Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court:
Did the council have jurisdiction to make the improvement? is the question presented by this appeal. The charter of Oregon City furnishes two methods for acquiring jurisdiction to make street improvements: (1) Sections 67-71 provide that the council may make street improvements by publishing a notice of its intention, particularly describing the street and character of the improvement, in four issues of some weekly newspaper of said city, and if no remonstrance from the resident owners of two thirds of the property abutting on said street be presented within ten days from the final publication of said notice, the council shall have authority to make the [518]*518improvements described in the notice; (2) Section 93 provides that when the owners of two thirds of the property adjoining a street shall in writing petition the council to establish a grade or improve a street, the same may be done without giving any notice. When the owners of two thirds of the adjacent property signed the petition, jurisdiction was given the council to make the improvements prayed for, and accomplished the same result that could have been obtained by the publication of a notice, and the failure to remonstrate. The record shows that the notice of intention to improve with crushed rock was republished for the .required period after the petition was signed on behalf of the city, and it must be presumed, in the absence of any allegation to the contrary, that such notice was published by order of the council, and hence it acquired jurisdiction to make the improvement described in the notice.
1. Appellants contend that the petition was altered without their consent, after it had been signed by the petitioners, and that the council had no jurisdiction to make said improvement with gravel. The petition shows that the words, “to said grade and improved with gravel,” had been interlined therein, and much evidence was taken to show that this change had been made after it had been signed by the petitioners. The evidence shows that one T. P. Randall wrote the petition, and, upon consultation with the mayor, it was agreed that it should state the kind of improvement intended, whereupon Mr. Randall, in the presence of the mayor, made the interlineation before any names had been secured thereto. The mayor and Mr. Randall both testify to this fact, while other witnesses testify that they have no recollection of seeing the interlineation when the petition was submitted to them. We think it conclusively appears from the evidence that the petition contained the interlineation before any person signed it, and was sufficient to give the council [519]*519jurisdiction to make the improvement with gravel. Jurisdiction was acquired by the publication of the notice to grade the street to the established grade for its full width and cover it with crushed rock, and by the petition for the same grade with a cover of gravel. Appellants contend that since the notice prescribed crushed rock the council had no authority to substitute gravel therefor. “If,” says Judge Elliott, “power is conferred upon the council, and two methods of exercissng it are prescribed, it will be sufficient to sustain the assessment if it affirmatively appears that it was well executed in either of the modes prescribed”: Elliott on Roads and Streets, 378. The council adopted gravel, and the plaintiffs cannot have been injured thereby unless the cost of making the improvement with it exceeded that of crushed rock, or unless the latter material was superior to gravel for street purposes. The evidence shows that the rock available for that purpose was rotten, would soon be ground into powder, was not so serviceable, and would cost when laid upon the street thirty cents per cubic yard more than gravel. From this it would appear that there was a double advantage in the use of gravel in consequence of its superiority and cheapness.
2. Appellants attack the petition, and attempt to show by evidence that it did not contain the names of the owners of two thirds of the adjacent property. They allege in their complaint that after the petition was signed by the mayor and recorder, “that such petition so constituted, then failed to contain the signatures of two thirds of the adjacent property owners on said street along the line of the proposed improvements.” Assuming without deciding that they could attack the petition in a collateral proceeding, does their complaint present any issue upon this question? The charter provides that .when the owners of two thirds of the adjoining property petition the council to improve a street, jurisdiction is thereby acquired for [520]*520that purpose. It is the amount of property represented upon the petition, and not the number of names, which gives the council jurisdiction. If one person who owned two thirds of all the property adjoining a street should petition the council for its improvement, and any number of other property owners should remonstrate against it, the council would have jurisdiction to make the improvement. The complaint then raises no issue upon the question, and all evidence taken in support of said allegation was immaterial, and subject to respondent’s exception to its introduction.
3. Appellants also contend that there is nothing in the record of the council’s proceedings to indicate that the cost of said improvement was to be assessed against their property. Some testimony was offered by appellants tending to show that they had no knowledge that the proposed improvements would be assessed against their property, and a stipulation was entered into between the parties to the effect that each plaintiff would testify that he had no knowledge of any alleged defect in the proceedings of the city council relative to the street improvement until the contract therefor had been let. Admitting that they had no actual knowledge, they are chargeable with constructive notice of the fact if the provisions of the city charter have been observed. An ordinance was on the thirteenth of July, 1891, duly published in said paper, which provided “ That there be and is hereby assessed on each of the following described lots and parts of lots lying on Seventh Street between High Street and the city limits, the amount severally indicated herein, and representing in the aggregate the probable cost of the proposed improvement of Seventh Street in Oregon City as hereinafter assessed and determined by the council, and the recorder is hereby instructed to enter the same in the docket of city liens.” Then follow the names of the owners, a list of the property and the amount assessed against it. Sec[521]*521tion 74 of the charter provides that in case the notice he for the improvement of a street or part thereof, the council may proceed to ascertain and determine the probable cost of making such improvement, and assess upon each lot or part thereof liable therefor, its share of such cost; and section 75 provides that when the cost has been ascertained and determined, the council must declare the same by ordinance, and direct the recorder to enter a statement thereof in the docket of city liens. The improvement of a street must in all instances be made by an assessment upon abutting property. Section 96 provides that when any street is to he repaired, the council must declare, by ordinance, whether the cost thereof shall be assessed upon the adjacent property or be paid out of the general fund of the city. The repair of a street may, in the discretion of the council, be made from the general fund of the city or by assessment of the property.
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Mr. Justice Moore
delivered the opinion of the court:
Did the council have jurisdiction to make the improvement? is the question presented by this appeal. The charter of Oregon City furnishes two methods for acquiring jurisdiction to make street improvements: (1) Sections 67-71 provide that the council may make street improvements by publishing a notice of its intention, particularly describing the street and character of the improvement, in four issues of some weekly newspaper of said city, and if no remonstrance from the resident owners of two thirds of the property abutting on said street be presented within ten days from the final publication of said notice, the council shall have authority to make the [518]*518improvements described in the notice; (2) Section 93 provides that when the owners of two thirds of the property adjoining a street shall in writing petition the council to establish a grade or improve a street, the same may be done without giving any notice. When the owners of two thirds of the adjacent property signed the petition, jurisdiction was given the council to make the improvements prayed for, and accomplished the same result that could have been obtained by the publication of a notice, and the failure to remonstrate. The record shows that the notice of intention to improve with crushed rock was republished for the .required period after the petition was signed on behalf of the city, and it must be presumed, in the absence of any allegation to the contrary, that such notice was published by order of the council, and hence it acquired jurisdiction to make the improvement described in the notice.
1. Appellants contend that the petition was altered without their consent, after it had been signed by the petitioners, and that the council had no jurisdiction to make said improvement with gravel. The petition shows that the words, “to said grade and improved with gravel,” had been interlined therein, and much evidence was taken to show that this change had been made after it had been signed by the petitioners. The evidence shows that one T. P. Randall wrote the petition, and, upon consultation with the mayor, it was agreed that it should state the kind of improvement intended, whereupon Mr. Randall, in the presence of the mayor, made the interlineation before any names had been secured thereto. The mayor and Mr. Randall both testify to this fact, while other witnesses testify that they have no recollection of seeing the interlineation when the petition was submitted to them. We think it conclusively appears from the evidence that the petition contained the interlineation before any person signed it, and was sufficient to give the council [519]*519jurisdiction to make the improvement with gravel. Jurisdiction was acquired by the publication of the notice to grade the street to the established grade for its full width and cover it with crushed rock, and by the petition for the same grade with a cover of gravel. Appellants contend that since the notice prescribed crushed rock the council had no authority to substitute gravel therefor. “If,” says Judge Elliott, “power is conferred upon the council, and two methods of exercissng it are prescribed, it will be sufficient to sustain the assessment if it affirmatively appears that it was well executed in either of the modes prescribed”: Elliott on Roads and Streets, 378. The council adopted gravel, and the plaintiffs cannot have been injured thereby unless the cost of making the improvement with it exceeded that of crushed rock, or unless the latter material was superior to gravel for street purposes. The evidence shows that the rock available for that purpose was rotten, would soon be ground into powder, was not so serviceable, and would cost when laid upon the street thirty cents per cubic yard more than gravel. From this it would appear that there was a double advantage in the use of gravel in consequence of its superiority and cheapness.
2. Appellants attack the petition, and attempt to show by evidence that it did not contain the names of the owners of two thirds of the adjacent property. They allege in their complaint that after the petition was signed by the mayor and recorder, “that such petition so constituted, then failed to contain the signatures of two thirds of the adjacent property owners on said street along the line of the proposed improvements.” Assuming without deciding that they could attack the petition in a collateral proceeding, does their complaint present any issue upon this question? The charter provides that .when the owners of two thirds of the adjoining property petition the council to improve a street, jurisdiction is thereby acquired for [520]*520that purpose. It is the amount of property represented upon the petition, and not the number of names, which gives the council jurisdiction. If one person who owned two thirds of all the property adjoining a street should petition the council for its improvement, and any number of other property owners should remonstrate against it, the council would have jurisdiction to make the improvement. The complaint then raises no issue upon the question, and all evidence taken in support of said allegation was immaterial, and subject to respondent’s exception to its introduction.
3. Appellants also contend that there is nothing in the record of the council’s proceedings to indicate that the cost of said improvement was to be assessed against their property. Some testimony was offered by appellants tending to show that they had no knowledge that the proposed improvements would be assessed against their property, and a stipulation was entered into between the parties to the effect that each plaintiff would testify that he had no knowledge of any alleged defect in the proceedings of the city council relative to the street improvement until the contract therefor had been let. Admitting that they had no actual knowledge, they are chargeable with constructive notice of the fact if the provisions of the city charter have been observed. An ordinance was on the thirteenth of July, 1891, duly published in said paper, which provided “ That there be and is hereby assessed on each of the following described lots and parts of lots lying on Seventh Street between High Street and the city limits, the amount severally indicated herein, and representing in the aggregate the probable cost of the proposed improvement of Seventh Street in Oregon City as hereinafter assessed and determined by the council, and the recorder is hereby instructed to enter the same in the docket of city liens.” Then follow the names of the owners, a list of the property and the amount assessed against it. Sec[521]*521tion 74 of the charter provides that in case the notice he for the improvement of a street or part thereof, the council may proceed to ascertain and determine the probable cost of making such improvement, and assess upon each lot or part thereof liable therefor, its share of such cost; and section 75 provides that when the cost has been ascertained and determined, the council must declare the same by ordinance, and direct the recorder to enter a statement thereof in the docket of city liens. The improvement of a street must in all instances be made by an assessment upon abutting property. Section 96 provides that when any street is to he repaired, the council must declare, by ordinance, whether the cost thereof shall be assessed upon the adjacent property or be paid out of the general fund of the city. The repair of a street may, in the discretion of the council, be made from the general fund of the city or by assessment of the property. When a street is to be repaired, the council must declare, by ordinance, how it must be made; but when a street is to be improved, the council has no discretion in the matter, and must make it by assessment of the adjoining property. In the case at bar, the published notice provided for an improvement, and the petition prayed for the same; and when the council adopted an ordinance for the improvement of the street by assessing the adjoining property, it was a compliance with the provisions of the charter, and appellants had constructive notice from the provisions of the charter, from the published notice of intention to improve, from the petition, and from the published ordinance, that said improvements would be made at the expense of their property.
4. The record shows that at a regular meeting of the council held on the- of June, 1891, the following order was adopted: “Moved that the council sit as a board of equalization on the evening of the twentieth of June, 1891,” whereupon the council adjourned to meet at that date. The council met at the time named, and an [522]*522ordinance declaring the assessment was introduced and read at that meeting, but the record does not show that any notice was given the owners of the property affected by the assessment that said council would at that time sit as a board of equalization. The complaint does not allege that this notice was not given; but in the reply it is alleged that after the petition was filed, the plaintiffs had no notice or knowledge of any of the proceedings of the council in relation to said improvement until after the contract therefor had been let. The complaint does not raise the issue of a failure to give this notice; and since the record shows that the council fixed a time for the meeting to equalize the assessment, in the absence of any allegation to the contrary, it must be presumed that the council gave the required notice of such meeting.
Jurisdiction having been obtained to make the improvement, the right to levy the assessment is unquestioned. It is a fundamental principle, as old as Magna Charta, that before any person can be deprived of his property he must have an opportunity to be heard. In cases of assessment, this means that at some time and place he shall have a hearing, or an opportunity to be heard, before the assessment becomes irrevocably fixed (Stewart v. Palmer, 74 N. Y. 184; 30 Am. Rep. 289), not for the purpose of avoiding the burden cast upon his property by the improvement, but that it shall not bear an unequal portion. The ordinance declaring the assessment against the property was not passed or approved until the fifth of August, at which time the recorder was ordered to enter the assessment in the docket of city liens, and it thereby became irrevocably fixed. If at any time prior to the approval of the ordinance the appellants had an opportunity to be heard upon the question of the proportion of the burden which their property should bear, this was their day in court,” and the assessment would have been made by “due process of law.” Notice of the time and place of meeting for the purpose of [523]*523equalizing the assessment must in all cases be given, as it is the process by which jurisdiction is given to determine what proportion of the burden each tract should bear. The council having jurisdiction to make the improvement and apportion the expense thereof, the assessment is valid, and it follows that the decree must be affirmed.