POFEENBARGER, PRESIDENT:
Judgment for the plaintiff in an action of ejectment, rendered by the circuit court of McDowell county, on an agreed statement of facts, in favor of H. Bank and others against Aaron Catzen and others, is the matter complained of here.
G. PI. Lawson, the owner of a tract of ten acres of land, irregular in form, but oblong, the longer lines thereof running northeast and southwest, and the shorter lines northwest and southeast, _ conveyed one-half thereof to G. B. Buchanan, by a deed’which describes the part conveyed as follows: “One half interest in a certain tract of land containing ten acres, said one-half interest to be taken off the west end of said tract of land.” Prior to the execution of this deed, and in anticipation of the purchase of one-half of the land by Buchanan, he and Lawson went upon the land and attempted to divide it equally, by establishing a line through the same on which stakes were driven at intervals of a few feet, and building a fence on each side of the line so marked, leaving a lane about ten feet wide between the fences. Later, Lawson and wife entered into a contract with H. Bank and W. H. Show for the sale of “the eastern half of the tract.” Still later, Buchanan and wife conveyed to Aaron Catzen their part of the land, describing it as “being the west end of said tract.” Then Lawson and wife conveyed to Bank, [537]*537Show and one Levinstein, in pursuance of the contract above mentioned, “the eastearn on-half of said ten acres of land.” This conveyance was made May 1, 1906, and, since that date tine parties have held possession in accordance with the line marked out by Lawson and Buchanan on the 26th day of September, 1900. It has since been ascertained that this line does not divide the land equally. The western end held, by Catzen, contains 1 76-100 acres more than the eastern end, held by Bank and others, wherefore, to make an equal division by quantity, Bank and others are entitled to 88-100 of an acre of the land now in Catzen’s possession. It is agreed that, at the time the division line was established, the parties did not know the magnetic course thereof, and that, at the time of the execution of the deed to Buchanan, there was an agreement between the parties thereto to so change the line “as to conform to the intention of the parties as expressed in the deed,” if it did not do so as it was then established. The benefit of objections to the admissibility of any of the agreed facts was reserved by a stipulation in the agreement as to the facts.
This action was brought not only to recover the 88-100 of an acre, but to obtain it in such manner as to change all together the line established before the deeds were executed. This line is almost parallel with the northeastern line of the entire tract, the course of which is S. 11° E., while that of the division line is S. 13° E. The demand set up in the declaration is based upon the location of a division line running due north and south, on the theory that the deed contemplates such a line. A recovery of the land demanded would change both termini of this division line, throwing the north end east and south end west. This is vigorously resisted by Catzen because the effect of it would be to take practically all of the additional land out of what is regarded as his frontage, land suitable for building purposes, now very valuable because of its location and character. Catzen insists that, if the plaintiffs are entitled to the additional area, the whole line should be set over so as not to change the form of his land, nor to take an undue portion of the part thereof that is suitable for building purposes.
As the terms, “the eastern one-half of the ten acres of land,” conveyed to the plaintiffs by Lawson and wife, had, [538]*538at the time of the execution of the deed, a certain fixed and definite meaning, acquired by the previous conduct of the parties thereto and others interested in the property, well known to them, and, therefore, undoubtedly fixed in their minds at the time of the consummation of the conveyance, we must assume that these words were used in that sense, although in the absence of any proof of this circumstance, the parties would be deemed to have intended a division into two equal parts by a line running due north and south. The eastern half of the tract had, at that time, been designated and marked out and identified. The land so identified was the subject matter of the conveyance. It had a well defined character. It was a marked, ascertained half, not one to be cut off. By the designation thereof, its form, as well as its quantity, had been determined. That which had been done to it, by way of designation and marking, must be deemed to have been as much within the contemplation of the parties as the subject matter of the deed itself, it being then part of the subject matter. Although the line previously established does not run due north and south, substantially and practically, it divided the land into an eastern part and a western part, each of which was supposedly one-half of the tract. The line had been established for the purpose of dividing it into two equal parts. Those who made that line assumed that they had so divided it, and, when the parties to this deed made their preliminary agreement and carried it into execution by the preparation and delivery'of the deed, they supposed that an equal division had been made; but, by way of precaution, they entered into a verbal agreement to change the line so as to make the division equal, if, on a survey, it should prove not to be- so. The primary object of the deed, as disclosed bjr its terms, was to convey one-half of the land and the verbal agreement being subsidiary in character, likewise had for its object the securing of the requisite quantity. Nothing in the deed or the verbal agreement necessarily conflicts with the, meaning of the words “easternhalf,” impressed upon them by the previous conduct of the parties. The line had been staked out and a fence built on each side of it, so that it is impossible to suppose that anybody contemplated anything other than one-half as it had been so marked upon the ground, if, upon a survey, it should prove to amount to [539]*539one-half. Now that it has been ascertained not to embrace the quantity contemplated, the intention of the parties will be fully affcctuatcd, by moving the line far enough westward to give the plaintiffs an additional 88-100 of an acre. Though the word “eastern” may be regarded as a technical term, the attempt to apply it to the subject matter, a thing well known to the parties, and therefore, necessarily within their contemplation,‘shows that it was never intended to have effect according to its literal meaning.
That technical terms are not, and need not, always be used by the parties to a contract in their technical sense, is very well settled by the authorities. Like non-technical words, they sometimes have peculiar meaning, ascertained by reference to the subject matter, the situation and purposes of the parties and the surrounding circumstances. “Where a technical word is used, evidently in a sense different from its technical signification, the court will give to it the construction which the grantor intended. A grantor has the right to assign to words in the deed a meaning different from that which they ordinarily bear.” Devlin on Deeds, section 837. “The court will not resort to arbitrary rules of construction, if, without so doing, the'intention of the’parties can be ascertained. The deed and its descriptive clauses will be construed as any other contract would be.
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POFEENBARGER, PRESIDENT:
Judgment for the plaintiff in an action of ejectment, rendered by the circuit court of McDowell county, on an agreed statement of facts, in favor of H. Bank and others against Aaron Catzen and others, is the matter complained of here.
G. PI. Lawson, the owner of a tract of ten acres of land, irregular in form, but oblong, the longer lines thereof running northeast and southwest, and the shorter lines northwest and southeast, _ conveyed one-half thereof to G. B. Buchanan, by a deed’which describes the part conveyed as follows: “One half interest in a certain tract of land containing ten acres, said one-half interest to be taken off the west end of said tract of land.” Prior to the execution of this deed, and in anticipation of the purchase of one-half of the land by Buchanan, he and Lawson went upon the land and attempted to divide it equally, by establishing a line through the same on which stakes were driven at intervals of a few feet, and building a fence on each side of the line so marked, leaving a lane about ten feet wide between the fences. Later, Lawson and wife entered into a contract with H. Bank and W. H. Show for the sale of “the eastern half of the tract.” Still later, Buchanan and wife conveyed to Aaron Catzen their part of the land, describing it as “being the west end of said tract.” Then Lawson and wife conveyed to Bank, [537]*537Show and one Levinstein, in pursuance of the contract above mentioned, “the eastearn on-half of said ten acres of land.” This conveyance was made May 1, 1906, and, since that date tine parties have held possession in accordance with the line marked out by Lawson and Buchanan on the 26th day of September, 1900. It has since been ascertained that this line does not divide the land equally. The western end held, by Catzen, contains 1 76-100 acres more than the eastern end, held by Bank and others, wherefore, to make an equal division by quantity, Bank and others are entitled to 88-100 of an acre of the land now in Catzen’s possession. It is agreed that, at the time the division line was established, the parties did not know the magnetic course thereof, and that, at the time of the execution of the deed to Buchanan, there was an agreement between the parties thereto to so change the line “as to conform to the intention of the parties as expressed in the deed,” if it did not do so as it was then established. The benefit of objections to the admissibility of any of the agreed facts was reserved by a stipulation in the agreement as to the facts.
This action was brought not only to recover the 88-100 of an acre, but to obtain it in such manner as to change all together the line established before the deeds were executed. This line is almost parallel with the northeastern line of the entire tract, the course of which is S. 11° E., while that of the division line is S. 13° E. The demand set up in the declaration is based upon the location of a division line running due north and south, on the theory that the deed contemplates such a line. A recovery of the land demanded would change both termini of this division line, throwing the north end east and south end west. This is vigorously resisted by Catzen because the effect of it would be to take practically all of the additional land out of what is regarded as his frontage, land suitable for building purposes, now very valuable because of its location and character. Catzen insists that, if the plaintiffs are entitled to the additional area, the whole line should be set over so as not to change the form of his land, nor to take an undue portion of the part thereof that is suitable for building purposes.
As the terms, “the eastern one-half of the ten acres of land,” conveyed to the plaintiffs by Lawson and wife, had, [538]*538at the time of the execution of the deed, a certain fixed and definite meaning, acquired by the previous conduct of the parties thereto and others interested in the property, well known to them, and, therefore, undoubtedly fixed in their minds at the time of the consummation of the conveyance, we must assume that these words were used in that sense, although in the absence of any proof of this circumstance, the parties would be deemed to have intended a division into two equal parts by a line running due north and south. The eastern half of the tract had, at that time, been designated and marked out and identified. The land so identified was the subject matter of the conveyance. It had a well defined character. It was a marked, ascertained half, not one to be cut off. By the designation thereof, its form, as well as its quantity, had been determined. That which had been done to it, by way of designation and marking, must be deemed to have been as much within the contemplation of the parties as the subject matter of the deed itself, it being then part of the subject matter. Although the line previously established does not run due north and south, substantially and practically, it divided the land into an eastern part and a western part, each of which was supposedly one-half of the tract. The line had been established for the purpose of dividing it into two equal parts. Those who made that line assumed that they had so divided it, and, when the parties to this deed made their preliminary agreement and carried it into execution by the preparation and delivery'of the deed, they supposed that an equal division had been made; but, by way of precaution, they entered into a verbal agreement to change the line so as to make the division equal, if, on a survey, it should prove not to be- so. The primary object of the deed, as disclosed bjr its terms, was to convey one-half of the land and the verbal agreement being subsidiary in character, likewise had for its object the securing of the requisite quantity. Nothing in the deed or the verbal agreement necessarily conflicts with the, meaning of the words “easternhalf,” impressed upon them by the previous conduct of the parties. The line had been staked out and a fence built on each side of it, so that it is impossible to suppose that anybody contemplated anything other than one-half as it had been so marked upon the ground, if, upon a survey, it should prove to amount to [539]*539one-half. Now that it has been ascertained not to embrace the quantity contemplated, the intention of the parties will be fully affcctuatcd, by moving the line far enough westward to give the plaintiffs an additional 88-100 of an acre. Though the word “eastern” may be regarded as a technical term, the attempt to apply it to the subject matter, a thing well known to the parties, and therefore, necessarily within their contemplation,‘shows that it was never intended to have effect according to its literal meaning.
That technical terms are not, and need not, always be used by the parties to a contract in their technical sense, is very well settled by the authorities. Like non-technical words, they sometimes have peculiar meaning, ascertained by reference to the subject matter, the situation and purposes of the parties and the surrounding circumstances. “Where a technical word is used, evidently in a sense different from its technical signification, the court will give to it the construction which the grantor intended. A grantor has the right to assign to words in the deed a meaning different from that which they ordinarily bear.” Devlin on Deeds, section 837. “The court will not resort to arbitrary rules of construction, if, without so doing, the'intention of the’parties can be ascertained. The deed and its descriptive clauses will be construed as any other contract would be. When a doubtful description is to be construed, the court should endeavor to assume the position of the parties, the circumstance of the transaction should be carefully considered, and in the light of those circumstances, the words should be read and interpreted.” Id. section 1012. This principle was applied in Armstrong v. Ross, 61 W. Va. 738, in which a contract purported by certain terms used in it to convey all the coal in a certain tract of land, but bore evidence on its face, by references to other documents and otherwise, of intention, on the part of one party, to sell, and, on the other, to buy, only one of the several veins of coal, it appearing that, at the time, they knew of only one vein, wherefore, it was presumed that they had no intention of selling and buying, respectively, any other vein. It is true that the documentary evidence in that’ instance disclosed this intention, but we said that, if it had not, it would have been proper and allowable to establish it by extraneous evidence and thereby accomplish the [540]*540same result. In all such cases, a latent ambiguity is disclosed by the attempt to apply the deed to its subject matter, or to the parties. Thus, in Simpson v. Dix, 131 Mass. 179, parol evidence was admitted to determine whether the grantee was Daniel Eastman, Jr., or Daniel Eastman, Sr., no addition to the name haying been inserted in the deed to show which was intended. In Kingford v. Hood, 105 Mass. 495, the lease called for the “Adams House, situated on Washington Street in Boston.” When an attempt was made to apply the lease to the property, it was found that certain parts of the building were used for hotel purposes and others for shops, anda doubt arose as to whether it was the intention to lease the entire property or only so much of it as was used for hotel purposes, and parol evidence was admitted to prove that only the parts used as a hotel were intended. In James v. Pashby, 48 Mich. 634, it was held that although the word “half,” when used in describing lands, should -be applied literally, if nothing to the contrary appears in the contract, there is no universal rule that the word should be so interpreted, for it is often used in conveyances when the context indicates a sense quite different. It was further declared that two parts of a farm separated by a river or a highway may be called the two halves without having much regard to their relative quantity, since, in surveys, the word “half” is often used quite as loosely, but without the least confusion; and that, in all such cases, the word must be taken in the sense indicated, if that is evident, and if not, the accompanying circumstances and the subsequent acts of the parties may direct the court to the true meaning. In the recent case of Higgins v. Round Botom Coal Co., decided at the last term of this Court, the word “southward” in a deed, was held to cover land -west and southwest, as well as laud directly south. So in List, Trustee, v. Colts, 4 W. Va. 543, the word “east” was construed, in view of the purposes disclosed by the deed and surrounding circumstances, to include land lying southeast .of the point mentioned. These authorities and the general rules of construction applied by them, amply justify the conclusion that the -word “eastern” is open to explanation by the introduction of parol evidence; and, the evidence being admitted, there is no shadow of doubt that the parties intended a conveyance of the eastern half as it had been marked out on the ground.
[541]*541It is unncecessary to say whether, in the absence of a stipulation, the verbal agreement to alter the line so as to make the division conform to the intention of the parties, made at the date of the execution of the deed, is admissible as evidence, or in other words, may be treated as a circumstance, a fact, bearing on the construction of the deed, and so be read into, and made a part of it. Though there is a reservation of the benefit of all legal objections to the admissibility of the facts agreed, there is a special agreement relating to this particular fact, which brings it in for the purposes of this case. The defendants concede the right of the plaintiffs to have the whole line removed westward far enough to give the plaintiff an additional 88-100 of an acre, provided the new location be xiarallel to the old, and say they have been willing at all times to make such an adjustment of the matter in controversy. Though it is thus brought into the case, and 'would give the plaintiffs the right to a judgment for the strip of land between the old location and the proposed new one, it does not appear how far it would be necessary to remove it. Part of the land adjudged to the plaintiffs would be included in such strip, but a large portion thereof would not-It is impossible to tell how much of the land recovered they are entitled to, and the proposed adjustment will give them land neither recovered nor demanded in the declaration. In this state of the case, it will be necessary to reverse the judgment and remand the case, with leave to amend the declaration, and award costs in this Court to the plaintiffs in error.
Reversed. Remanded.