SAYRE, J.
Complainants seek an injunction for the protection of an alleged right of way over and through an alley at one time in use between their property and that of the defendant. By its cross-bill the defendant claims to own the soil of the alley in fee, unincumbered by any servitude, and would have the court make a quietus of complainants’ claim of right. For many years the alley in question opened into Royal street, between St. Anthony and St. Louis streets, in [32] the city of Mobile. The square from which it issued had a front on the west side of Royal street of 242 feet, some inches more or less. The north line of this alley is 82 feet and 10 inches south from the south line of St. Anthony street, and its south line is approximately 140 feet north from the north line of St. Louis street. The alley is, or was during its use as such, 19 feet wide. Probably from a time prior to 1848 — certainly from 1859, at the latest — and until 1892, this alley was precisely defined at its Royal street end by substantial buildings on either side which stood flush with the line of Royal street. The property to the rear on either hand was acquired from different sources, and the evidence as to that part of the alley differs somewhat from that which relates to the rights of the parties in respect to the part next to Royal street. We think on the whole that it lends weight to the defendant’s case; but the mass of evidence is so great that we have avoided a detailed statement of the titles of the parties to the property attingent upon the alley towards the real’. The easement claimed is of value and consequence only as it may afford an approach to Royal street. Prom 1840 to about 1869 one McDermott owned and occupied the premises to the north now owned by complainants. English — there were two Englishes, father and son, who owned the property in succession, but for convenience we refer to them as English — under whom defendant claims, owned the property to the south on Royal street from 1835 to 1859, and that to the rear until 1868. The alley was defined by the erection of buildings on either side during the ownership of these parties. In 1892 the buildings on the property now claimed by complainants were condemned and destroyed by the municipal authorities. The English property having been acquired in the meantime by the [33] Electric Light Company of Mobile, defendant’s immediate predecessor in title, that company took also, in 1895, a lease of complainants’ property from its then owner, so that, from that time until shortly before this bill was filed, the property on both sides of the alley was in one possession. Complainants state their case substantially as follows: That the soil of the alley at the time it was opened was owned by McDermott or jointly by McDermott and English; that McDermott and English each claimed the ownership of the alley or a part thereof, and opened it in mutual recognition of their respective rights to its use; or that, wholly apart from their alleged ownership of the soil, they have acquired an easement of passage by prescription. The case here stated concedes throughout defendant’s right to the use of the alley. The evidence for complainants has-been directed to the proof of two propositions: (1) That they own a part, if not the whole, of the soil of the alley; and (2) that for. more than 20 years they were in the open, notorious, continuous, and adverse user of the easement claimed.
1. The early records bearing upon the title in question are imperfect, and the measurements recited in the conveyances shown are manifestly inaccurate. We consider the case on the evidence at hand. Complainants are in undisputed posséssion of a lot measuring 82 feet on Royal street south from St. Anthony. Except for their use of the alley in common with those under whom the defendant claims, to which we will refer later, neither the complainants nor their predecessors in title are shown to have ever had a possession extending south- of the line 82 feet south from S-t. Anthony street. Prom 1816 to 1835 the various deeds which: appear in their chain of title described their lot as fronting 72 feet on Royal street and bounded on the south by lands [34] of Thomas P. Norris and Lonis Baudin. In a deed from George J. S. Walker to John Byrnes, dated February 9, 1835, the lot is described as fronting 82 feet on Royal street and bounded on the south by the property of English. A number of later conveyances, including that to McDermott in the year 1840, follow the description of the deed from Walker to Byrnes. In 1884 a deed described the lot as bounded on the south by an alley. In 1886 the City Railroad Company conveyed the lot at the corner of St. Anthony and Royal streets, fronting 85 feet on Royal, to Hannah Lazo. Its southern boundary is not described otherwise. Hannah Lazo, under the name of Cañizas, conveyed to Tolbert by the same description in 1890. And so Tolbert to Jordan in the same year; Jordan to A. M. Blair in 1898; and A. M. Blair to.F. G. Blair in 1903. The first effort to convey in terms a mere easement in the alley appears in a deed from F. G. Blair to A. M. Blair, dated March 26, 1904, in which the lot is described as fronting 84 feet on Royal street and bounded on the south by an alley. “This conveyance includes all grantor’s interest in said alley.” In 1904, April 4th, Blair and wife conveyed to complainants 85 feet, more or less, on Royal street, and “their right to use said alley, and whatever interest they may have-therein.” Having shown this much, complainants, in order to give to those descriptions in' their early muniments of title which bound their lot on the south by the lands of Thomas P. Norris and Louis Baudin, and those which bound it by the property of English, a meaning which would extend their ownership beyond the point 82 feet south of St. Anthony street, undertake to show, in part at least, the right and title of defendant. They show by the recitals of deeds offered in evidence that in 1814 a Madame Baudin died seised and possessed of a lot on the corner [35] of St. Louis and Royal streets described as fronting 127 feet on Royal. The title to this lot passed in separate parcels and 'through, several persons, heirs of Madame Baudin, into one Judson in 1815. In 1827 Judson sold first the 50 feet on the corner of St. Louis to Thomas P. Norris, and, a few days later, to Thomas P. Norris and Jonathan Hunt 77 feet on Royal, described as bounded on the south by the lands of Thomas P. Norris and on the north by the lands of the grantor. This Judson appeared also among the predecessors in title of the complainants. In 1816, one Kennedy, who subsequently got a patent from the United States, had conveyed to Judson the lot on the corner of St. Anthony and Royal streets, fronting 72 feet on Royal, and bounded on the south by a lot then owned by the grantee. In 1828 Judson conveyed the lot to Victor Gannard, describing it as fronting 72 feet on Royal street and bounded on the south by lands belonging to Thomas P. Norris. In 1831 English acquired the 50 feet next to St. Louis street from Norris, and in 1835 he got a deed from Hunt and Norris of a lot fronting 77 feet on Royal street and described in part as bounded “on the north by lands belonging now or late to Lewis Judson, on the south by lands belonging to Thomas M. English.” From these conveyances complainants- hold that we must infer, not only that Judson owned in his day the entire front on Royal street between St. Anthony and St. Louis, but that the deeds by which he disposed of designated frontages aggregating 199 feet on Royal street, 127 to Norris and Hunt, 72 to Gannard, must by reason of the further descriptions referring to the ownership of adjacent property, be held to have disposed of the entire frontage of 240 feet; and not only so, but that the effect of these conveyances was to fix the line between the two properties at a point 127 feet from St. [36] Louis street, thus allowing complainants’ title to far overlay the soil of the alley in question.
I his, on the principle that, in the description of the boundaries of land conveyed, monuments, whether natural objects or artificial marks, are allowed to dominate courses and distances. — Crampton v. Prince, 83 Ala. 250, 3 South. 519, 3 Am. St. Rep. 718. But, as was said in Miller v. Cullum, 4 Ala. 576: “This, rule is not without its exceptions. These are to be ascertained by a reference to the reason or principle of the rule itself. —Ratione cessante, ipsa lex cessat. Thus, where, by giving to monuments a controlling influence, absurd consequences would ensue, or where it is obvious that courses and distances furnish the most certain guides to the locations and quantity of the land, the latter should be followed.” “What is most material and most certain in a description shall prevail over that which is less material and less certain.” — Jackson v. Moore, 6 Cow. (N. Y.) 711. It has been shown that, if the deeds under which McDermott and English claimed be taken as conveying only such property as they describe by frontage in foot-measure, they fail to account for about 40 feet of the square, and that in this twilight zone lies the alley in question. Defendant has undertaken to account for this part of the square by introducing a quitclaim from one Vecque of a lot on the west side of Royal street, between St. Louis and St. Anthony, “fronting on Royal street one hundred feet or thereabouts, be the same more or less,” and bounded on the north by property formerly belonging to George J. S. Walker, and on the south by the property of English then occupied by him as a dwelling. This quitclaim was executed in 1836, and contained a recital that English was then in possession; It has been noted also that the Walker lot, when he came to make title, was described as having a [37] front of 82 feet instead of 72 feet as theretofore. If the lot on the corner of St. Lonis had then taken the form which it kept for many years in later times — that is, was inclosed and occupied as a residence lot showing a wnll-defined front of 53 feet on Royal street — this quitclaim would suffice to extend the possession of English far enough to account with close approximation for the entire square, with the result that in subsequent conveyances, under which complainants hold and claim title, the call for a boundary on the south by the property of English might be held to coincide with the call for a front of 82 feet, thus leaving complainants with no evidence of title beyond that line.
But there is no evidence of actual possession of any part of the defendant’s property at that time, nor can the recitals of the quitclaim bind the complainants or their predecessors who were strangers to it.
Now complainants’ contention is that Judson’s deed to Norris and Hunt, being first in point of time, fixed defendant’s line at 127 feet from St. Louis street on the theory of Crampton v. Prince, supra. But the deed to Gannard was executed after the deed to Norris and Hunt, so that neither the latter, nor their successors in interest, are to be estopped by it. It derogated nothing from any right, title, interest, or possession they may have had at the time or acquired subsequently. Moreover, Judson’s deed to Gannard did not- describe the 72-foot lot as hounded on the south by property which the grantor had before that conveyed to Norris; but the lot is described as bounded on the south by lands then belonging to Norris. It is- apparent therefore that the meaning of this description, and the true location of the line to which the grantor referred, depended upon matters of fact. Non constat, the land proximately south of complainants’-72-foot line did at that date he-[38] long to Norris. One call of Gannarcl’s deed tvas for a line 72 feet south of St. Anthony street. If complainants would show that the dominant call for a boundary by property of another ownership established a different line — a fact not to be presumed because it involves the deed in conflict and ambiguity — the burden was on them to show that fact. And they are in the same predicament in regard to a number of later conveyances under which they claim and in which their lot is described as fronting 82 feet on Royal street and bounded on the south by the property of English.
As for the lots in the rear, complainants’ fronting on St. Anthony street and defendant’s on St. Louis, and Avhich are separated by this same alley, complainants hold under deeds as early as 1840 describing their lot as running south from St. Anthony street 82 feet, and bounded on the south by the land of English. Defendant, on the other side, claims under deeds dated as early as 1834 describing its property as running north 175 feet from St. Louis street. So, then, if the case were to be determined on the muniments of title antedating the time when the evidence sIioavs anything in respect to actual possession, it would seem proper to hold that complainants have failed to sustain the burden of proof which they assumed when they alleged their ownership of the soil of the alley.
Consideration of the title deeds of later date and of the evidence touching the origin and use of the alley lead to a like conclusion. As we have already said, complainants have not shown at any time any possession south of their lot as now defined, except such possession as Avent Avith the use of the alley as a passageway.
On the other hand, defendant has shown, in those under whom it claims, actual possession since 1850, or thereabouts, under a color of title extending approxi[39] mately to the south line of complainants’ said lot, and an exclusive user of the alley from that time down to 1866. This possession was of itself evidence of title.-— L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Philyaw, 88 Ala. 264, 6 South. 837.
Official records show that about 1848 one Troost was employed by the city of Mobile to lay out a map of the city. A copy of so much of this map as shows the block containing the property in controversy was introduced in evidence. This map was hearsay, hut it ivas an ancient document and came from a proper custody. It was competent to show boundary lines of private ownership. — 1 Greenl. Ev. (16th Ed.) § 140a; Taylor v. Fomby, 116 Ala. 621, 22 South. 910, 67. Am. St. Rep. 149; Boardman v. Reed, 6 Pet. 328, 8 L. Ed. 415; Jones on Ev. § 308.
This map shows the McDermott lot as fronting 82 feet and 10 inches on Royal street next to St. Anthony and as improved by a brick building of 1% stories. It shows the English property as fronting 159 feet and 1 inch on Royal street and as improved by two frame dwellings. It shows the rear part of the last-named property as divided into four lots of 28 feet, 6 inches, each, fronting on St. Louis street and improved by brick dwellings. It shows no alley opening on Royal street, though the property lines indicate that an alley had been laid off on the rear of the English lots which fronted on St. Louis street. From other sources we learn that, from 1852, a.t the latest the McDermott lot was used as a slave mart -and was improved in a way which that use would probably suggest. A number of buildings were distributed about over the rear of the lot. The entire property to the rear of the building on Royal street was inclosed by a 15-foot brick wall. Complainants brought testimony which tended to show that [40] there were openings in the south wall as early as 1862, but as to- that the testimony was’ in conflict, and we are satisfied that there were no such openings prior to 1866, about which time the property was converted into a tenement for free negroes. In the meantime — about 1850, probably even earlier — the passageway had been opened along the entire north margin of the English lots and was in use by those who occupied that property. When the McDermott property began to be used as a tenement, openings were made through the south wall for the convenience of its tenants, who thereafter used the alley without interference until 1892, when the buildings were destroyed. For these reasons we conclude, as did the chancellor, that the alley was laid off by English upon land Claimed and held in possession as his own.
The first claim, on the part of those to whom the complainants have succeeded, that the lots north of the alley had a greater frontage than 72 feet in the direction of Royal street, is to be found in the deed of the master in chancery to McDermott in 1884. This deed is of the rear lot, and calls for a depth of 85.2 feet; but another and dominant description is that it extends to a point on an alley “and thence eastwardly along the north boundary line of said alley.” That and several subsequent deeds giving 85 feet as the south and north dimension of the lot, to the extent they overlaid property belonging to defendant and in its possession, were mere pieces of waste paper.
In 1859 the administrator of the elder English sold, under the orders of the probate court, to John D. Rag-land property described as follows: “That lot or parcel of land situate on the west side of Royal street between St. Louis and St. Anthony street in the city of Mobile, commencing at a point at the northwest corner [41] of the brick' inclosure of the former family residence of said decedent (shown by other conveyances and by oral evidence to be a point 53 feet from the corner of Boyal and 'St. Louis streets) and running thence northwardly along the line of Boyal street ninety-four feet and one-half to a point in an alleyway, extending thence westwardly in a line parallel with said brick inclosure seventy-six feet, and having the same width in rear as in front, bounded on the south by said inclosure, on the east by Boyal street, on the west by other property of said decedent, and on the north by an alleyway.” This lot has come down to defendant with this same description. In 1868 the English heirs disposed of the narrow lots to the rear of the Boyal street property by deeds which described those lots as extending to the south line of the alley, and conveyed also “the use in common of an alley-way of 19 feet 3 inches in width, which leads from Boyal street to the rear of the premises.” Defendant holds those lots also under successive deeds containing like descriptions.
Complainants contend that the descriptions of the deed to Bagland must be taken as a recognition of their ownership to the center of the alley, seeming to attach importance to the expression “in an alley.” It would seem to be enough to say that the complainants are not parties to the English deeds and take nothing by them. They are in a position which demands that they make good their claim on its own merits, rather than on the weakness of the adverse claim. The argument is otherwise faulty, in that it begs the question. It assumes the right claimed in order to give the desired operation to the deeds. It is not claimed that in 1859 McDermott had acquired a.n easement by adverse user. As we think we have shown, he had no title to the soil. The only interest in the alley, or its maintenance as such, was [42] posesssed by the grantor estate and its grantees. Although “it is not admissible to prove that the parties intended something different from that which the written language expresses, or which may be the legal inference and conclusion to be drawn from it, yet it is always competent to give in evidence existing circumstances, such as the actual condition and situation of ■the land, buildings, passages, * * *' in order to give a definite meaning to the language used in the deed, and to show the sense in which particular words Avere probably used by the parties, especially in matters of description.” — Salisbury v. Andrews, 19 Pick. (Mass.) 250; Jacobs v. Roach, 161 Ala. 201, 49 South. 576. On these considerations we feel sure that the descriptions in the deed must be construed as the creation or reservation — the mere phraseology is immaterial— of a right of way appurtenant to- the St. Louis street property retained by the estate of English as well as that conveyed to Ragland.
Where a way, established as of legal right, divides the properties of two owners, the presumption is that each has contributed the land for the way in equal parts, and a conveyance of an abutting ownership carries a fee to the center of the way. But where, as in the present case, the way has been laid out entirely upon the land on one side of the property line, a subsequent grant by the owner must be deemed to comprehend the fee in the whole way, upon the same principle that carries the fee to the center in other cases. It results that the several conveyances, by which defendant acquired title to all the lots for the benefit of which the easement was reserved or created in the beginning, vested also in it the land covered by the easement. — Haberman v. Baker, 128 N. Y. 253, 28 N. E. 370, 13 L. R. A. 611; Gould v. Eastern Railroad, 142 Mass. 85, 7 N. E. 543; [43] Matter of Robbins, 34 Minn. 99, 24 N. W. 356, 57 Am. Rep. 40.
2. Much of what has been already said bears upon the question raised by complainants’ claim of an easement by adverse user. There was no user of any character by the predecessors of complainants prior to 1866, nor subsequent to 1892. From 1892 to 1895 the premises were vacant. From 1895 to until shortly before bill filed the premises on both sides were in the possession of defendant. “The time for acquiring an easement by prescription does not run while the dominant and servient estates are in the occupation of the same person.” —Jones on Easements, § 166. So, then, complainants’ right must have been acquired, if at all, in the period from 1866 to 1892. The title to the soil was with defendant. The user was common. Complainants’ user was therefore presumptively permissive; and so remained- until it was brought home to defendant or its predecessors that it was claimed as a right and without regard to their wishes. It must then have been continuous — that is, without such interruptions as would indicate an abandonment — for at least a period which would pass title to land by adverse possession. — Jesse French Co. v. Forbes, 129 Ala. 471, 29 South. 683, 87 Am. St. Rep. 71; Trump v. McDonnell, 120 Ala. 200, 24 South. 353. But in the view we take of the testimony there is but one circumstance which indicates an assertion of right. On one occasion a tenant on complainants’ lot complained that some poles, which had been piled in the alley, were obstructing the way. Thereupon the agent for the then owner went to Rubira, president of the Electric Company then the owner of defendant’s lot, “in person and told him that he must move them, and he did so.” This could not have been before 1885; it may have been as late as 1890. Rubira [44] had nothing to do with the alley or the lots abutting on it until his company got its deed from Ragland’s heirs in 1885. The facts here shown are insufficient to establish a right of way by adverse user.
Our conclusion is that the chancellor’s decree ought to be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Simpson, Anderson, and Somerville, JJ., concur.