WARD, Circuit Judge.
When a corporation mortgages its property to secure payment of bonds not due for 100 years, it is reasonable to suppose that it will stipulate for the use of the income of the mortgaged property until default. Likewise, when it leases the mortgaged property for 999 years in consideration of a dividend on its capital ,s'tock to be paid by the'lessee, it is fair to assume that the lessee will stipulate for the enjoyment of the income-of the property until default. And where part of the mortgaged premises consists of a controlling interest in the stock of independent corporations whose property is not affected by the lien of the mortgage, the mortgagee will find it necessary to protect the pledged stock by covenants which will prevent its value from being impaired.
'■ In the case under consideration we have this situation, and default having occurred in payment of rent October 13, 1907, and of interest January 1, 1908, different and inconsistent' arguments are made as to the meaning of the covenants in the mortgage. In 1900 the Third Avenue Railroad Company, the mortgagor, pledged a controlling interest in the stock of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company with the Morton Trust Company, afterwards succeeded by the Central Trust Company, trustee under its mortgage to secure the payment of bonds in the year 2000. At the same time it leased all its property to ■the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, succeeded by the present lessee, the New York City Railway Company, for 999 years.
"■ A settlement of accounts was made, as of April 30,-1907, whereby the Forty-Second Street Railway Company, admitting its indebtedness to the Third Avenue Railroad Company for construction and equipment. in the sum of $6,491,967.44, delivered its note for that amount, with interest at 4 per cent, to ■ avoid unnecessary circuity,' to the trustee of the mortgage, and its note to the New York City Railway Company for a balance of operating indebtedness of $893,433.30 at [651]*6514 per cent. This balance was arrived at by charging the Forty-Second Street Railway Company with interest on said advances for construction amounting to $980,254.92, which appears to be entirely reasonable.
September 24, 1907, the New York City Railway Company was put into the hands of receivers, who were succeeded by the present receiver, W. W. Ladd.
January. 6, 1908, F. W. Whitridge was appointed receiver of the Third Avenue Railroad Company.
February 1, 1908, he was appointed receiver of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company.
May 26, 1908, the receivers of the City Railway Company filed a claim against the Forty-Second Street Railway Company on the above-mentioned note and for a balance of open account of $107,-830.54. This balance was arrived at by charging the Forty-Second Street Railway Company with interest from April 30, 1907, on the note given the Central Trust Company to the amount of $181,053.73.
The receiver of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company denies the validity of these claims on the ground that the New York City Railway Company was 'entitled to no interest at all.
The receiver of the Third Avenue Railroad Company and the Central Trust Company, as trustee, also deny their validity and contend that if valid the New York City Railway Company holds them in trust for the Central Trust Company, trustee of the mortgage of the Third Avenue Railroad Company.
The whole case has been made to turn upon this question of interest. The master and the court below have dismissed the claim of the New York City Railway Company on the ground that, not being entitled to interest, the account between it and the Forty-Second Street Railway Company, with charges for interest struck out, will show the latter to be the creditor instead of the debtor.
The court below has held that because the Forty-Second Street Railway Company was controlled by the New York City Railway Company entries in its books and its giving of notes do not constitute a prima facie case against it. This would be true if the transactions-themselves were unusual or indicated fraud or imposition. But the books were kept in an orderly way, and everything that was done was consistent with the operation of all the companies as one system. It was natural and proper that the majority stockholders of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company should elect its board of directors; that the books of all the companies should be kept in the office of the New York City Railway Company; that the New York City Railway Company should make advances to the Forty-Second Street Railway Company to maintain its premises, as the lease required it to-do. No error or fraud is alleged. Under these circumstances, we think notes given by the Forty-Second Street Railway Company and entries in its books do make a prima facie case against it. Moreover that company is no longer controlled by the New York City Railway Company, but is in the hands of the court, and we assume that the [652]*652receiver will faithfully discharge his duty'by making any proper defense.
The Third Avenue Railroad Company, as lessor, gave to the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, lessee:
“Also all lire benefits and rights arising from all or any contracts, leases or agreements which the party of the first part now has or may hereafter be entitled to; also all the. lands and tenements, above described, and all easements, fixtures, personalty and property of every description of the party of the first part, which franchises, rights and property so leased find demised are subject to the various burdens and conditions by which they are held by the party of the first part.”
And the habendum clause provided:
“And subject to the provisions of this agreement the said party of the first part doth also hereby grant to the party of the second part the control of the expenditure of the moneys belonging to the party of the first part at the time of the taking effect of this lease, which are in the treasury of the party of the first part, whether on deposit or otherwise, and of all fights of action for the collection of money, and also all rights of action for the enforcement of rights or privileges for the construction, maintenance or operation of a railroad which are proper or essential to such construction, maintenance or operation.”
We think that these provisions made the New York City Railway Company, lessee, successor of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, owner of the note for $6,491,967.44, subject to the lien of the mortgage. It is entitled to the interest on the note under the provision of the mortgage giving the Third Avenue Railroad Company, its successors and assigns, the income of the whole mortgaged premises until default.
“Article seventeenth.
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WARD, Circuit Judge.
When a corporation mortgages its property to secure payment of bonds not due for 100 years, it is reasonable to suppose that it will stipulate for the use of the income of the mortgaged property until default. Likewise, when it leases the mortgaged property for 999 years in consideration of a dividend on its capital ,s'tock to be paid by the'lessee, it is fair to assume that the lessee will stipulate for the enjoyment of the income-of the property until default. And where part of the mortgaged premises consists of a controlling interest in the stock of independent corporations whose property is not affected by the lien of the mortgage, the mortgagee will find it necessary to protect the pledged stock by covenants which will prevent its value from being impaired.
'■ In the case under consideration we have this situation, and default having occurred in payment of rent October 13, 1907, and of interest January 1, 1908, different and inconsistent' arguments are made as to the meaning of the covenants in the mortgage. In 1900 the Third Avenue Railroad Company, the mortgagor, pledged a controlling interest in the stock of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company with the Morton Trust Company, afterwards succeeded by the Central Trust Company, trustee under its mortgage to secure the payment of bonds in the year 2000. At the same time it leased all its property to ■the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, succeeded by the present lessee, the New York City Railway Company, for 999 years.
"■ A settlement of accounts was made, as of April 30,-1907, whereby the Forty-Second Street Railway Company, admitting its indebtedness to the Third Avenue Railroad Company for construction and equipment. in the sum of $6,491,967.44, delivered its note for that amount, with interest at 4 per cent, to ■ avoid unnecessary circuity,' to the trustee of the mortgage, and its note to the New York City Railway Company for a balance of operating indebtedness of $893,433.30 at [651]*6514 per cent. This balance was arrived at by charging the Forty-Second Street Railway Company with interest on said advances for construction amounting to $980,254.92, which appears to be entirely reasonable.
September 24, 1907, the New York City Railway Company was put into the hands of receivers, who were succeeded by the present receiver, W. W. Ladd.
January. 6, 1908, F. W. Whitridge was appointed receiver of the Third Avenue Railroad Company.
February 1, 1908, he was appointed receiver of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company.
May 26, 1908, the receivers of the City Railway Company filed a claim against the Forty-Second Street Railway Company on the above-mentioned note and for a balance of open account of $107,-830.54. This balance was arrived at by charging the Forty-Second Street Railway Company with interest from April 30, 1907, on the note given the Central Trust Company to the amount of $181,053.73.
The receiver of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company denies the validity of these claims on the ground that the New York City Railway Company was 'entitled to no interest at all.
The receiver of the Third Avenue Railroad Company and the Central Trust Company, as trustee, also deny their validity and contend that if valid the New York City Railway Company holds them in trust for the Central Trust Company, trustee of the mortgage of the Third Avenue Railroad Company.
The whole case has been made to turn upon this question of interest. The master and the court below have dismissed the claim of the New York City Railway Company on the ground that, not being entitled to interest, the account between it and the Forty-Second Street Railway Company, with charges for interest struck out, will show the latter to be the creditor instead of the debtor.
The court below has held that because the Forty-Second Street Railway Company was controlled by the New York City Railway Company entries in its books and its giving of notes do not constitute a prima facie case against it. This would be true if the transactions-themselves were unusual or indicated fraud or imposition. But the books were kept in an orderly way, and everything that was done was consistent with the operation of all the companies as one system. It was natural and proper that the majority stockholders of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company should elect its board of directors; that the books of all the companies should be kept in the office of the New York City Railway Company; that the New York City Railway Company should make advances to the Forty-Second Street Railway Company to maintain its premises, as the lease required it to-do. No error or fraud is alleged. Under these circumstances, we think notes given by the Forty-Second Street Railway Company and entries in its books do make a prima facie case against it. Moreover that company is no longer controlled by the New York City Railway Company, but is in the hands of the court, and we assume that the [652]*652receiver will faithfully discharge his duty'by making any proper defense.
The Third Avenue Railroad Company, as lessor, gave to the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, lessee:
“Also all lire benefits and rights arising from all or any contracts, leases or agreements which the party of the first part now has or may hereafter be entitled to; also all the. lands and tenements, above described, and all easements, fixtures, personalty and property of every description of the party of the first part, which franchises, rights and property so leased find demised are subject to the various burdens and conditions by which they are held by the party of the first part.”
And the habendum clause provided:
“And subject to the provisions of this agreement the said party of the first part doth also hereby grant to the party of the second part the control of the expenditure of the moneys belonging to the party of the first part at the time of the taking effect of this lease, which are in the treasury of the party of the first part, whether on deposit or otherwise, and of all fights of action for the collection of money, and also all rights of action for the enforcement of rights or privileges for the construction, maintenance or operation of a railroad which are proper or essential to such construction, maintenance or operation.”
We think that these provisions made the New York City Railway Company, lessee, successor of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company, owner of the note for $6,491,967.44, subject to the lien of the mortgage. It is entitled to the interest on the note under the provision of the mortgage giving the Third Avenue Railroad Company, its successors and assigns, the income of the whole mortgaged premises until default.
“Article seventeenth. Until default shall have been made in the due and punctual payment of the principal or interest of the bonds hereby secured, or of some part thereof,- or in the due and punctual performance and observance of some covenant or condition hereof obligatory upon the railroad company, and until such default shall have continued beyond the period of grace, if any, herein, provided in respect thereof, the railroad company, its successors and assigns, shall be suffered and permitted to retain actual possession of all the railroads, franchises and property hereby mortgaged, except the shares of stock and bonds hereinbefore mortgaged and pledged, and to manage, operate and use the same and every part thereof, with the rights and franchises appertaining thereto, and the business thereof, and to collect, receive and take the tolls, fares, earnings, rents, issues, profits and other income thereof; but the railroad company agrees and covenants that such income, after paying the expenses of operating said railroads, the taxes and rentals thereon, and the interest lawfully due and to become due upon said existing first mortgage, shall be first applied to the payment of the interest accruing and maturing upon the bonds issued hereunder and secured hereby.”
As all the interest in question has been charged in the account of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company, it must be regarded (if that circumstance is important) as having been collected and paid, except, so much as constitutes a part of the debit balance expressed by the note for $893,433.30 and of the open account of $107,830.54.
Other clauses of the mortgage provided that the indebtedness of .the controlled companies should not be increased, and that,, if it Were, the Third Avenue Railroad Company and its successors were to pay whatever amount was owed to third parties and to hold-what[653]*653ever amount was owed to it as trustee for the trustee under the Third Avenue Railroad Company’s mortgage.
“Article third. The railroad company further agrees, covenants and guarantees that no indebtedness of any of said controlled companies (except the current operating debt incurred in the ordinary course of business) shall be created, and that no additional bonds or funded obligations of said companies shall be issued, and no additional mortgage or other liens shall be created upon the railroads, properties, rights, privileges or franchises of said controlled companies or any of them, unless effective provision be made that the evidences of such indebtedness and all such bonds or funded obligations .and any such mortgage or lien, shall, immediately upon their creation and issue, be received and delivered by the railroad company, and pledged with the trustee, to be held by said trustee subject to all the trusts of this indenture, and with the same effect as if such delivery and pledge had been made at the date hereof and hereby, or unless in some other manner effective provision shall be made to secure and continue the priority of the lien of this mortgage. And the railroad company further agrees, covenants and guarantees that no further bonds shall bo issued or reissued under said existing mortgages or any of them unless the same shall be also forthwith delivered to the trustee hereunder to be likewise held by it.
“And if any company of whose capital stock a majority is now pledged hereunder, or pursuant to this indenture, shall hereafter be pledged hereunder, shall (otherwise than as herein provided) create or suffer to be created any lien or charge upon its property or income, or create or suffer to be created any indebtedness other than indebtedness to the railroad company or for the current operating expenses of such company for a period not exceeding six months, then the railroad company will pay and discharge the same.
“All claims against controlled companies now held or hereafter acquired by the railroad company, shall be, and shall be held by the railroad company as security for the payment of the bonds hereby secured, and ' the railroad company shall at any time, upon the written demand of the trustee, assign such claims, or deliver the evidences thereof to the trustee.”
Under these clauses of the third article of the mortgage the note and the balance of the open account constitute an indebtedness of the Forty-Second Street Railway Company to the New York City Railway Company, however incurred, which the latter was bound to hold in trust for the trustee of the Third Avenue Railroad Company’s mortgage as a further security for the payment of the bonds. We are not convinced by the argument that, under the mortgage, "the Third Avenue Railroad Company, its successors and assigns, can hold for its own use indebtedness of the controlled companies incurred for their current operating expenses. We think the exception as to the current operating expenses for a period of not exceeding six months was merely intended to ñx a time within which such indebtedness need not be actually paid either by the controlled companies or by the mortgagor, its successors and assigns.
The receivers of the New York City Railway Company operating the system as officers of the court are not bound by the lease and so stand in a different position from the company itself. They are entitled to use the income of the mortgaged premises in operating and maintaining the same. Any indebtedness incurred to them, by the Forty-Second Street Railway Company they are not bound to hold in trust for the trustee of the Third Avenue Railroad Company’s mortgage. This may make proper a separation of the open account as of September 24, 190,7,.the date of their.appointment. The detrees [654]*654of June 15 and December 29, 1909, appealed from, are reversed, with instructions to the court below to enter a decree referring the cause to the special master for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.