Merrell, J.
Plaintiff brought this action to recover the sum of $750 which plaintiff claims he was entitled to receive from defendant Adam Lang, as executor of the last will and testament of Anna Lang, deceased. The plaintiff joined as individual parties defendant, Henry V. Stebbins and Adam Lang.
[36]*36Plaintiff, a real estate broker, based his claim for commissions, which he alleges he earned, upon the procurement of a purchaser for premises • at 2227 Metropolitan avenue, Brooklyn, owned by the Langs. The defendant Stebbins was joined as an individual defendant under the claim that Stebbins, who was Lang’s attorney, was guilty" of a breach of warranty of agency. Barrett’s connection with the estate of the decedent occurred as the result of a conversation between plaintiff and Stebbins in May, 1930. That conversation apparently related entirely to a prospective appraisal by the plaintiff Barrett of the premises for the purpose of transfer tax proceedings. Presumably this meeting came about as the result of a letter written by Stebbins to Barrett on May 17, 1930, which was as follows:
“ Maxfield & Stebbins
“ Spabkhill, New Yobk.
“ May 17, 1930.
“ Mr. B. B. Babbett,
554 West 161st Street,
New York, Ñ. Y.
“ Dear Sib: I have been referred to you by Mr. Lyon, of Otto & Lyon, as a licensed real estate broker who is acquainted with values in Queens County and can appraise a very small parcel of a very small estate.
“ Please advise me of your qualifications to place a value on such property and also what your fee is, as appraiser. As the estate is small we shall not be able to pay a very large fee.
“ Very truly yours,
“HENRY V. STEBBINS
“ fiVS:RGA”
It will be noted from this letter that it referred, not to a sale of the premises, but merely an appraisal. The letter closes with the statement that the writer wished to be advised of the qualifications of the plaintiff, Barrett, to place a value on the property, and, also, what his fee would be, “ as appraiser.” About a month later Stebbins again wrote Barrett the following letter:
“ Spabkhill, New Yobk,
“ June 19, 1930.
New York, N. Y.
“ Deab Sib: Pursuant to our conversation enclosed herewith is the transfer tax affidavit which I asked you to please fill out and [37]*37swear to after you have made an examination of the premises and placed a fair appraisal upon them. If you will then please return the affidavit, properly executed before a notary public, to me, together with your bill for services, I shall have my client draw a check. I shall appreciate your early attention to this matter.
“ HENRY V. STEBBINS.”
In the above-quoted letter Stebbins merely asked plaintiff to make an affidavit stating the proper appraised value of the premises, and have it properly executed before a notary public when plaintiff’s bill for services as an appraiser would be paid. Four days later plaintiff wrote Stebbins the following letter, inclosing plaintiff’s affidavit of appraisal:
“ Washington Heights 9232 Whitehall 6368
“ Bernard B. Barrett
Licensed Real Estate Broker
554 West 161st Street
New York
“ June 23, 1930.
“ Henry V. Stebbins, Esq.,
Maxfield & Stebbins,
Sparkhill, New York.
“ Dear Sir: Enclosed please find affidavit of Appraisal of the property of Anna Lang, Deceased, located on Metropolitan Avenue, Middle Village, Queens County, New York.
“ BERNARD B. BARRETT.
“ BBB :T ”
On July fourteenth Stebbins wrote plaintiff as follows:
“ Law Offices
Henry V. Stebbins
“ Sparkhill, New York.
" July 14, 1930.
BE: Estate of Anna Lang
“ Mr. B. B. Barrett,
554 W. 161st Street,
“ Dear Mr. Barrett : I have been putting off writing you in respect to your appraisal for the reason that I have been very busy with litigated matters. My client advises me that your appraisal of the premises in Queens seems to him a trifle high. On reconsideration could it be in accordance with the fair market [38]*38value to reduce the appraisal. I shall be interested in hearing from you in this connection at your early convenience. Upon the receipt of your reply I shall see that my client pays your appraisal fees. Thanking you for your services in this matter, I am,
“ HENRY V. STEBBINS.
“ HVS:RGA ”
Two days later the plaintiff wrote Stebbins as follows:
“ July 16, 1930.
"Dear Mr. Stebbins: Received your letter of July 14, 1930, and after re-inspection and conversations with owners in neighborhood, I think Fifteen thousand ($15,000.00) Dollars, is a fair market value. Affidavit can be corrected to this amount.
“ Would you consider an offer of Fifteen thousand ($15,000.00) Dollars for the property? If so will you kindly let me know upon what terms.
“ Yours very truly,
“ BERNARD B. BARRETT.”
At the close of said letter, plaintiff, for the first' time, made inquiry as to whether or not Stebbins would consider an offer of $15,000 for the property. On July twenty-fifth Stebbins wrote plaintiff as follows:
“ Sparkhill, New York
“ July 25, 1930.
“ Mr. Bernard B. Barrett,
“ Dear Sir : My client will take Fifteen thousand ($15,000) dollars in cash for the Queens County property.
“ Please find enclosed transfer tax affidavit which please sign and return to me.
" HENRY V. STEBBINS
“ HVS:LSM ”
[39]*39Thereupon, on July twenty-eighth, the plaintiff wrote Stebbins that he had sold the property to Ernst and Emma Hahn for $15,000 in cash and inclosed Emma Hahn’s certified check for $100 as a deposit on such sale. The Hahns were tenants of such property and subsequently purchased the property for $18,500. The $100 check which plaintiff sent was promptly returned by Stebbins.
Plaintiff contends that by virtue of the correspondence herein-before quoted there was an implied contract on the part of the defendant to employ plaintiff as a broker to sell the property in question. It is entirely apparent from the correspondence that there never was any such employment, and that whatever plaintiff did with reference to procuring a customer for the premises was purely voluntary and without any employment or authority of Lang or of Stebbins, his lawyer. At the close of the evidence, Justice Walsh, to whom the issues were submitted, dismissed the complaint, orally stating as follows: “ The court finds that there is not one scintilla of evidence upon which there can be by implication or by conclusion, any evidence which would indicate an employment of the plaintiff as a real estate broker for the sale of these premises. The motion to dismiss in granted with exception to counsel for the plaintiff with thirty and sixty days.”
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Merrell, J.
Plaintiff brought this action to recover the sum of $750 which plaintiff claims he was entitled to receive from defendant Adam Lang, as executor of the last will and testament of Anna Lang, deceased. The plaintiff joined as individual parties defendant, Henry V. Stebbins and Adam Lang.
[36]*36Plaintiff, a real estate broker, based his claim for commissions, which he alleges he earned, upon the procurement of a purchaser for premises • at 2227 Metropolitan avenue, Brooklyn, owned by the Langs. The defendant Stebbins was joined as an individual defendant under the claim that Stebbins, who was Lang’s attorney, was guilty" of a breach of warranty of agency. Barrett’s connection with the estate of the decedent occurred as the result of a conversation between plaintiff and Stebbins in May, 1930. That conversation apparently related entirely to a prospective appraisal by the plaintiff Barrett of the premises for the purpose of transfer tax proceedings. Presumably this meeting came about as the result of a letter written by Stebbins to Barrett on May 17, 1930, which was as follows:
“ Maxfield & Stebbins
“ Spabkhill, New Yobk.
“ May 17, 1930.
“ Mr. B. B. Babbett,
554 West 161st Street,
New York, Ñ. Y.
“ Dear Sib: I have been referred to you by Mr. Lyon, of Otto & Lyon, as a licensed real estate broker who is acquainted with values in Queens County and can appraise a very small parcel of a very small estate.
“ Please advise me of your qualifications to place a value on such property and also what your fee is, as appraiser. As the estate is small we shall not be able to pay a very large fee.
“ Very truly yours,
“HENRY V. STEBBINS
“ fiVS:RGA”
It will be noted from this letter that it referred, not to a sale of the premises, but merely an appraisal. The letter closes with the statement that the writer wished to be advised of the qualifications of the plaintiff, Barrett, to place a value on the property, and, also, what his fee would be, “ as appraiser.” About a month later Stebbins again wrote Barrett the following letter:
“ Spabkhill, New Yobk,
“ June 19, 1930.
New York, N. Y.
“ Deab Sib: Pursuant to our conversation enclosed herewith is the transfer tax affidavit which I asked you to please fill out and [37]*37swear to after you have made an examination of the premises and placed a fair appraisal upon them. If you will then please return the affidavit, properly executed before a notary public, to me, together with your bill for services, I shall have my client draw a check. I shall appreciate your early attention to this matter.
“ HENRY V. STEBBINS.”
In the above-quoted letter Stebbins merely asked plaintiff to make an affidavit stating the proper appraised value of the premises, and have it properly executed before a notary public when plaintiff’s bill for services as an appraiser would be paid. Four days later plaintiff wrote Stebbins the following letter, inclosing plaintiff’s affidavit of appraisal:
“ Washington Heights 9232 Whitehall 6368
“ Bernard B. Barrett
Licensed Real Estate Broker
554 West 161st Street
New York
“ June 23, 1930.
“ Henry V. Stebbins, Esq.,
Maxfield & Stebbins,
Sparkhill, New York.
“ Dear Sir: Enclosed please find affidavit of Appraisal of the property of Anna Lang, Deceased, located on Metropolitan Avenue, Middle Village, Queens County, New York.
“ BERNARD B. BARRETT.
“ BBB :T ”
On July fourteenth Stebbins wrote plaintiff as follows:
“ Law Offices
Henry V. Stebbins
“ Sparkhill, New York.
" July 14, 1930.
BE: Estate of Anna Lang
“ Mr. B. B. Barrett,
554 W. 161st Street,
“ Dear Mr. Barrett : I have been putting off writing you in respect to your appraisal for the reason that I have been very busy with litigated matters. My client advises me that your appraisal of the premises in Queens seems to him a trifle high. On reconsideration could it be in accordance with the fair market [38]*38value to reduce the appraisal. I shall be interested in hearing from you in this connection at your early convenience. Upon the receipt of your reply I shall see that my client pays your appraisal fees. Thanking you for your services in this matter, I am,
“ HENRY V. STEBBINS.
“ HVS:RGA ”
Two days later the plaintiff wrote Stebbins as follows:
“ July 16, 1930.
"Dear Mr. Stebbins: Received your letter of July 14, 1930, and after re-inspection and conversations with owners in neighborhood, I think Fifteen thousand ($15,000.00) Dollars, is a fair market value. Affidavit can be corrected to this amount.
“ Would you consider an offer of Fifteen thousand ($15,000.00) Dollars for the property? If so will you kindly let me know upon what terms.
“ Yours very truly,
“ BERNARD B. BARRETT.”
At the close of said letter, plaintiff, for the first' time, made inquiry as to whether or not Stebbins would consider an offer of $15,000 for the property. On July twenty-fifth Stebbins wrote plaintiff as follows:
“ Sparkhill, New York
“ July 25, 1930.
“ Mr. Bernard B. Barrett,
“ Dear Sir : My client will take Fifteen thousand ($15,000) dollars in cash for the Queens County property.
“ Please find enclosed transfer tax affidavit which please sign and return to me.
" HENRY V. STEBBINS
“ HVS:LSM ”
[39]*39Thereupon, on July twenty-eighth, the plaintiff wrote Stebbins that he had sold the property to Ernst and Emma Hahn for $15,000 in cash and inclosed Emma Hahn’s certified check for $100 as a deposit on such sale. The Hahns were tenants of such property and subsequently purchased the property for $18,500. The $100 check which plaintiff sent was promptly returned by Stebbins.
Plaintiff contends that by virtue of the correspondence herein-before quoted there was an implied contract on the part of the defendant to employ plaintiff as a broker to sell the property in question. It is entirely apparent from the correspondence that there never was any such employment, and that whatever plaintiff did with reference to procuring a customer for the premises was purely voluntary and without any employment or authority of Lang or of Stebbins, his lawyer. At the close of the evidence, Justice Walsh, to whom the issues were submitted, dismissed the complaint, orally stating as follows: “ The court finds that there is not one scintilla of evidence upon which there can be by implication or by conclusion, any evidence which would indicate an employment of the plaintiff as a real estate broker for the sale of these premises. The motion to dismiss in granted with exception to counsel for the plaintiff with thirty and sixty days.”
Under the evidence in this case and the decisions of this court, there never was any employment of the plaintiff as a broker to obtain a sale of the property in question. The plaintiff did not claim that there was any express contract of employment, and at the conclusion of plaintiff’s testimony the plaintiff moved to amend his complaint on the theory of implied contract. Such motion was clearly the result of the evident deficiency in the plaintiff’s proof and it then appearing that there was no evidence whatever of any express hiring of the plaintiff for the purpose of procuring a purchaser of the property. Barrett’s only connection with the matter was that he was employed to appraise the property for the purpose of transfer tax proceedings. Unquestionably, under some circumstances, an implied contract may be spelled out, but there were no circumstances here justifying that to be done. Here the plaintiff was employed as an appraiser, and, after making the appraisal, claims to have procured a purchaser, without any knowledge or authority from either of the defendants. Having made the appraisal and signed the transfer tax affidavit, the plaintiff inquired about the possible sale price of the property. To this inquiry Stebbins replied in the same tenor. No mention of sale or purchaser was made until after this time. In his capacity as a real estate broker, the plaintiff was a mere volunteer — a “ butter-in.” As such he was not entitled to commissions. The decisions of this [40]*40court are uniform on the subject and clearly support the dismissal of the complaint by the court below. A leading case was that of Benedict v. Pell (70 App. Div. 40) wherein this court said (at p. 45): “ It is hardly necessary to cite authorities to prove that there must be an employment to entitle a broker to commission for the sale of the property; but what was said by Judge Woodruff in Pierce v. Thomas (4 E. D. Smith, 354) so concisely states the legal principle involved that the decision of this case can be rested upon his opinion. He says: ‘ To entitle a broker to recover commissions for effecting a sale of real estate, it is indispensable that he should show that he was employed by the owner (or on his behalf) to make the sale. A ratification of his act, where original employment is wanting, may, in some circumstances, be equivalent to an original retainer, but only where there is a plain intent to ratify. An owner cannot be enticed into a liability for commissions against his will. A mere volunteer without authority is not entitled to commissions, merely because he has inquired the price which an owner asks for his property, and has then sent a person to him who consents to take it. A broker has no better claim to recover for. voluntary service, rendered without employment, and not received and acted upon by the owner as rendered in his behalf, than any other volunteer. * * * It is not true that an owner may not declare his price to whom he will, without the hazard of paying commissions to those who volunteer, unasked, to send him a purchaser on his own terms.’ ”
The quoted language of Judge Woodruff in Pierce v. Thomas (4 E. D. Smith, 354) is extremely pertinent to the facts in the case at bar. In Meltzer v. Flying Fame, Inc. (224 App. Div. 41), this court quoted with approval the language in Fowler v. Hoschke (53 App. Div. 327) as follows: “ It is well settled that if a broker, without a previous request, brings a customer to a vendor, and the .latter, without further acceptance of the broker’s services, takes the customer, the broker is not entitled to compensation. An owner is not obliged to refuse a possible customer because services which he has not requested have been obtruded upon him, nor can he be enticed into a liability for commissions without his knowledge. In order to entitle the broker to .commissions there must be an actual employment or a ratification and acceptance of the broker’s acts, but in such case the intention to ratify must be plain, and no ratification could be inferred where no claim was made by the broker, and the fact that he was acting as broker was not drawn to the attention of the seller at the time.”
In Brady v. American Machine & Foundry Co. (86 App. Div. 267) the court said (at p. 268): “ To justify a recovery in their [41]*41behalf it was essential for the plaintiffs to establish an employment by the defendant. This, I think, they have failed to do. The evidence goes no further than to show that the plaintiff Brady, at the instance of a person who he himself denominates his ‘ client/ called upon the manager of the defendant to ascertain whether his corporation was willing to lease the factory property in question, and that the defendant did finally lease such property to the Mayhew Dynan Silk Company, whose representatives were led to enter into the contract through the agency of Mr. Brady. At no time during the negotiations between the defendant’s manager and Mr. Brady was anything said or done, so far as is disclosed by this record, which indicates that the manager had any idea of ever employing the plaintiffs to act in his behalf or that of his corporation. It seems to me that no ingenuity can fairly spell out of the proof in this case any contract of employment on behalf of the defendant. ‘ To entitle a broker to recover commissions for effecting a sale of real estate, it is indispensable that he should show that he was employed by the owner (or on his behalf) to make the sale.’ (Pierce v. Thomas, 4 E. D. Smith, 354.) This doctrine is equally applicable to a case like this, where a broker seeks to recover commissions for effecting a lease of real estate. ‘ It is well settled that if a broker, without a previous request, brings a customer to a vendor, and the latter, without further acceptance of the broker’s services, takes the customer, the broker is not entitled to compensation.' (Fowler v. Hoschke, 53 App. Div. 327.)"
These decisions leave no doubt in our minds that the court below was entirely correct in dismissing the complaint upon the ground that no contract of employment, either express or implied, had been established by plaintiff. Several authorities are cited by appellant, but none of them seem to affect the situation here presented. Apparently the appellant misconceives the principle of law in the present case. What the appellant claims is. that he produced a purchaser for the property at a price, who was ready, willing and able to purchase the property at that price. The plaintiff entirely looses sight of the fact that to entitle him to any commission whatever, he must first prove that he was employed to sell the property under authority given him by the owner or his agent, or, if he was not originally employed, that he rendered certain services that were appropriated by the owner, and that there was an understanding between the parties that he was to receive a commission for his services. None of these elements are present in the case at bar. It is true, according to the plaintiff’s testimony, he talked with Hahn, the tenant, in regard to [42]*42purchasing the property. Hahn, the tenant of the property, finally purchased the property for $18,500, or $3,500 more than the price concerning which the plaintiff inquired of Stebbins.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs to defendants,'respondents, against plaintiff, appellant.
Finch, P. J., O’Malley and Untermyer, JJ., concur; Martin, J. dissents.