MARSHALL, J.
The trial court seems to' have decided this case wholly upon the theory that it was competent in this action to review the proceedings of the county court of Dodge county, appointing Willard administrator de bonis non with the will annexed, of the estate of Josiah Woodward, and to declare the same void. The court seems to have exercised that supposed jurisdiction, to have declared such appointment absolutely void, and thereby reached the conclusion that no liability existed against his estate as administrator ‘de bonis non, consequently none against the estates of his deceased bondsmen. After reciting the facts leading up to and inclusive of Willard’s appointment, the learned circuit judge, [413]*413in. the opinion filed, on which the findings and conclusions upon which the judgment is based were made, used this language:
“There was no authority of law,''upon such a state of affairs, for the appointment of an administrator de bonis non; and that the sureties, signing the bond of Andrew Willard as administrator de bonis non only were liable for the legal effect of the bond, which was, that such administrator de bonis non should legally administer such estate as legally came into his hands as such administrator.”
We must assume that the language, “there was no authority of law,” was used by the learned judge upon the theory that the entry of the order settling the account of E. H. Woodward, executor, and adjudging the amount of the fund held by him in trust, ipso facto discharged him as executor, leaving nothing whatever to. be done by him as such in the Josiah Woodward estate; that the county court, by the subsequent proceedings, did not obtain any jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the appointment of an administrator da bonis non because there was, in fact, no occasion for such an appointment. Upon no other theory is it reasonable to suppose the judge looked upon the appointment of Willard as without any “authority of law.” Uo court has. yet been given the power, under our judicial system, to declare void in a collateral proceeding, any order or judgment of such or any other court because of judicial errors in entering it, however numerous or grievous they may be. ISTo principle of law is better settled than that judgments and orders are absolutely free from any such danger. Cody v. Cody, 98 Wis. 445, 74 N. W. 217; Roberts v. Weadock, 98 Wis. 405, 74 N. W. 93; Parsons v. Parsons, 101 Wis. 76, 77 N. W. 147; Wells, Res Judicata, § 217; Giffert v. West, 37 Wis. 115; Quackenbush v. W. & M. R. Co. 71 Wis. 472, 37 N. W. 834; Cramer v. Stone, 38 Wis. 259; Pray v. Hegeman, 98 N. Y. 351; Iowa Co. v. M. P. R. Co. 24 Wis. 93; Danaher v. Prentiss, 22 Wis. 311. When a court has jurisdiction to render a [414]*414judgment, every proposition assumed or decided, leading up to the final result embodied in it, is deemed to be included therein; and until it is reversed on appeal or in some direct proceedings to that end, it is deemed to be conclusive upon all parties to the proceeding in that and all courts. So it follows that if the county court of Dodge county had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the appointment of an administrator de bonis non to succeed E. H. Woodward upon the filing of his petition to that end, the circuit court in this action committed a grievous error in deciding that what the county court did in the exercise of its jurisdiction was void.
It is by no means clear but that, assuming that the order settling Woodward’s account as executor ipso facto terminated his office as such, or at least left a state of facts calling for the appointment of an administrator de bonis non, still a judicial question in regard to the matter was presented to the county court for adjudication, by the petition for such appointment, and in that event the rule above stated would bar any court from subsequently reviewing the proceedings and adjudging the final order or judgment entered upon the petition void in a collateral proceeding. Rut that question is rendered immaterial by the conclusion which'we have reached as to the effect of the order. Obviously, if that left Woodward with some duty to perform as executor, it being conceded that the situation at the time of its entry continued up to and inclusive of the time of the appointment of the administrator de bonis non, then it must be conceded, and is, as we understand it, — and if not, we should have to so hold,— that an occasion existed for such an appointment, or at least that, whether there was or was not such an occasion was a judicial question which the court was called upon to solve.
The material part of the order in question is as follows:
“The said Edward H. Woodward be and he hereby is released and discharged from all liabilities of his said administration, and of the bond given by him as such executor upon [415]*415his paying and delivering the residue of said estate remaining in his hands according to said account, to wit: the sum of ($2,329.40) two thousand three hundred and twenty-nine dollars and 40-100 dollars held by him in trust, the income to be paid to Lucy M. Thomas during her life and after her death the principal to be paid to her children share and share alike as provided by the will of said deceased — and as to said $2,349.40 the said bond of said executor to be and remain in full' force until the further order of this court.”
That language seems plain. The county judge evidently supposed, and accordingly judicially determined, that Woodward’s duties as executor were not fully terminated till the principal sum mentioned, the trust fund, was paid over by him to those ultimately entitled thereto. He was very careful to leave no doubt about the matter. Ex industria■, he endeavored to impress that upon the executor and his bondsmen as well. There can be no reasonable controversy but that this language bears out that statement:
“And as to said $2,329.40 the said bond of said executor to be and remain in full force until the further order of this court.”
True, the word “trust” was used in the order, but it was used in such a manner as to clearly indicate that the idea in: the judicial mind was that the fund in the hands of the executor was to there remain in trust until otherwise ordered by the court. Hothing to indicate a purpose to transfer the fund from the control of Woodward, executor, to him in a purely trust capacity, appears. All indications are that the court considered that his office as executor, so far as regards executing the trust, should continue till the trust fund reached the ultimate takers, unless some other provision was made to execute the same. That may have been an erroneous view of the will and the law, but if so it was not one which the county judge had “no authority of law” to entertain. At most it was a mere error of judgment in the exercise of the undoubted jurisdiction of the court, — such an error, as has [416]
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MARSHALL, J.
The trial court seems to' have decided this case wholly upon the theory that it was competent in this action to review the proceedings of the county court of Dodge county, appointing Willard administrator de bonis non with the will annexed, of the estate of Josiah Woodward, and to declare the same void. The court seems to have exercised that supposed jurisdiction, to have declared such appointment absolutely void, and thereby reached the conclusion that no liability existed against his estate as administrator ‘de bonis non, consequently none against the estates of his deceased bondsmen. After reciting the facts leading up to and inclusive of Willard’s appointment, the learned circuit judge, [413]*413in. the opinion filed, on which the findings and conclusions upon which the judgment is based were made, used this language:
“There was no authority of law,''upon such a state of affairs, for the appointment of an administrator de bonis non; and that the sureties, signing the bond of Andrew Willard as administrator de bonis non only were liable for the legal effect of the bond, which was, that such administrator de bonis non should legally administer such estate as legally came into his hands as such administrator.”
We must assume that the language, “there was no authority of law,” was used by the learned judge upon the theory that the entry of the order settling the account of E. H. Woodward, executor, and adjudging the amount of the fund held by him in trust, ipso facto discharged him as executor, leaving nothing whatever to. be done by him as such in the Josiah Woodward estate; that the county court, by the subsequent proceedings, did not obtain any jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the appointment of an administrator da bonis non because there was, in fact, no occasion for such an appointment. Upon no other theory is it reasonable to suppose the judge looked upon the appointment of Willard as without any “authority of law.” Uo court has. yet been given the power, under our judicial system, to declare void in a collateral proceeding, any order or judgment of such or any other court because of judicial errors in entering it, however numerous or grievous they may be. ISTo principle of law is better settled than that judgments and orders are absolutely free from any such danger. Cody v. Cody, 98 Wis. 445, 74 N. W. 217; Roberts v. Weadock, 98 Wis. 405, 74 N. W. 93; Parsons v. Parsons, 101 Wis. 76, 77 N. W. 147; Wells, Res Judicata, § 217; Giffert v. West, 37 Wis. 115; Quackenbush v. W. & M. R. Co. 71 Wis. 472, 37 N. W. 834; Cramer v. Stone, 38 Wis. 259; Pray v. Hegeman, 98 N. Y. 351; Iowa Co. v. M. P. R. Co. 24 Wis. 93; Danaher v. Prentiss, 22 Wis. 311. When a court has jurisdiction to render a [414]*414judgment, every proposition assumed or decided, leading up to the final result embodied in it, is deemed to be included therein; and until it is reversed on appeal or in some direct proceedings to that end, it is deemed to be conclusive upon all parties to the proceeding in that and all courts. So it follows that if the county court of Dodge county had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the appointment of an administrator de bonis non to succeed E. H. Woodward upon the filing of his petition to that end, the circuit court in this action committed a grievous error in deciding that what the county court did in the exercise of its jurisdiction was void.
It is by no means clear but that, assuming that the order settling Woodward’s account as executor ipso facto terminated his office as such, or at least left a state of facts calling for the appointment of an administrator de bonis non, still a judicial question in regard to the matter was presented to the county court for adjudication, by the petition for such appointment, and in that event the rule above stated would bar any court from subsequently reviewing the proceedings and adjudging the final order or judgment entered upon the petition void in a collateral proceeding. Rut that question is rendered immaterial by the conclusion which'we have reached as to the effect of the order. Obviously, if that left Woodward with some duty to perform as executor, it being conceded that the situation at the time of its entry continued up to and inclusive of the time of the appointment of the administrator de bonis non, then it must be conceded, and is, as we understand it, — and if not, we should have to so hold,— that an occasion existed for such an appointment, or at least that, whether there was or was not such an occasion was a judicial question which the court was called upon to solve.
The material part of the order in question is as follows:
“The said Edward H. Woodward be and he hereby is released and discharged from all liabilities of his said administration, and of the bond given by him as such executor upon [415]*415his paying and delivering the residue of said estate remaining in his hands according to said account, to wit: the sum of ($2,329.40) two thousand three hundred and twenty-nine dollars and 40-100 dollars held by him in trust, the income to be paid to Lucy M. Thomas during her life and after her death the principal to be paid to her children share and share alike as provided by the will of said deceased — and as to said $2,349.40 the said bond of said executor to be and remain in full' force until the further order of this court.”
That language seems plain. The county judge evidently supposed, and accordingly judicially determined, that Woodward’s duties as executor were not fully terminated till the principal sum mentioned, the trust fund, was paid over by him to those ultimately entitled thereto. He was very careful to leave no doubt about the matter. Ex industria■, he endeavored to impress that upon the executor and his bondsmen as well. There can be no reasonable controversy but that this language bears out that statement:
“And as to said $2,329.40 the said bond of said executor to be and remain in full force until the further order of this court.”
True, the word “trust” was used in the order, but it was used in such a manner as to clearly indicate that the idea in: the judicial mind was that the fund in the hands of the executor was to there remain in trust until otherwise ordered by the court. Hothing to indicate a purpose to transfer the fund from the control of Woodward, executor, to him in a purely trust capacity, appears. All indications are that the court considered that his office as executor, so far as regards executing the trust, should continue till the trust fund reached the ultimate takers, unless some other provision was made to execute the same. That may have been an erroneous view of the will and the law, but if so it was not one which the county judge had “no authority of law” to entertain. At most it was a mere error of judgment in the exercise of the undoubted jurisdiction of the court, — such an error, as has [416]*416often been said, a court has jurisdiction, in other words, “authority of law,” to make.- Right or wrong’, the final conclusion declaring the law based on such an error, is the law in fact for the purpose of the proceeding, the same in one case as in another, and must be respected and regarded in all courts and places as embodying infallible truth, till otherwise determined in some one of the ways provided by our judicial system for reviewing the matter. “Judicia sunt tanqumn juris dicta, et pro veritate accipiuntur.”
It follows from what has been said that the supposed ground upon which the trial court rested the judgment appealed from does not exist. It is immaterial,' as we have seen, whether the purpose of Josiah Woodward was to separate the office of trustee from that of executor, or whether it should have been so separated by the judgment of the county court when there was no further use, necessarily, for an executor. It is sufficient that the two offices were, by the. judgment of the county court, one at the time of the appointment of the administrator de boruis non, and were by such judgment to continue so until the further order of that court, and accordingly did so continue down to and inclusive of the time of the appointment of the Milwaukee Trust Company as trustee and the judicial transfer of the right to the trust fund to such trustee, March 27, 1900. So the greater part of the argument in support of the judgment, made by respondent’s counsel, is irrelevant. It is useless to consider whether a state of facts existed calling for the appointment of an administrator de bonis non when Willard was appointed, or not. It is sufficient for this case that the county judge had jurisdiction to decide that matter and did decide it, and that his decision is not open to' collateral impeachment. There being no question on that point, and no question but that Willard received the trust fund pursuant to- his appointment as administrator de bonis non, and none as to the amount of the fund for which the estate of his bondsmen should be held — his account hav-[417]*417in.g been duly and regularly settled in a proceeding binding upon them (Holden v. Curry, 85 Wis. 504, 55 27. W. 965; Schoenleber v. Burkhardt, 94 Wis. 575, 69 N. W. 348; Roberts v. Weadock, 98 Wis. 400, 74 N. W. 93),- — and there being no dispute but that all the preliminary proceedings were regularly had necessary to authorize the bringing of this suit in the name of the county judge, the duty of the circuit court to render judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the amount of the trust fund, less the amount recovered from 'Willard’s estate, is plain.
By the Court. — The, judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause is remanded with directions to render judgment in accordance with this opinion.