Allen, J.
By § 97, title 4 of the charter of the defendant, it is made the duty of the mayor and common council, and they have the power, to lay out,.make, open, regulate, repair and improve highways, streets, lanes, alleys, sewers, [295]*295gutters, &c., and alter,' widen, straighten and discontinue the same when they shall deem proper, subject to the provisions of law and the charter. It is discretionary with the common, council whether they will undertake any of the improvements referred to, and no action will lie against the city for a refusal or omission of the common council to construct a sewer. (Wilson v. The Mayor of New York, 1 Denio, 595.) But having made any of the improvements, or undertaken any of the public works authorized by the charter, the duty is imperative to construct them in a proper manner, and keep them in proper repair. The acts of the corporation are only discretionary to the extent of determining whether the particular work shall be undertaken or not. The act of construction and the duty of keeping in repair after the work is complete, are ministerial in their nature ; and for any neglect or omission of duty an action lies, at the suit of any party specially injured. And for neglecting to do what the common good requires, by which a nuisance is permitted or created, an in-’ dictment lies. (The People v. Corporation of Albany, 11 Wend. 539.) The charter of the defendant is more than permissive, in the section conferring authority to make and repair streets, sewers, &c., as it in terms declares it to be the “ duty of the mayor and common council” to do the acts mentioned, when they shall deem proper. They have adjudged this sewer to be proper and necessary, and have, at the expense of the property benefited, caused it to be built as a “ local improvement,” and paid for by a “ local assessment,” in pursuance of § 3 of title 7 of the charter. The duty of keeping it in repair is one of public concern, relating to the public welfare, and is to be regarded as imperative and peremptory. The corporation cannot negligently omit or arbitrarily refuse to exercise the power vested in it to keep the sewer in repair. This was decided in The Mayor of New York v. Furze, (3 Hill, 612,) and the city of Yew York was held liable to an inhabitant who sustained an injury by reason of the neglect of the agents of the corporation to repair a [296]*296sewer constructed by the city; and the principle of the case has been repeatedly reaffirmed, since. In that case the sewer was suffered to remain filled up and obstructed, and by reason of this being out of repair, the water overflowed upon the plaintiff’s premises and into his cellar and basement.
A municipal corporation, in the construction of its sewers, drains, &c., as well as in their maintenance and preservation, is bound to exercise that care and prudence which a discreet and cautious individual would use if the whole loss or risk was to be his own. The city of Eochester was held liable in damages occasioned to individual property by the want of capacity of a culvert and the unskillfulness of its construction, by reason of which it failed to discharge the body of water which it was designed to pass, so that the water was set back upon a factory, to its injury. (Rochester White Lead Co. v. Rochester City, 3 Comst. 463. And see Lloyd v. The Mayor &c. of New York, 1 Seld. 369 ; Conrad v. The Trustees of the Village of Ithaca, 16 N. Y. Rep. 158 ; and Hutson v. The Mayor &c. of New York, 5 Seld. 163.) The duty of the city to repair the sewer, -as well as its liability to indictment for a neglect of that duty, and to an action at the suit of any one sustaining an injury in consequence of the neglect, are so clearly established and repeatedly reaffirmed in the cases cited, and the principles upon which the cases rest are so well settled, that a further reference to authority, or consideration of the question, cannot be necessary.
The defendants, however, claim that the plaintiff was a wrongdoer in connecting his cellar and premises with the sewer by a drain, and that he is therefore not entitled to recover, in this action. If the position can be maintained that the insertion of the plaintiff’s drain was unauthorized and unlawful, it would follow that inasmuch as the overflow from the sewer was through that drain, the plaintiff could not recover for that which was the consequence of his own wrongful act. It is assumed by the counsel for the defendant that the sewer is the exclusive property of the city, designed and in[297]*297tended to be used only for the carrying off the water from the street, and that which would otherwise pass over the surface and in the gutters. If this be so, the construction of the sewer was a wanton waste of money, and its expense an unnecessary burden upon property. The only inlets or chimneys for the reception of the water from the street are one at or very near each end of the sewer, and within a few feet from the other sewers into which it might have been conducted at a very trifling expense. But sewers are constructed not necessarily as a part of or incidental to a street, or under the street-making power. It is usual, it is true, to construct them in the line of the streets; and this, because it can be done conveniently and upon a line to which the public has access. And it is not an appropriation of the land to a purpose inconsistent with its use as a public highway; and they may be of service in draining the street. (Kelsey v. King, 32 Barb. 410.) But sewers are constructed mainly in reference to a more thorough drainage than can be obtained in any other way, not only of the streets, but of the adjoining lots, and with a view to health, as well as the more convenient enjoyment of the premises drained. In large and populous cities a wise system of sewerage is indispensable to life and health; for in no other way can provision be made for receiving and conducting away the surplus waters and impurities, which, if suffered to remain, would cause disease and pestilence. In no other way than by means of common sewers constructed by the city can cellars and basements be drained and made fit for use. And if the public cannot use them for the purpose of drainage, they will not accomplish the end for which they are designed. An individual, in the heart of a city, cannot drain his premises, and provide for conducting away the waters and impurities that collect, except as he. does it through the common sewers. He cannot drain the premises on or through the premises of others, and it is impracticable to allow and would be unreasonable to compel each man to build a separate sewer for himself, in or [298]*298under the street. They are called common sewers, because they are common to all who are so situated as to use them; and the only way they can be used is by inserting a drain from the premises sought to be drained. Unlike a drain differently constructed, it does not drain or carry off the water from the lands through which it passes, except as it is brought into it by drains falling into it. If the theory of the defendant’s counsel is correct, it is a mistake to suppose that the lots against which a sewer is constructed are benefited by it; for it does not take the water from the lots unless the owners are permitted to drain into it.
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Allen, J.
By § 97, title 4 of the charter of the defendant, it is made the duty of the mayor and common council, and they have the power, to lay out,.make, open, regulate, repair and improve highways, streets, lanes, alleys, sewers, [295]*295gutters, &c., and alter,' widen, straighten and discontinue the same when they shall deem proper, subject to the provisions of law and the charter. It is discretionary with the common, council whether they will undertake any of the improvements referred to, and no action will lie against the city for a refusal or omission of the common council to construct a sewer. (Wilson v. The Mayor of New York, 1 Denio, 595.) But having made any of the improvements, or undertaken any of the public works authorized by the charter, the duty is imperative to construct them in a proper manner, and keep them in proper repair. The acts of the corporation are only discretionary to the extent of determining whether the particular work shall be undertaken or not. The act of construction and the duty of keeping in repair after the work is complete, are ministerial in their nature ; and for any neglect or omission of duty an action lies, at the suit of any party specially injured. And for neglecting to do what the common good requires, by which a nuisance is permitted or created, an in-’ dictment lies. (The People v. Corporation of Albany, 11 Wend. 539.) The charter of the defendant is more than permissive, in the section conferring authority to make and repair streets, sewers, &c., as it in terms declares it to be the “ duty of the mayor and common council” to do the acts mentioned, when they shall deem proper. They have adjudged this sewer to be proper and necessary, and have, at the expense of the property benefited, caused it to be built as a “ local improvement,” and paid for by a “ local assessment,” in pursuance of § 3 of title 7 of the charter. The duty of keeping it in repair is one of public concern, relating to the public welfare, and is to be regarded as imperative and peremptory. The corporation cannot negligently omit or arbitrarily refuse to exercise the power vested in it to keep the sewer in repair. This was decided in The Mayor of New York v. Furze, (3 Hill, 612,) and the city of Yew York was held liable to an inhabitant who sustained an injury by reason of the neglect of the agents of the corporation to repair a [296]*296sewer constructed by the city; and the principle of the case has been repeatedly reaffirmed, since. In that case the sewer was suffered to remain filled up and obstructed, and by reason of this being out of repair, the water overflowed upon the plaintiff’s premises and into his cellar and basement.
A municipal corporation, in the construction of its sewers, drains, &c., as well as in their maintenance and preservation, is bound to exercise that care and prudence which a discreet and cautious individual would use if the whole loss or risk was to be his own. The city of Eochester was held liable in damages occasioned to individual property by the want of capacity of a culvert and the unskillfulness of its construction, by reason of which it failed to discharge the body of water which it was designed to pass, so that the water was set back upon a factory, to its injury. (Rochester White Lead Co. v. Rochester City, 3 Comst. 463. And see Lloyd v. The Mayor &c. of New York, 1 Seld. 369 ; Conrad v. The Trustees of the Village of Ithaca, 16 N. Y. Rep. 158 ; and Hutson v. The Mayor &c. of New York, 5 Seld. 163.) The duty of the city to repair the sewer, -as well as its liability to indictment for a neglect of that duty, and to an action at the suit of any one sustaining an injury in consequence of the neglect, are so clearly established and repeatedly reaffirmed in the cases cited, and the principles upon which the cases rest are so well settled, that a further reference to authority, or consideration of the question, cannot be necessary.
The defendants, however, claim that the plaintiff was a wrongdoer in connecting his cellar and premises with the sewer by a drain, and that he is therefore not entitled to recover, in this action. If the position can be maintained that the insertion of the plaintiff’s drain was unauthorized and unlawful, it would follow that inasmuch as the overflow from the sewer was through that drain, the plaintiff could not recover for that which was the consequence of his own wrongful act. It is assumed by the counsel for the defendant that the sewer is the exclusive property of the city, designed and in[297]*297tended to be used only for the carrying off the water from the street, and that which would otherwise pass over the surface and in the gutters. If this be so, the construction of the sewer was a wanton waste of money, and its expense an unnecessary burden upon property. The only inlets or chimneys for the reception of the water from the street are one at or very near each end of the sewer, and within a few feet from the other sewers into which it might have been conducted at a very trifling expense. But sewers are constructed not necessarily as a part of or incidental to a street, or under the street-making power. It is usual, it is true, to construct them in the line of the streets; and this, because it can be done conveniently and upon a line to which the public has access. And it is not an appropriation of the land to a purpose inconsistent with its use as a public highway; and they may be of service in draining the street. (Kelsey v. King, 32 Barb. 410.) But sewers are constructed mainly in reference to a more thorough drainage than can be obtained in any other way, not only of the streets, but of the adjoining lots, and with a view to health, as well as the more convenient enjoyment of the premises drained. In large and populous cities a wise system of sewerage is indispensable to life and health; for in no other way can provision be made for receiving and conducting away the surplus waters and impurities, which, if suffered to remain, would cause disease and pestilence. In no other way than by means of common sewers constructed by the city can cellars and basements be drained and made fit for use. And if the public cannot use them for the purpose of drainage, they will not accomplish the end for which they are designed. An individual, in the heart of a city, cannot drain his premises, and provide for conducting away the waters and impurities that collect, except as he. does it through the common sewers. He cannot drain the premises on or through the premises of others, and it is impracticable to allow and would be unreasonable to compel each man to build a separate sewer for himself, in or [298]*298under the street. They are called common sewers, because they are common to all who are so situated as to use them; and the only way they can be used is by inserting a drain from the premises sought to be drained. Unlike a drain differently constructed, it does not drain or carry off the water from the lands through which it passes, except as it is brought into it by drains falling into it. If the theory of the defendant’s counsel is correct, it is a mistake to suppose that the lots against which a sewer is constructed are benefited by it; for it does not take the water from the lots unless the owners are permitted to drain into it. But lots adjacent to a common sewer are benefited and rendered more valuable by it; and hence the construction of sewers is classed among local improvements, and assessed upon the property benefited.. (Charter of City, supra.) If made solely with a view to the health of the city, they should be charged upon the city at large; and if made as a part of the Street, they should be a charge upon the street fund. It would be unjust, as well as grossly unreasonable, after having assessed property for the building of a sewer in reference to benefit, to deprive the owner of all benefit and advantage from it, and to drive him elsewhere for his drainage. There is something very like a contract to be implied from the construction of' a sewer at the expense of the adjacent property, that it may be used to drain the property thus charged with its construction. The ordinance of the city implies the right of property holders to connect’their drains with the common sewers. It (ch. 9, § 2, of city ordinances,) provides that each and every person who shall dig in any street, for any purpose, either to connect with a seiver, or water or gas-pipes, shall first serve a notice in writing on the clerk of the city, to the effect that he or she desires to dig in the street, giving the location and name of its owner, that the clerk may keep a register of the same. A neglect to serve such notice shall subject the person offending to a penealty of not less than two nor more than twenty-five dollars. The right to make [299]*299connection is conceded, and the object of the notice is not to obtain a license or permission from the city authorities, but to enable the city clerk to keep a register of the fact. The want of a notice does not make the digging in the street or the connection with the sewer unlawful, and no penalty is imposed for making the connection, but the penalty is imposed for omitting to give the notice. The right to dig in the street and connect with the sewer exists independent of, and is conceded by, the ordinance, but the notice is made necessary by the ordinance, and a penalty for its omission is imposed. The act of connection is not prohibited, and is not therefore classed among the acts which, being prohibited and therefore unlawful, cannot give or lay the foundation of an action in behalf of the wrongdoer. (Bosworth v. Inhabitants of Swansey, 10 Metc. 363. Hallett v. Novion, 14 John. 273. Pennington v. Townsend, 7 Wend. 276.)
It is also urged that the plaintiff' was guilty of negligence in not placing a valve or water trap in his drain, which would have prevented the water from setting back into his cellar. But this, upon the evidence and finding of the referee, was only necessary to guard against the negligence of the defendant and want of care in preserving the same in proper repair. The evidence is, and so the referee finds, that the sewer was sufficient, if kept clean and unobstructed, to carry off the water; and the flooding of the plaintiff’s premises was caused by the filling up and obstruction of the sewer. As the plaintiff could not have foreseen the negligence of the defendant, he was not called upon to guard against it. He was at liberty to assume that the sewer would be kept in repair; and if it had been, no damages would have occurred.
In this case the negligence of the defendants did not depend upon notice to them that the sewer was out of repair. The duty of looking after it and keeping it free .from obstruction devolved upon them, and not upon strangers. The obstruction was not created by the act of a third person, as in Griffin v. Mayor &c. of New York, (5 Seld. 456,) but was the [300]*300necessary and ordinary result of the flow of water and filth into the sewer, and an omission to guard against or remove it was in itself negligent. It was a neglect of duty not to ascertain that the sewer had "become obstructed. (McGinity v. Mayor &c. of New York, 5 Duer, 674.) The obstruction was gradual, and the work of years, and if notice were necessary the defendant had ample notice; for the engineer, under whose superintendence it was constructed, advised the city authorities that if kept clean it would answer all purposes, but that it would require to be flooded occasionally, to carry6" off the accumulations of filth and dirt. The admission of evidence of the custom of the inhabitants of the city to connect their drains with the common sewers, could not have affected the result, and therefore, whether strictly admissible to not, is not material.
The judgment should be affirmed.
Bacon and Mullin, Justices, concurred.