Johnston, J.
In June, 1892, The Heine Safety Boiler Company, of St. Louis, Missouri, made a conditional sale of two large boilers tó E. E. Barton, of Hutchinson, Kansas, for $6,300. Only a small part of the purchase price was paid, and for the balance [314]*314due three nqtes for two thousand dollars each were executed by E. E. Barton and indorsed by F. V. Barton. They were dated September 1, 1892, and were payable in six, nine, and twelve months after date, with interest from date at six per cent." per annum. Concurrent with the execution of the notes a contract was made and signed by both the Bartons, acknowledging that they were indebted on the boilers to the amount of six thousand dollars, and agreeing that the Boiler Company should retain as security for the payment of the notes the ownership and title of the boilers, and that if the debt was not paid when due the possession of the boilers might be taken by the' Boiler Company. Subsequently, the Boiler Company sold the notes and its interest in the-contract with the Bartons to R. R. Price. Default was made in the payment of the debt, and it appears that two years after the date of the notes there had been paid on the principal of the debt $1800, and on the interest only $152. On the day last mentioned, Price brought an action of replevin against the Bartons to recover the possession of the boilers, alleging that the possession was wrongfully withheld by them and that a demand for the same had been refused.
After the commencement of the action; Price assigned and transferred to Joab Mulvane the notes mentioned, as well as the contract securing their payment ; also his interest in the boilers and his rights and interest in the pending suit. Mulvane was thereupon substituted as plaintiff, and the issues in the case were formed as between him and the Bartons. The latter answered by denying the claims and averments of Mulvane and alleging that Mulvane was not the real party in interest, and was not a bona fide owner and holder of the notes and contract. There was a further averment that Mulvane was a member [315]*315of a trust, existing in Hutchinson, Kansas, created by a combination of the Kansas Salt Company and the Hutchinson Salt Company; that these corporátions had combined to control the quantity of salt to be produced, the proportion of the salt business which should be done by each corporation, and also the price at which it should be sold to consumers. The reply was a general denial.
At the trial plaintiff below introduced the notes and contract, together with proof that they had been transferred to him and testimony showing that the debt was unpaid, and that upon demand possession of the boilers had been refused. No testimony was offered, nor any claim made by the Bartons, that the debt had been paid, nor that they did not sign the notes and contract, as stated in the petition.
The claim that Mulvane did not purchase the notes and contract in good faith is not before us for consideration. It appears that proof was offered upon that question, but the testimony has not been preserved, and therefore the matter is not open for review.
ana refusal not required, -when. A question has been raised by the Bartons as to the sufficiency of the demand. The court instructed the jury that the Bartons were entitled to an opportunity to either pay the notes or to x ** x ° surrender the property, and that therefore demand was necessary, unless it appeared that their conduct before and after the commencement of the action dispensed with the necessity of such a demand. It appears that they never conceded the right of either Price or Mulvane to the possession of the boilers, but on the contrary denied their title and claim thereto. Instead of attempting to surrender possession after suit was begun, a re-delivery bond was given so as to enable them to hold the possession as against the plaintiff below.
[316]*316In its instruction the court refers the jury to the statement made by counsel as to what his defense was, to enable them to determine whether demand, if made, would have been of any avail; but this statement, whatever it may have been, is not incorporated in the' record, and therefore we are unable to determine what claims or concessions were made at that time. The general rule is that where a demand would have been vain and unavailing if made, no proof of either demand or refusal is required. Raper v. Harrison, 37 Kan. 243, 15 Pac. 219; Schmidt v. Bender, 39 id. 437, 441, 18 Pac. 491; Chapin v. Jenkins, 50 id. 385, 31 Pac. 1084. There is testimony, however, strongly tending to show that the demand made of F. V. Barton was sufficient to meet the requirements of the law. Whatever his interest in the salt plant may have been, he appears to have been vested with, and exercised, such control as warranted the plaintiff in making a demand upon him ; and therefore there was sufficient testimony upon which to base a finding that a demand had been made. However, the conduct of the parties was such that the matter of demand is quite immaterial. Complaint is made of the instructions of the court upon this question, but we fail to find anything substantial in the objections made.
5°tpleadable m defense, except. Objection is also made to the exclusion of testimony as to an unlawful combination to control the output and price of salt. There Was no averment or claim that the contract and transactions upon which this action is based formed any °' part of the illegal combination, nor that they in design or effect promoted the alleged trust. Mulvane is not even a party to the trust, as the answer states that it is formed between two corporations— the Kansas Salt Company and the Hutchinson [317]*317Salt Company. It is true that there was testimony offered to show that Mulvane is a stockholder in one of the corporations, but the amount of stock held by him is small compared to the entire capital of the company. There is no attempt to show that he managed or controlled the business of the corporation.
In 1889 the Legislature passed an act declaring unlawful, all combinations in restraint of trade and products and providing penalties therefor. It provided that persons- entering into any such arrangement, contract or agreement should be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. Laws 1889, ch. 257, § 3. It also provided that any person or corporation injured or damaged by such unlawful agreement or combination, could sue and recover for the full amount of the goods, wares, merchandise and articles advanced or controlled in price by the unlawful combination. There is another provision that in an action at law or suit in equity it shall be lawful in the .defense thereof to plead in bar or in abatement that the plaintiff or any person interested in the prosecution of the case is a member or agent of the unlawful combination. (Id., § 5.) The' plaintiffs in error invoke this latter provision, and claim that the plaintiff is barred from recovering his property, however remote it may be from the alleged unlawful combination.
Although the language of section 5 of the act in question is general, it is manifest that the Legislature was aiming to prevent the enforcement of the illegal arrangements or contracts prohibited by the act. Obviously the Legislature intended that parties engaged in such an unlawful combination or trust should not use the law and its machinery to promote the unlawful combination or conspiracy, nor to enforce any agreement or contract growing out of it.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Johnston, J.
In June, 1892, The Heine Safety Boiler Company, of St. Louis, Missouri, made a conditional sale of two large boilers tó E. E. Barton, of Hutchinson, Kansas, for $6,300. Only a small part of the purchase price was paid, and for the balance [314]*314due three nqtes for two thousand dollars each were executed by E. E. Barton and indorsed by F. V. Barton. They were dated September 1, 1892, and were payable in six, nine, and twelve months after date, with interest from date at six per cent." per annum. Concurrent with the execution of the notes a contract was made and signed by both the Bartons, acknowledging that they were indebted on the boilers to the amount of six thousand dollars, and agreeing that the Boiler Company should retain as security for the payment of the notes the ownership and title of the boilers, and that if the debt was not paid when due the possession of the boilers might be taken by the' Boiler Company. Subsequently, the Boiler Company sold the notes and its interest in the-contract with the Bartons to R. R. Price. Default was made in the payment of the debt, and it appears that two years after the date of the notes there had been paid on the principal of the debt $1800, and on the interest only $152. On the day last mentioned, Price brought an action of replevin against the Bartons to recover the possession of the boilers, alleging that the possession was wrongfully withheld by them and that a demand for the same had been refused.
After the commencement of the action; Price assigned and transferred to Joab Mulvane the notes mentioned, as well as the contract securing their payment ; also his interest in the boilers and his rights and interest in the pending suit. Mulvane was thereupon substituted as plaintiff, and the issues in the case were formed as between him and the Bartons. The latter answered by denying the claims and averments of Mulvane and alleging that Mulvane was not the real party in interest, and was not a bona fide owner and holder of the notes and contract. There was a further averment that Mulvane was a member [315]*315of a trust, existing in Hutchinson, Kansas, created by a combination of the Kansas Salt Company and the Hutchinson Salt Company; that these corporátions had combined to control the quantity of salt to be produced, the proportion of the salt business which should be done by each corporation, and also the price at which it should be sold to consumers. The reply was a general denial.
At the trial plaintiff below introduced the notes and contract, together with proof that they had been transferred to him and testimony showing that the debt was unpaid, and that upon demand possession of the boilers had been refused. No testimony was offered, nor any claim made by the Bartons, that the debt had been paid, nor that they did not sign the notes and contract, as stated in the petition.
The claim that Mulvane did not purchase the notes and contract in good faith is not before us for consideration. It appears that proof was offered upon that question, but the testimony has not been preserved, and therefore the matter is not open for review.
ana refusal not required, -when. A question has been raised by the Bartons as to the sufficiency of the demand. The court instructed the jury that the Bartons were entitled to an opportunity to either pay the notes or to x ** x ° surrender the property, and that therefore demand was necessary, unless it appeared that their conduct before and after the commencement of the action dispensed with the necessity of such a demand. It appears that they never conceded the right of either Price or Mulvane to the possession of the boilers, but on the contrary denied their title and claim thereto. Instead of attempting to surrender possession after suit was begun, a re-delivery bond was given so as to enable them to hold the possession as against the plaintiff below.
[316]*316In its instruction the court refers the jury to the statement made by counsel as to what his defense was, to enable them to determine whether demand, if made, would have been of any avail; but this statement, whatever it may have been, is not incorporated in the' record, and therefore we are unable to determine what claims or concessions were made at that time. The general rule is that where a demand would have been vain and unavailing if made, no proof of either demand or refusal is required. Raper v. Harrison, 37 Kan. 243, 15 Pac. 219; Schmidt v. Bender, 39 id. 437, 441, 18 Pac. 491; Chapin v. Jenkins, 50 id. 385, 31 Pac. 1084. There is testimony, however, strongly tending to show that the demand made of F. V. Barton was sufficient to meet the requirements of the law. Whatever his interest in the salt plant may have been, he appears to have been vested with, and exercised, such control as warranted the plaintiff in making a demand upon him ; and therefore there was sufficient testimony upon which to base a finding that a demand had been made. However, the conduct of the parties was such that the matter of demand is quite immaterial. Complaint is made of the instructions of the court upon this question, but we fail to find anything substantial in the objections made.
5°tpleadable m defense, except. Objection is also made to the exclusion of testimony as to an unlawful combination to control the output and price of salt. There Was no averment or claim that the contract and transactions upon which this action is based formed any °' part of the illegal combination, nor that they in design or effect promoted the alleged trust. Mulvane is not even a party to the trust, as the answer states that it is formed between two corporations— the Kansas Salt Company and the Hutchinson [317]*317Salt Company. It is true that there was testimony offered to show that Mulvane is a stockholder in one of the corporations, but the amount of stock held by him is small compared to the entire capital of the company. There is no attempt to show that he managed or controlled the business of the corporation.
In 1889 the Legislature passed an act declaring unlawful, all combinations in restraint of trade and products and providing penalties therefor. It provided that persons- entering into any such arrangement, contract or agreement should be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. Laws 1889, ch. 257, § 3. It also provided that any person or corporation injured or damaged by such unlawful agreement or combination, could sue and recover for the full amount of the goods, wares, merchandise and articles advanced or controlled in price by the unlawful combination. There is another provision that in an action at law or suit in equity it shall be lawful in the .defense thereof to plead in bar or in abatement that the plaintiff or any person interested in the prosecution of the case is a member or agent of the unlawful combination. (Id., § 5.) The' plaintiffs in error invoke this latter provision, and claim that the plaintiff is barred from recovering his property, however remote it may be from the alleged unlawful combination.
Although the language of section 5 of the act in question is general, it is manifest that the Legislature was aiming to prevent the enforcement of the illegal arrangements or contracts prohibited by the act. Obviously the Legislature intended that parties engaged in such an unlawful combination or trust should not use the law and its machinery to promote the unlawful combination or conspiracy, nor to enforce any agreement or contract growing out of it. It was evi[318]*318dently not intended to deprive persons of any civil rights, to place them outside of the protection of the law, or to inflict penalties and punishments without a trial conducted under the safeguards which the Con-, stitution provides. It will hardly be contended that a person remotely connected with a corporation which has entered into such unlawful combination, is deprived of the right to defend his home and family when assailed, or of the right to resort to the courts for the protection of his property and interests that are in no way connected with the unlawful combination. 'Such an interpretation of the law would give it somewhat the character of a bill of attainder. We cannot assume that the Legislature was unaware that the Federal Constitution forbids enactments of that character, nor that it intended to take from persons the protection of the courts, or the rights of a citizen, or to outlaw them in advance of trial and conviction. We think, rather, that the provision invoked was intended to apply where ■ the unlawful arrangement, contract, or interest was sought to be enforced or some step taken designed to promote the operation of the unlawful trust, combination, or conspiracy.
3 successful pimnentitled c^usabie value of propeily. The jury was instructed that if the plaintiff was entitled to recover possession of the boilers he was also en^^e<^ to recover such reasonable value of their use, from the time of the demand 0], commencemen^ Qf ^¡16 action Until the time of trial, as the evidence warranted. The contention is that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover the usable value, but is confined to the interest on the debt. He did not sue upon the debt, but for the possession of the property to which he was entitled under the law. Since he was deprived of the property, he was fairly entitled to the value of the possession while it was unlawfully detained from him. He was not [319]*319allowed the interest on the debt and the usable value as well, as has been suggested. The value of the property together with the damages allowed for the use of the same do not equal the amount of the indebtedness for which the boilers stood as security. There was, therefore, no duplication or unauthorized award of damages.
The judgment of the District Court will be affirmed.