COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Fulton, Friedman and Chaney Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
BARRY EUGENE LEWIS MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1285-22-1 JUDGE VERNIDA R. CHANEY NOVEMBER 21, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE Stephen J. Telfeyan, Judge
Michelle C.F. Derrico, Senior Appellate Attorney (Virginia Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Suzanne Seidel Richmond, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Barry Eugene Lewis appeals the circuit court’s judgment revoking his previously
suspended sentence and imposing a sentence of “time served” in jail, 39 days.1 Lewis argues
that the circuit court erred in finding that he violated a special condition of his probation and
ruling that his probation violation was not a technical violation under Code § 19.2-306.1. Lewis
also contends that the circuit court erred in sentencing him to more than 14 days in jail, beyond
the maximum sentence allowed for a second technical violation under Code § 19.2-306.1(C).
For the following reasons, this Court reverses the circuit court’s judgment, vacates the revocation
sentencing order, and remands for resentencing in accordance with Code § 19.2-306.1(C).
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 The circuit court’s revocation order did not specify the number of days Lewis had served. Lewis contends that he had served 39 days, whereas the Commonwealth maintains that he had served “approximately 40 days.” BACKGROUND
A. Prior Proceedings
In October 2016, Lewis pleaded guilty to larceny, third or subsequent offense. In
October 2017, the circuit court sentenced him to incarceration for 3 years, with 2 years and 11
months suspended. The suspended sentence was conditioned on Lewis’s compliance with
supervised probation “for an indeterminate period.” The sentencing order further directed, in
relevant part, that Lewis “shall complete any substance abuse screening, assessment, testing, and
treatment as directed by the Department of Corrections as part of the defendant’s sentence.”
In March 2020, Lewis’s probation officer filed a major violation report alleging that he
had violated his probation by (1) failing to follow his probation officer’s instructions “to report
to and complete substance abuse treatment at the New Life Center in Virginia Beach,” and (2)
testing positive for cocaine seven times. The circuit court issued a capias in March 2020, and
Lewis was arrested two years later, in April 2022.
At the probation revocation hearing in April 2022, the circuit court amended the
probation violation report to also allege that Lewis “absconded for 2 years [and] 1 month.”
Lewis pleaded guilty to all three of the alleged probation violations. The circuit court imposed a
sentence of 2 years and 11 months, and suspended 2 years, 10 months, and 17 days, leaving 14
days of active incarceration. This sentence was “suspended on the same conditions as contained
in the previous sentencing order,” with additional “special conditions” requiring Lewis to enroll
in and complete a substance abuse treatment program and to submit to urine screens at least
twice a month. The revocation sentencing order further provided: “Upon a first positive urine
screen for illegal substances, or upon a first admission of use of illegal substances, or upon a first
unexcused absence from a scheduled urine screen or color code, the Probation Officer shall issue
a violation immediately.”
-2- B. Lewis’s Second Probation Revocation
On June 2, 2022, Lewis’s probation officer filed a major violation report alleging that
Lewis had violated a special condition of probation by testing positive for cocaine at his first
urine screen in May 2022. Lewis was arrested on the capias for the alleged probation violation
in June 2022.
At Lewis’s second probation revocation hearing on July 19, 2022, Lewis pleaded “[n]ot
guilty” to the alleged violation of a “special condition” of his probation. Lewis’s probation
officer, Karly Hopkins (P.O. Hopkins), testified that three urine screens provided by Lewis tested
positive for cocaine. On cross-examination, P.O. Hopkins testified that Lewis submitted to both
required drug screens in May 2022 and another drug screen before his arrest on June 17, 2022.
P.O. Hopkins further testified that in preparing the sentencing guidelines, she did not classify
Lewis’s probation violation as a second technical violation—with a maximum sentence of 14
days of active incarceration—because it violated a special condition imposed in the sentencing
order. Lewis argued that the relevant special condition in the sentencing order required him to
“submit to urine screens a minimum of twice per month” and he complied with this special
condition. Lewis further argued that under Code § 19.2-306.1, his cocaine use was a technical
violation—failure to refrain from using controlled substances. Lewis contended that the circuit
court should dismiss the charge of violating a “special condition” of probation. The circuit court
initially agreed that the prior sentencing order did not include a special condition requiring Lewis
to refrain from using cocaine. But the circuit court took Lewis’s arguments under advisement
and continued the matter for a week.
At the probation revocation hearing on July 26, 2022, the Commonwealth argued that
dismissal was not an appropriate remedy if the court determined that Lewis’s drug use did not
violate a special condition of probation. Rather, the Commonwealth argued that the sentencing
-3- guidelines should just be adjusted to show a maximum sentence of 14 days. The circuit court
stated on the record that it interpreted the special conditions stated in its prior revocation order to
include refraining from using illegal substances. Upon finding Lewis in violation of this special
condition, the circuit court imposed the suspended sentence of 2 years, 10 months, and 17 days
and “re-suspend[ed] all of it except for time served.” This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Lewis argues on appeal that the circuit court erred in finding him in violation of a “special
condition” of his probation and imposing a sentence of more than 14 days of active incarceration,
the maximum allowable sentence for a second technical violation of probation. See Code
§ 19.2-306.1(C). On appellate review of the circuit court’s revocation of a defendant’s probation
and suspended sentence, “[t]he evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below.” Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 529, 535
(2013). “[T]he trial court’s ‘findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed unless there is a
clear showing of abuse of discretion.’” Id. (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86
(1991)). This Court reviews issues of statutory construction de novo, id., but we give deference to
the circuit court’s interpretation of its own orders, if reasonable, see Hodgins v. Commonwealth, 61
Va. App. 102, 108 (2012); Roe v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 453, 457-58 (2006). “We apply an
abuse of discretion standard in determining whether the circuit court’s interpretation of its order is
reasonable.” Roe, 271 Va. at 458.
When the circuit court ruled that Lewis’s cocaine use was punishable as a violation of a
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges Fulton, Friedman and Chaney Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
BARRY EUGENE LEWIS MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1285-22-1 JUDGE VERNIDA R. CHANEY NOVEMBER 21, 2023 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE Stephen J. Telfeyan, Judge
Michelle C.F. Derrico, Senior Appellate Attorney (Virginia Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Suzanne Seidel Richmond, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Barry Eugene Lewis appeals the circuit court’s judgment revoking his previously
suspended sentence and imposing a sentence of “time served” in jail, 39 days.1 Lewis argues
that the circuit court erred in finding that he violated a special condition of his probation and
ruling that his probation violation was not a technical violation under Code § 19.2-306.1. Lewis
also contends that the circuit court erred in sentencing him to more than 14 days in jail, beyond
the maximum sentence allowed for a second technical violation under Code § 19.2-306.1(C).
For the following reasons, this Court reverses the circuit court’s judgment, vacates the revocation
sentencing order, and remands for resentencing in accordance with Code § 19.2-306.1(C).
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). 1 The circuit court’s revocation order did not specify the number of days Lewis had served. Lewis contends that he had served 39 days, whereas the Commonwealth maintains that he had served “approximately 40 days.” BACKGROUND
A. Prior Proceedings
In October 2016, Lewis pleaded guilty to larceny, third or subsequent offense. In
October 2017, the circuit court sentenced him to incarceration for 3 years, with 2 years and 11
months suspended. The suspended sentence was conditioned on Lewis’s compliance with
supervised probation “for an indeterminate period.” The sentencing order further directed, in
relevant part, that Lewis “shall complete any substance abuse screening, assessment, testing, and
treatment as directed by the Department of Corrections as part of the defendant’s sentence.”
In March 2020, Lewis’s probation officer filed a major violation report alleging that he
had violated his probation by (1) failing to follow his probation officer’s instructions “to report
to and complete substance abuse treatment at the New Life Center in Virginia Beach,” and (2)
testing positive for cocaine seven times. The circuit court issued a capias in March 2020, and
Lewis was arrested two years later, in April 2022.
At the probation revocation hearing in April 2022, the circuit court amended the
probation violation report to also allege that Lewis “absconded for 2 years [and] 1 month.”
Lewis pleaded guilty to all three of the alleged probation violations. The circuit court imposed a
sentence of 2 years and 11 months, and suspended 2 years, 10 months, and 17 days, leaving 14
days of active incarceration. This sentence was “suspended on the same conditions as contained
in the previous sentencing order,” with additional “special conditions” requiring Lewis to enroll
in and complete a substance abuse treatment program and to submit to urine screens at least
twice a month. The revocation sentencing order further provided: “Upon a first positive urine
screen for illegal substances, or upon a first admission of use of illegal substances, or upon a first
unexcused absence from a scheduled urine screen or color code, the Probation Officer shall issue
a violation immediately.”
-2- B. Lewis’s Second Probation Revocation
On June 2, 2022, Lewis’s probation officer filed a major violation report alleging that
Lewis had violated a special condition of probation by testing positive for cocaine at his first
urine screen in May 2022. Lewis was arrested on the capias for the alleged probation violation
in June 2022.
At Lewis’s second probation revocation hearing on July 19, 2022, Lewis pleaded “[n]ot
guilty” to the alleged violation of a “special condition” of his probation. Lewis’s probation
officer, Karly Hopkins (P.O. Hopkins), testified that three urine screens provided by Lewis tested
positive for cocaine. On cross-examination, P.O. Hopkins testified that Lewis submitted to both
required drug screens in May 2022 and another drug screen before his arrest on June 17, 2022.
P.O. Hopkins further testified that in preparing the sentencing guidelines, she did not classify
Lewis’s probation violation as a second technical violation—with a maximum sentence of 14
days of active incarceration—because it violated a special condition imposed in the sentencing
order. Lewis argued that the relevant special condition in the sentencing order required him to
“submit to urine screens a minimum of twice per month” and he complied with this special
condition. Lewis further argued that under Code § 19.2-306.1, his cocaine use was a technical
violation—failure to refrain from using controlled substances. Lewis contended that the circuit
court should dismiss the charge of violating a “special condition” of probation. The circuit court
initially agreed that the prior sentencing order did not include a special condition requiring Lewis
to refrain from using cocaine. But the circuit court took Lewis’s arguments under advisement
and continued the matter for a week.
At the probation revocation hearing on July 26, 2022, the Commonwealth argued that
dismissal was not an appropriate remedy if the court determined that Lewis’s drug use did not
violate a special condition of probation. Rather, the Commonwealth argued that the sentencing
-3- guidelines should just be adjusted to show a maximum sentence of 14 days. The circuit court
stated on the record that it interpreted the special conditions stated in its prior revocation order to
include refraining from using illegal substances. Upon finding Lewis in violation of this special
condition, the circuit court imposed the suspended sentence of 2 years, 10 months, and 17 days
and “re-suspend[ed] all of it except for time served.” This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Lewis argues on appeal that the circuit court erred in finding him in violation of a “special
condition” of his probation and imposing a sentence of more than 14 days of active incarceration,
the maximum allowable sentence for a second technical violation of probation. See Code
§ 19.2-306.1(C). On appellate review of the circuit court’s revocation of a defendant’s probation
and suspended sentence, “[t]he evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below.” Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 529, 535
(2013). “[T]he trial court’s ‘findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed unless there is a
clear showing of abuse of discretion.’” Id. (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86
(1991)). This Court reviews issues of statutory construction de novo, id., but we give deference to
the circuit court’s interpretation of its own orders, if reasonable, see Hodgins v. Commonwealth, 61
Va. App. 102, 108 (2012); Roe v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 453, 457-58 (2006). “We apply an
abuse of discretion standard in determining whether the circuit court’s interpretation of its order is
reasonable.” Roe, 271 Va. at 458.
When the circuit court ruled that Lewis’s cocaine use was punishable as a violation of a
special condition of probation rather than a technical violation, this Court had yet to issue its opinion
in Delaune v. Commonwealth, 76 Va. App. 372 (2023).2 In Delaune, this Court held that a
2 The parties also filed their briefs in this appeal before this Court issued its opinion in Delaune. After filing his reply brief, Lewis supplemented his pleadings with a letter noting that Delaune is controlling authority in this appeal. -4- probationer’s failure to refrain from using controlled substances is, by definition, a technical
probation violation under Code § 19.2-306.1(A)—even if the circuit court’s sentencing order
labeled such conduct a violation of a “special condition.”3 Id. at 383; see also Code
§ 19.2-306.1(A) (“‘[T]echnical violation’ means a violation based on the probationer’s failure to . . .
(vii) refrain from the use, possession, or distribution of controlled substances or related
paraphernalia.” (emphasis added)). Thus, in light of Delaune as controlling precedent, this Court
holds that the circuit court erred in ruling that Lewis’s cocaine use was not a technical violation of
probation.4 Because Lewis had only one prior probation revocation sentencing for a technical
violation, we agree with Lewis that the circuit court erred in sentencing him to active incarceration
for more than 14 days, the statutory maximum sentence for a second technical violation.5 See Code
§ 19.2-306.1(C) (“The court shall not impose a sentence of a term of active incarceration upon a
first technical violation . . . [and] the court may impose not more than 14 days of active
incarceration for a second technical violation.”). Since the circuit court lacked the power to impose
a sentence in excess of the statutory limit under Code § 19.2-306.1(C), we must reverse the circuit
3 The official sentencing revocation report (SRR) form used by P.O. Hopkins to calculate Lewis’s sentencing guidelines appears to be a source of confusion because the SRR form appears to erroneously treat all violations of “special conditions” of probation as non-technical violations. 4 Because this Court concludes that Lewis’s cocaine use is, by definition, a technical violation of probation under Code § 19.2-306.1(A), it is unnecessary to consider whether Lewis’s cocaine use is a “special condition” of probation under the circuit court’s prior revocation sentencing order. 5 “Multiple technical violations . . . considered at the same revocation hearing shall not be considered separate technical violations for the purposes of sentencing pursuant to this section.” Code § 19.2-306.1(A). Therefore, Lewis’s multiple positive tests for cocaine count as a single technical violation of probation for purposes of sentencing under Code § 19.2-306.1. Similarly, the three technical violations in Lewis’s first probation revocation proceeding count collectively as Lewis’s first technical violation of probation. -5- court’s judgment. See Delaune, 76 Va. App. at 383; Rawls v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 213, 221
(2009).
CONCLUSION
The circuit court erred in imposing a sentence of active incarceration that exceeded the
statutory maximum sentence for a second technical probation violation under Code § 19.2-306.1(C).
Therefore, this Court reverses the circuit court’s judgment, vacates the revocation sentencing order,
and remands for resentencing in accordance with Code § 19.2-306.1.
Reversed, vacated, and remanded.
-6-