act in allowing the rails to remain in the condition they were, viz. from one to three inches aboyé the surface of the street, was not such an act of negligence as to the rights of the traveling public as to render it liable for the injury to plaintiff. We have examined the various authorities cited by the respective counsel, but we need not discuss them, because we base our decision upon the facts in this case, and hold that under the contract obligations between the parties arising out of the city ordinance it was the duty of the railway company continually to maintain and keep its tracks in such condition that carriages and vehicles of every kind could easily and freely cross such tracks at any and all points thereof with the least obstruction possible. Upon the questions and facts involved the court correctly instructed the jury, and there are no errors in the case.
In view of the frequent presentation to this court of voluminous and cumbersome records, a large portion of which are entirely unnecessary, entailing upon this court the laborious duty of examining the same, we commend to the profession the concise, brief, and comprehensive, but sufficient, paper book in this case as a model and example which might be followed in most cases with great benefit to the court and counsel.
The order of the court below denying the motion for a new trial is affirmed.