Barlow v. United States

86 F.4th 1347

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: November 22, 2023
• Docket: 22-1381
• Status: Published

Opinion

Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 1 Filed: 11/22/2023

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

WILLIAM E. BARLOW, TWILA L. BARLOW, REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, LLC, ET AL., Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellee ______________________

2022-1381 ______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. 1:13-cv-00396-ZNS, Judge Zachary N. Somers. ______________________

Decided: November 22, 2023 ______________________

MICHAEL JAMES SMITH, Stewart, Wald & Smith, LLC, St. Louis, MO, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also rep- resented by STEVEN M. WALD; REED W. RIPLEY, Kansas City, MO.

TAMARA N. ROUNTREE, Appellate Section, Environment and Natural Resources Division, United States Depart- ment of Justice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-ap- pellee. Also represented by TODD KIM, WILLIAM B. LAZARUS. ______________________ Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 2 Filed: 11/22/2023

Before TARANTO, STOLL, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges. CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judge. This appeal originates from a “rails-to-trails” conver- sion in the state of Illinois, where Appellants own property adjacent to the railroad line. Appellants sued the govern- ment in the United States Court of Federal Claims, seeking compensation for alleged takings arising from the opera- tion of the National Trails System Act Amendments of 1983 (“Trails Act”), 16 U.S.C. § 1247(d). At the relevant time, the Court of Federal Claims concluded that Union Pacific Railroad Company (“Union Pacific”) held in fee sim- ple the parcels of land with written instruments, and that Appellants failed to establish that they held in fee simple the non-instrument parcels. See Barlow v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 186, 198–200, 202 (2015) (“Decision I”); Barlow v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 771, 784–86 (2020) (“Decision II”). 1 Accordingly, the Court of Federal Claims held that Appellants had no compensable property interests in the contested parcels and that no takings occurred. See Deci- sion I at 189, 202; Decision II at 775, 786. Appellants now appeal from these decisions. For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. I. BACKGROUND Between 1882 and 1883, the Peoria and Farmington Railway acquired property through conveyances, transfers, and condemnation and constructed the now-abandoned railroad line in dispute (the “Railroad Line”). See Decision I at 189. In July 2008, Union Pacific, the successor-in-

1 These decisions also involved other landowners, deeds, and properties that are not at issue in this appeal. See Decision I at 200–01; Decision II at 782, 785–86. Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 3 Filed: 11/22/2023

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interest to the Peoria and Farmington Railway, 2 filed a no- tice of exemption from formal abandonment proceedings with the Surface Transportation Board (“STB”), which has exclusive authority over the construction, operation, and abandonment of railroad lines. See id.; J.A. 593. A few weeks later, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources showed interest in acquiring the Railroad Line for rail- banking and interim trail use. See Decision I at 189; J.A. 594. In November 2008, the STB issued a Notice of Interim Trail Use (“NITU”) for the Railroad Line, allowing Union Pacific and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources to negotiate a railbanking and interim trail use agreement. See Decision I at 189; J.A. 593–95. On June 13, 2013, Appellants sued the United States, alleging Fifth Amendment takings claims by operation of the Trails Act with respect to fifty-one parcels of land lo- cated along the Railroad Line. See J.A. 64 ¶ 2, 65–66 ¶¶ 8–10 (Complaint); J.A. 77 ¶ 2, 83 ¶¶ 29–31 (First Amended Complaint); J.A. 96 ¶ 2, 107 ¶¶ 49–51 (Second Amended Complaint); J.A. 814 ¶ 2, 815–25 ¶¶ 6–48, 825 ¶¶ 50–52 (Third Amended Complaint); Decision I at 190, 192; Decision II at 776, 778. Twenty-eight parcels are rel- evant to this appeal. See Appellants’ Br. 22–23, 34, 39; 3 Appellee’s Br. 10–11. Of those parcels, (i) twenty-two were conveyed by instruments including the words “right of way” (“ROW Agreements”) (parcel numbers 21, 23, 37, 51–52, 55, 57–59, 74–75, 80, 83, 86, 91–96, 98, 102);

2 Union Pacific is also the successor-in-interest to the Burlington Monmouth & Illinois River Railway Com- pany and the Iowa Central Railway Company. See Deci- sion I at 189. 3 The Appellants only list twenty-seven parcels, com- bining two parcels (parcel numbers 57 and 58, J.A. 613–14) into one. Compare Appellants’ Br. 22–23 with Decision I at 190 n.2. Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 4 Filed: 11/22/2023

(ii) three were conveyed by instruments including the words “for railroad purposes” (“Purpose Agreements”) (par- cel numbers 44, 47, 50); and (iii) three are those for which Appellants have not produced relevant instruments (parcel numbers 33, 87, 90) (“non-instrument parcels”). See J.A. 608–21, 1209, 1213–14, 1217, 1226–31, 1236–38, 1249, 1253, 1256, 1260, 1264 (ROW Agreements); J.A. 623–24, 858 (Purpose Agreements); Appellants’ Br. 22–23, 34, 39; Appellee’s Br. 10–11. With respect to the ROW Agreements, the parties agree that the twenty-two agreements all include similar relevant language: RIGHT OF WAY In Consideration Of the benefits to be derived from the location and building of the BURLINGTON, MONMOUTH & ILLINOIS RIVER RAILWAY, and ONE DOLLAR to me in hand paid by said Rail- way Company, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, I do hereby grant and convey unto the said BURLINGTON, MONMOUTH & ILLINOIS RIVER RAILWAY COMPANY the RIGHT OF WAY for said Railway, . . . over or across the [description of land]. And I Promise and Agree To make all proper and necessary deeds to convey in fee simple to said Com- pany, said RIGHT OF WAY, as soon as said Rail- way is located on or across said above described premises[.] J.A. 618 (emphases added in italics); see Decision I at 196; Decision II at 783. 4

4 Some of the ROW Agreements do not contain the same relevant language as described above. See, e.g., J.A. Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 5 Filed: 11/22/2023

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With respect to the three Purpose Agreements, the agreement governing parcel number 44 recites in relevant part: [T]he Grantors . . . CONVEY and QUIT-CLAIM to the Burlington Monmouth and Illinois River Rail- way Company for railroad purposes . . . all interest in the following described real estate, to-wit: a strip of land[.] J.A. 623 (emphases added); see Decision I at 198. And the agreements governing parcel numbers 47 and 50 recite in relevant part: [T]he Grantors . . . Convey and Warrant for rail- road purposes to the Burlington Monmouth and Il- linois River Railway Company . . . the following described real estate, to-wit: A strip of land[.] J.A. 624, 858 (emphasis added); see Decision I at 198; Deci- sion II at 784–85. On November 14, 2014, Appellants filed a motion for partial summary judgment on whether takings occurred with respect to certain parcels, and the government subse- quently cross-moved for partial summary judgment on the same parcels, contending no takings occurred. Decision I at 192. Appellants again filed a motion for partial sum- mary judgment on the same question with respect to addi- tional parcels in March 2020, and the government also later cross-moved for partial summary judgment on these additional parcels. Decision II at 778.

610. However, this difference in language does not impact the outcome, and the parties agreed that the relevant lan- guage of the deed is recited above. Appellants’ Br. 23–24, Appellee’s Br. 22; see also Decision I at 196; Decision II at 776–77. Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 6 Filed: 11/22/2023

In deciding both sets of cross-motions for partial sum- mary judgment, the Court of Federal Claims denied Appel- lants’ motions and granted the government’s motions with respect to the parcels for which Appellants produced ROW Agreements and Purpose Agreements. See Decision I at 198–99; Decision II at 784–85. The Court of Federal Claims found that undisputed material facts show that Un- ion Pacific held these parcels in fee simple when the STB issued the NITU. See Decision I at 198–99; Decision II at 784–85. The Court of Federal Claims also denied Appel- lants’ partial summary judgment motion and granted the government’s partial summary judgment motion with re- spect to the non-instrument parcels at issue in Decision I because Appellants failed to meet their burden of proof to show that they have cognizable property interests in those parcels. See Decision I at 199–200, 202. Accordingly, the Court of Federal Claims entered a judgment under Rule 54(b) in favor of the government. See J.A. 1489. Appellants timely appealed. We have jurisdiction un- der 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3). II. STANDARD OF REVIEW “Whether a taking has occurred is a question of law based on factual underpinnings.” Chi. Coating Co., LLC v. United States, 892 F.3d 1164, 1169 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (cita- tion omitted). However, summary judgment is “in all re- spects reviewed de novo.” Cienega Gardens v. United States, 331 F.3d 1319, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citation omit- ted). “[S]ummary judgment is appropriate only when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and all factual infer- ences should be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Chi. Coating, 892 F.3d at 1169 (cita- tions omitted). Additionally, “[t]he nature or scope of a compensable property interest in a takings analysis is a question of law,” which we review de novo. Casitas Mun. Water Dist. v. United States, 708 F.3d 1340, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 7 Filed: 11/22/2023

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III. DISCUSSION We have set forth a three-part test to determine whether a claimant is entitled to compensation in rails-to- trails cases. Chi. Coating, 892 F.3d at 1170 (citation omit- ted). “If the railroad company owns the land in fee simple, then the Government cannot have committed a taking and the analysis ends.” Id. (citing Preseault v. United States, 100 F.3d 1525, 1533 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). “Second, if the rail- road possesses only an easement, the claimant must show that the trail use falls outside the scope of the easement.” Id. (citation omitted). “Finally, even if the easement per- mits using the land as a recreational trail, claimants may recover if the easement terminated or was abandoned prior to the alleged taking.” Id. (citation omitted). “[W]e must apply the law of the state where the property interest arises”—here, Illinois—in addressing these questions. Id. (citations omitted); see also Preseault, 100 F.3d at 1535–36, 1541–42, 1548–49 (applying state law). Under Illinois law, “‘the cardinal and all-important rule is to ascertain the intention of the parties,’ as gathered from the entire instrument, considering ‘the facts the par- ties had in mind, including their situation, the state of the property, and the objects to be attained.’” Chi. Coating, 892 F.3d at 1170 (first quoting Tallman v. E. Ill. & Peoria R. Co., 41 N.E.2d 537, 539 (Ill. 1942); and then quoting Mag- nolia Petro. Co. v. West, 30 N.E.2d 24, 26 (Ill. 1940)) (cleaned up). Certain words, such as “convey,” create a statutory presumption under the Illinois Conveyances Act that “a fee simple estate was intended absent limitation to a lesser estate by express words or construction of law.” Sowers v. Ill. Cent. Gulf R.R. Co., 503 N.E.2d 1082, 1085 (Ill. App. Ct. 1987); see 765 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/13. In deter- mining whether a deed conveys a fee or an easement to a railroad company, Illinois courts look at whether “the granting clause conveys a designated strip or piece of land, or whether it refers to a right or privilege with respect to the described premises.” McVey v. Unknown S’holders of Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 8 Filed: 11/22/2023

Inland Coal & Washing Co., 427 N.E.2d 215, 217 (Ill. App. Ct. 1981) (citation omitted). On appeal, Appellants argue that the Court of Federal Claims erred in finding that (i) the ROW Agreements con- veyed fee simple estates, see Appellants’ Br. 13; see also id. at 16–32; (ii) the Purpose Agreements conveyed fee simple estates, see id. at 13; see also id. at 32–36; and (iii) Appel- lants did not satisfy their burden to show cognizable prop- erty interests in the non-instrument parcels, see id. at 13; see also id. at 36–46. We address each argument in turn. A. The ROW Agreements Appellants argue that the Court of Federal Claims erred in interpreting the ROW Agreements as conveying fee simple estates rather than easements limited to rail- road purposes. See Appellants’ Br. 13, 16; see also id. at 16–32. First, Appellants argue that under Illinois law, “the Right of Way for said Railway” language in the ROW Agreements and the placement of this language in the granting clause show the parties’ intent to convey ease- ments rather than fee simple estates. See id. at 24, 27; see also id. 24–28. Appellants also argue that the Court of Fed- eral Claims erred in relying on the words “grant and con- vey” to support construing the ROW Agreements as conveying fee simple estates. See id. at 29. Further, Ap- pellants contend that language outside the granting clause—namely, the “over or across” language used to de- scribe the right granted with respect to the land, the “Right of Way” title, and the habendum clause 5—also indicates that the parties meant to convey easements. See id. at

5 The habendum clause “limit[s] and define[s] the es- tate granted,” and “if there is repugnancy between the granting clause and the habendum the former must pre- vail.” Morton v. Babb, 96 N.E. 279, 281 (Ill. 1911) (citations omitted). Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 9 Filed: 11/22/2023

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28–30. Lastly, Appellants argue that the extrinsic evi- dence, such as subsequent deeds, also supports their inter- pretation that the ROW Agreements convey easements. See id. at 31. The government counters that the Court of Federal Claims did not err in interpreting the ROW Agreements to convey fee simple estates. See Appellee’s Br. 15; see also id. 18–37. First, the government argues that the ROW Agreements’ “grant and convey” language created a rebut- table presumption that the ROW Agreements are fee sim- ple conveyances. See id. at 20–21; see also id. at 18–25. The government further argues that Appellants failed to rebut the statutory presumption because the ROW Agree- ments include no language that expressly limits the grant to a right of use. See id. at 25; see also id. 25–37. We agree with Appellants. Although the Court of Fed- eral Claims did not err in finding that a presumption of fee simple estate applies, see Decision I at 196; Decision II at 783, that presumption was rebutted by other express words in the agreement. For example, the ROW Agreements ex- pressly convey a “RIGHT OF WAY” as the object of the grant in the granting clause. See J.A. 618; Decision I at 196; Decision II at 783. Such a reference to a right of way, specifically in the granting clause, conveys an easement ra- ther than a fee simple. McVey, 427 N.E.2d at 217 (citations omitted); see also Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Cent. Ill. Pub. Serv. Co., 43 N.E.2d 993, 995–96 (Ill. 1942) (finding easement conveyed when grantor “grant[ed] . . . the right of way for said railroad”); Branch v. Cent. Tr. Co. of Ill., 151 N.E. 284, 285, 287 (Ill. 1926) (finding easement conveyed when grantor conveyed “a rail- road right of way”); Diaz v. Home Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n of Elgin, 786 N.E.2d 1033, 1042 (Ill. App. Ct. 2002) (ex- plaining that “the term ‘right-of-way’ is synonymous with ‘easement’”); Dep’t of Pub. Works & Bldgs. for & in Behalf of People v. Schmauss, 285 N.E.2d 628, 629–30 (Ill. App. Ct. 1972) (finding easement conveyed when grantor Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 10 Filed: 11/22/2023

“g[a]ve, remise[d], release[d], convey[ed] and quit- claim[ed] . . . the right of way”). Outside the granting clause, other express words in the ROW Agreements also rebut the presumption. First, the ROW Agreements’ “RIGHT OF WAY” title demonstrates an intention to convey easements. See Penn Cent. Corp. v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 512 N.E.2d 118, 120 (Ill. App. Ct. 1987) (explaining that deed entitled “Right of Way Deed” and referring to a right-of-way in the granting clause will be construed to convey an easement). Second, the “over or across” and “on or across” language in the ROW Agreements is consistent with the description of the right of way and shows an intent to convey an easement. See McVey, 427 N.E.2d at 217 (finding “over and through” lan- guage to indicate an easement); Diaz, 786 N.E.2d at 1042 (finding easement conveyed because “[c]onstruing [the] deed as creating a fee simple” would “render[] the terms ‘over and through’ and ‘right-of-way’ meaningless”). We also find that the ROW Agreements’ second para- graph—the habendum clause—supports our interpreta- tion. The government argues that the clause shows the intent to convey fee simple estates by reciting that the grantors agreed “to make all proper and necessary deeds ‘to convey in fee simple.’” Appellee’s Br. 23. However, the full sentence states: “And I Promise and Agree To make all proper and necessary deeds to convey in fee simple to said Company, said RIGHT OF WAY, . . .” J.A. 618; see Deci- sion I at 196; Decision II at 783. Interpreting the ROW Agreements to mean “that the railroad acquire[d] a fee in the easement or right-of-way . . . harmonizes all the Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 11 Filed: 11/22/2023

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provisions.” Abrams v. Royse, 569 N.E.2d 1329, 1333 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991). 6 We are not persuaded by the government’s argument that the use of the term “right of way” in the ROW Agree- ments refers to the land conveyed, not a limitation on the interest conveyed. Appellee’s Br. 27; see id. at 26–28. The government’s argument fails because the cases are distin- guishable. The court in Urbaitis concluded that the “right of way” term was “used merely as a shorthand reference to the land itself” in the deed at issue because it was located “in the conditions clause” of the deed and not “in the actual granting clause of the deed.” 575 N.E.2d at 552–53. Be- cause the “right of way” language appears in the granting clause in this case, Urbaitis is inapposite. See id. at 553–54 (distinguishing cases based on whether the “right of way” language appeared in the granting clause or in another part of the deed). The other cases relied on by the govern- ment are similarly distinguishable. In both Sowers and Chicago Coating, the “right of way” language was in the legal description of the land, not in the granting clause of the pertinent deed. Sowers, 503 N.E.2d at 1088; Chi. Coat- ing, 892 F.3d at 1171–72. Those cases are unlike the pre- sent case where the “right of way” language serves to limit the conveyance. Because we conclude that the Court of Federal Claims erred in finding that the ROW Agreements conveyed fee simple estates rather than easements, we reverse the

6 We do not reach Appellants’ arguments concerning extrinsic evidence, Appellants’ Br. 31, because we find the language in the ROW Agreements unambiguously conveys easements. See Urbaitis v. Commonwealth Edison, 575 N.E.2d 548, 552 (Ill. 1991) (“Absent an ambiguity in the deed, the intention of the parties must be discerned solely from the language of the instrument, without consideration of extrinsic factors.”). Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 12 Filed: 11/22/2023

grants of the government’s motions for partial summary judgment as to the relevant parcels and the denials of Ap- pellants’ motions for partial summary judgment as to the same parcels. B. The Purpose Agreements For the Purpose Agreements, Appellants argue that the Court of Federal Claims also erred in interpreting those agreements to convey fee simple estates. See Appel- lants’ Br. 13; see also id. at 32–36. Because the three deeds all include expressly declared purposes in the granting clause, Appellants argue that they convey easements. See id. at 14; see also id. at 33–35. Appellants further argue that the Court of Federal Claims mistakenly relied on cases discussing deeds that did not include an expression of pur- pose in the granting clause. See id. at 35–36. We agree with Appellants. As was the case for the ROW Agreements, the Court of Federal Claims correctly found a rebuttable presumption of a fee simple estate for each of the Purpose Agreements based on the Illinois Con- veyances Act. Decision I at 198; Decision II at 785. But this presumption is rebutted by the language in the grant- ing clause of the deeds that restricts the right of the con- veyance to a lesser estate, i.e., “for railroad purposes.” See Tallman, 41 N.E.2d at 543 (“[W]here there is language, ei- ther in the granting clause or in the habendum of the deed, limiting the estate conveyed by such granting words to one less in extent than a fee, such words of limitation will be given effect.”); cf. Urbaitis, 575 N.E.2d at 553 (“It is of con- siderable relevance that neither the term ‘right-of-way’ nor any other language purporting to limit the estate appears in the actual granting clause of the deed. . . . We cannot conclude that the incidental use of the term ‘right-of-way’ in the conditions clause was intended to limit the estate granted to a mere easement.”). In circumstances similar to the one in this case, courts have held that an easement was conveyed. For example, Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 13 Filed: 11/22/2023

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in Carter Oil Co. v. Myers, the Seventh Circuit found a deed conveyed an easement under Illinois law despite the “grant, convey and dedicate” language in part because of the limiting language “for the purpose of a public highway” in the granting clause. 105 F.2d 259, 260–61 (7th Cir. 1939). The Seventh Circuit reasoned that to construe the deed as granting a fee would “give the maximum effect to the words ‘grant and convey,’ and [] completely ignore the other terminology of the instrument which to us appears to be definitive of its real intent.” Id. at 261. In Magnolia, the Supreme Court of Illinois held that a similar granting clause in the deed, stating “to be used for road purpose,” indicated an intent to convey an easement despite also in- cluding the phrase “convey and warrant.” 30 N.E.2d at 25–27. The cases relied on by the Court of Federal Claims do not persuade us to reach a different conclusion. See Deci- sion I at 198–99 (citing cases); Decision II at 784–85 (same). These cases are distinguishable and do not require finding conveyances of fee simple interests because they involve deeds where the limiting language appeared in the recital or consideration clause, not in the granting clause. In Penn Central, the court found the “‘for the purpose of’ lan- guage . . . to be merely expressive of the purpose which mo- tivated the grantor to make the conveyance,” and thus did “not purport to limit the estate conveyed[.]” 512 N.E.2d at 120. In Sowers, the court held that “the language of pur- pose in the consideration clause cannot be construed to limit the estate conveyed.” 503 N.E.2d at 1086. In Keen v. Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi. & St. Louis Ry. Co., the court likewise found that the purpose language was “merely a recital of the consideration for the deed” and, therefore, “d[id] not purport to be a limitation on the estate con- veyed.” 64 N.E.2d 499, 503 (Ill. 1945). This court’s holding in Chicago Coating is similarly in- apposite. There, in addressing the Jones Deed, the court held “the right of way,” “for railroad purposes,” and “over Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 14 Filed: 11/22/2023

and across” language did not limit the conveyance of the parcel but described the right-of-way the rail line already owned. 892 F.3d at 1171–72. Moreover, when discussing the Wilkins Deed, the court indicated that the granting clause was “devoid of any easement-indicating language,” such as “reference to how the land would be used,” and held that the deed conveyed the property in fee simple. Id. at 1173–74. Because we conclude that the Court of Federal Claims erred in finding the Purpose Agreements conveyed fee sim- ple estates rather than easements, we reverse the grants of the government’s motions for partial summary judgment as to the relevant parcels and the denials of Appellant’s motions for partial summary judgment as to the same par- cels. C. The Non-Instrument Parcels For the non-instrument parcels, Appellants argue that as a matter of Illinois state law no conveyance documents apply, see Appellants’ Br. 38–39, and contend that the greatest interests Union Pacific could have obtained were easements via adverse possession, see id. at 38. Appellants further argue that because they own the fee simple inter- ests in land abutting the Railroad Line, they are presumed to own fee simple interests in the land within the ease- ments. See id. at 41–42. The government argues in response that the Appel- lants failed to meet their burden of establishing cognizable property interests because (i) evidence suggests that the conveyance instruments exist, but Appellants failed to pro- duce them, see Appellee’s Br. 49–50, and (ii) Appellants failed to make the case that Union Pacific acquired the dis- puted parcels via adverse possession, see id. at 50–52. Ad- ditionally, the government contends that even if Appellants established adverse possession, a railroad can acquire fee simple interests by adverse possession. See id. at 54. Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 15 Filed: 11/22/2023

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Here too, we agree with the Appellants. At the outset, the parties dispute which party bears the burden of proof concerning lost instruments. See Appellants’ Br. 42–44; Appellee’s Br. 49–50. Under Illinois law, once it is estab- lished that the conveyance instruments were lost, the party relying on the contents of the lost instruments—here, the government—has the burden to establish their contents by clear and convincing evidence. See Whipple v. Carrico, 137 N.E. 84, 86 (Ill. 1922) (“A party seeking to establish the ex- istence and contents of a lost deed . . . must bear the burden of making such proof in a clear and conclusive manner.”) (emphasis added); Metcalf v. Altenritter, 369 N.E.2d 498, 500–01 (Ill. App. 1977) (“If the deed were lost or destroyed, defendants [who argued deed conveyed title to them] had the burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that it was executed and delivered as required by law.”). Applying this framework, Appellants argue that the conveyance instruments were lost or destroyed. See Appel- lants’ Br. 41. Appellants produced evidence of a diligent search, including valuation schedules, written requests, and subpoenas to acquire documents related to the Peoria and Farmington Railway’s acquisition of use rights, but Appellants were unable to locate the conveyance instru- ments. 7 See Rankin v. Crow, 19 Ill. 626, 629 (1858) (ex- plaining that one “must search every place where there is a reasonable probability that it may be found,” before a court can admit secondary evidence of the contents of a lost or destroyed instrument) (citation omitted); Hawley v. Hawley, 58 N.E. 332, 334 (Ill. 1900) (finding proof of loss or

7 See Appellants’ Br. 39–41; J.A. 583–607 (subpoena to Union Pacific); J.A 636–38 (Appellant’s letter and Union Pacific’s reply indicating it could not locate the document requested for parcel number 33); J.A 625–26 (Union Pa- cific’s memo indicating no record of conveyance to the rail- road for parcel numbers 87 and 90). Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 16 Filed: 11/22/2023

destruction of documents to be sufficient when a diligent search was conducted at the office of the deceased and in the safe where he kept such papers). Appellants have thus established that the written instruments, if they ever ex- isted, were lost or destroyed. We further agree with Appellants that the government failed to demonstrate the content of the lost deed with clear and convincing evidence, see Appellants’ Br. 42–43 & n.18, and that the lost instruments are therefore void. When a deed is lost, but “there is uncertainty as to description, the deed is void.” Chi., Wilmington & Franklin Coal Co. v. Menhall, 42 F. Supp. 81, 82 (E.D. Ill. 1941), aff’d in part, modified in part, 131 F.2d 117 (7th Cir. 1942) (citations omitted); Whipple, 137 N.E. at 86 (“There is not sufficient proof of the contents of the deed to establish title.”); Shipley v. Shipley, 113 N.E. 906, 910 (Ill. 1916) (“In our judgment the evidence in this case regarding the material parts of this alleged lost deed is not sufficiently clear and convinc- ing to sustain the decree.”); see also Alleman v. Hammond, 70 N.E. 661, 661 (Ill. 1904) (“When the land intended to be conveyed cannot be located from the description thereof in the deed, the deed is void for uncertainty.”) (citation omit- ted). Any parol evidence “regarding a deed’s existence and contents must be clear and convincing.” Menhall, 42 F. Supp. at 82. Although the government points to the valu- ation schedules in an attempt to establish that specific in- struments existed as to the conveyance of the parcels, see Appellee’s Br. 49–50, those valuation schedules do not specify the interests acquired by the railroad, merely not- ing the kind of instrument as “contract” for parcel number 33 and “deed memo” for parcel numbers 87 and 90. J.A. 599, 604–05. See Superior Oil Co. v. Harsh, 39 F. Supp. 467, 469 (E.D. Ill. 1941) (“[N]o presumption or inference arises from the fact that a paper bearing the word ‘deed’ was at one time amongst certain records . . . .”), decree aff’d, 126 F.2d 572, 573–75 (7th Cir. 1942). Because there was no clear and convincing parol evidence establishing the Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 17 Filed: 11/22/2023

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contents of the conveyance instruments, they are presumed to be void. Appellants next argue that where there are no valid conveyance instruments, Union Pacific could have at most obtained prescriptive easements. See Appellants’ Br. 38; see also id. 36–38. We agree. Article 2, Section 13 of the Illinois Constitution of 1870 provides that “[t]he fee of land taken for railroad tracks, without consent of the owners thereof, shall remain in such owners, subject to the use for which it is taken.” ILL. CONST. art. II, § 13 (1870); see also Branch, 151 N.E. at 288 (same); Chi. & E. Ill. R.R. Co. v. Clapp, 66 N.E. 223, 224 (Ill. 1903) (same). Therefore, with- out evidence that an express grant took place, the greatest interests Union Pacific could have obtained were ease- ments. Lastly, we agree that the Appellants established that they own fee simple interests in the non-instrument par- cels because of the centerline presumption. See generally Appellant’s Br. 41–42. We, like the Court of Federal Claims, recognize that Appellants have “put forward docu- ments to show that [they] own the land abutting the dis- puted parcels.” Decision I at 199 & n.11; see Ex. M to Plaintiffs’ Mot. Partial Summ. J., Barlow v. United States, No. 1:13-cv-00396-LKG (Fed. Cl. Nov. 14, 2014) (Dkt. 28- 3–8) (claim books including deeds for the landowners at is- sue). It is further undisputed that these records show that Appellants owned the land abutting the Railroad Line. De- cision I at 189; see Oral Arg. at 30:39–31:15, https://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/default.aspx?fl=2 2-1381_02072023.mp3 (government conceding that it was incorrect that Appellants “failed to establish as a threshold matter that they themselves own the land adjoining the [non-instrument] Parcels,” citing Appellee’s Br. 48). In Il- linois, the centerline presumption applies, and therefore Appellants are presumed to hold fee simple interests in the non-instrument parcels by establishing that they own the land abutting those parcels. See Prall v. Burckhartt, 132 Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 18 Filed: 11/22/2023

N.E. 280, 282 (Ill. 1921) (noting that at common law, “[a] deed of an abutting lot passed the title to the center of the street—or included the entire street, as the case might be— burdened, of course, with the easement.”); see also Castillo v. United States, 952 F.3d 1311, 1320–21 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (holding Florida’s centerline presumption of high- ways and streets apply to railroads, and noting “[m]any other jurisdictions—very much the predominant number among those whose law has been cited to us—have applied the centerline presumption to railroad rights-of- way”); cf. Diaz, 786 N.E.2d at 1039–41 (finding “by virtue of the chain of title leading back to [grantor], [abutting landowners] have demonstrated that they hold title to the right-of-way” formerly used by a railroad). Because we hold that Union Pacific can at most obtain easements, not fees, due to the voided, lost instruments, the presumption that Appellants own fee simple interests to the centerline of the railroad corridor is unrebutted. 8 We also are not persuaded by the government’s citation to cases purporting to hold that the railroad can obtain fee interests via adverse possession. See Appellee’s Br. 53–54. For example, the government’s reliance on Court of Federal Claims cases applying laws of other states is misplaced. See Appellee’s Br. 53–54 (citing McClurg Fam. Farm, LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 1 (2014) (applying Iowa law); Hardy v. United States, 127 Fed. Cl. 1, on reconsideration in part, 129 Fed. Cl. 513 (2016), and aff’d in part, vacated

8 Because we find that the Court of Federal Claims erred as to the non-instrument parcels, we need not con- sider Appellants’ alternative argument that the denial by the Court of Federal Claims of the government’s partial summary judgment motion regarding similar parcels with- out instruments in Decision II contradicted its grant of the government’s partial summary judgment motion in Deci- sion I. See Appellants’ Br. 45–46. Case: 22-1381 Document: 47 Page: 19 Filed: 11/22/2023

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in part, remanded, 965 F.3d 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (applying Georgia law); Rogers v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 387 (2012) (applying Florida law), aff’d, 814 F.3d 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2015)). Because we rely on Illinois state law in finding Union Pacific at most obtained easements, these cases are unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, the Court of Federal Claims erred in finding that Appellants “have simply not met their burden” to show that they owned the non-instrument par- cels in fee simple at the time that the STB issued the NITU. Decision I at 200. Therefore, we reverse the decision of the Court of Federal Claims granting the government’s motion for partial summary judgment as to the non-instrument parcels and denying the Appellants’ motion for partial summary judgment as to the same parcels. Id. IV. CONCLUSION We have considered the government’s remaining argu- ments and find them unpersuasive. We conclude that the ROW Agreements and the Purpose Agreements conveyed easements to Union Pacific. We also conclude that Appel- lants met their burden to show a cognizable property inter- est in parcel numbers 33, 87 and 90 and that Union Pacific could not have held interests greater than easements in these parcels. Accordingly, we reverse the grants of the government’s motions for partial summary judgment and denials of Appellants’ motions for partial summary judg- ment with respect to the twenty-eight parcels at issue and remand to the Court of Federal Claims for further proceed- ings consistent with this opinion. REVERSED AND REMANDED COSTS No costs.