WOODS, Circuit Judge.
Joshua W. Miles, collector of internal revenue, collected from Baltimore Talking Board Company $202.81, 10 per cent, of its gross sales of Ouija boards. In this action to recover the amount as illegally exacted the District Court, trying the case by consent without a jury, held the plaintiff’s Ouija boards to be “games” within the meaning of the following federal revenue statute, and found for the defendant:
Revenue Act 1918, tit. IX, § 900, subd. 5: “Tennis rackets, nets, racket covers and presses, skates, snow-shoes, skis, toboggans, canoe paddles and cushions, polo mallets, baseball bats, gloves, masks, protectors, shoes and uniforms, football helmets, harness and goals, basket-ball goals and uniforms, golf bags and clubs, lacrosse slicks, balls of all kinds, including baseballs, footballs, tennis, golf, lacrosse, billard and pool balls, fishing rods and reels, billiard and pool tables, chess and checker boards and pieces, dire, games and parts of games (except playing cards and children’s toys and games), and all similar articles commonly and commercially known as sporting goods, 10 per centum.” Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 6309%a5.
Evidently the word “games,” used in the statute, does not mean the-games themselves, but the instrumentalities used in playing them. The following testimony of the secretary of the plaintiff corporation is the-only description found in the record of the Ouija boards and their purposes and uses:
[660]*660“The witness further testified that the plaintiff made three different sizes; the tiniest one was called the ‘wee’ Oui.ia board. This board retails at 10 cents; its size is about 5x8 inches. The next size board retails from 50 cents to $1. It is sold to the dealer, and the dealer makes his own price, which varies between the amounts above. The size of that board is approximately 8x12 inches. The largest size Ouija board is 14x22 inches. The plaintiff made very few of tha!t type of board. The witness further testified that the Ouija board- is made entirely of cardboard and paper, and that there is nothing mysterious about it. He testified that the board contains the letters of the alphabet, the 10 numerals, and the words ‘Yes’ and ‘No’; also that the little planchette is made of wood.”
He further testified that sales were made chiefly to 5 and 10 cent stores, a few to department stores, but none to sporting goods stores; that plaintiff made no Ouija boards of wood and had no connection with William Fuld.
The defendant introduced without objection a patent granted William Fuld, June 19, 1915, for a Ouija board, which says:
“The object of the invention is to produce a game with which two or more persons can amuse themselves by asking questions and having them answered by the device used and operated by the touch of the hand, so that the answers are designated by the letters of the alphabet-.”
The defendant also introduced “certain envelopes, boxes, and boards,” with the directions printed on the box or envelope setting out the well-known method of operating the board.
In its broadest sense a game is defined:
“A play or sport for amusement.”
In its restricted and more generally applied sense it is:
“A contest for success or superiority in a trial of chance, skill, or endurance, or of any two or all three of these combined.” Century Dictionary.
The definition of “Ouija” in the supplement to the New Century Dictionary is as follows:
“Formed as a trade-mark name, from IP. oui, yes, and G. ja, yes. The name thus implies a thing that will answer ‘yes’ in any language. A good description of a well-managed planchette. A form of planchette, consisting of a board marked with the letters of the alphabet and the ten numerals and of the planchette proper, which (under the hand of the operator) moves over the board and touches certain letters and numerals and thus ‘answers’ questions.”
The Popular Science Monthly, January, 1904, gives this description:
“The next higher grade of motor automotism, involving considerable subconscious action of the intelligence, is found in the various alphabet-using forms of amateur mediumship, such as table tipping, the ‘Ouija board,’ and certain other devices for making our muscles leaky and liable to escape from control.”
It seems safe to say psychologists recognize the Ouija board as a real means of expression of automotism. The court knows in a general way that the Ouija board is seriously used by some persons in the belief that it affords mysterious spirit communication; by others as a means of personal observation of the control of muscular or nervous action by the subconscious or unconscious mind. But the court cannot pretend to be ignorant that it is very largely sold with the expecta[661]*661tion that it is to be used merely as a means of social amusement or play, and is actually so used. It is true that automotism is the basis of 'this use, but phenomena of psychical as well as of physical nature may be the basis of amusement and games. In Gould v. Gould, 245 U. S. 151, 138 Sup. Ct. 53, 62 L. Ed. 211, the court says:
“In the interpretation of statutes levying taxes it is the established rule not to extend their provisions, by implication, beyond the clear import of the language used, or to enlarge their operations so as to embrace matters not specifically pointed out. In case of doubt they are construed most strongly against the Government, and in favor of the citizen.” Am. Net & Twine Co. v. Worthington, 141 IT. S. 468, 12 Sup. Ot. 55, 35 It. Eld. 821; Benziger v. United States, 192 U. S. 38, 55, 24 Sup. Ct. 189, 48 L. Ed. 331; United States v. Isham, 17 Wall. 496, 504, 21 L. Ed. 728.
But the doubt as to the meaning of the statute must be one which remains after all recognized rules for ascertaining its meaning have been tried. As to the analogous rule requiring strict construction of statutes exempting property from taxation the Supreme Court has said:
“Its proper office is to help to solve ambiguities, not to compel an immediate surrender to them — to be an element in decision,, and effective, "maybe, when all other tests of meaning have been employed which experience has afforded, and which it is the duty of courts to consider when rights are claimed under a statute.” Citizens’ Bank v. Parker, 192 U. S. 73, 86, 24 Sup. Ct. 181, 186 (48 L. Ed. 346).
Doubt as to the meaning of a word is often removed by consideration of the legislative intent as shown by the entire statute. American Security Co. v. District of Columbia, 224 U. S. 491, 32 Sup. Ct. 553, 56 L. Ed. 856. Considering the comprehensive scheme of taxation which the statute was intended to provide its words should not be given a narrow meaning.
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WOODS, Circuit Judge.
Joshua W. Miles, collector of internal revenue, collected from Baltimore Talking Board Company $202.81, 10 per cent, of its gross sales of Ouija boards. In this action to recover the amount as illegally exacted the District Court, trying the case by consent without a jury, held the plaintiff’s Ouija boards to be “games” within the meaning of the following federal revenue statute, and found for the defendant:
Revenue Act 1918, tit. IX, § 900, subd. 5: “Tennis rackets, nets, racket covers and presses, skates, snow-shoes, skis, toboggans, canoe paddles and cushions, polo mallets, baseball bats, gloves, masks, protectors, shoes and uniforms, football helmets, harness and goals, basket-ball goals and uniforms, golf bags and clubs, lacrosse slicks, balls of all kinds, including baseballs, footballs, tennis, golf, lacrosse, billard and pool balls, fishing rods and reels, billiard and pool tables, chess and checker boards and pieces, dire, games and parts of games (except playing cards and children’s toys and games), and all similar articles commonly and commercially known as sporting goods, 10 per centum.” Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 6309%a5.
Evidently the word “games,” used in the statute, does not mean the-games themselves, but the instrumentalities used in playing them. The following testimony of the secretary of the plaintiff corporation is the-only description found in the record of the Ouija boards and their purposes and uses:
[660]*660“The witness further testified that the plaintiff made three different sizes; the tiniest one was called the ‘wee’ Oui.ia board. This board retails at 10 cents; its size is about 5x8 inches. The next size board retails from 50 cents to $1. It is sold to the dealer, and the dealer makes his own price, which varies between the amounts above. The size of that board is approximately 8x12 inches. The largest size Ouija board is 14x22 inches. The plaintiff made very few of tha!t type of board. The witness further testified that the Ouija board- is made entirely of cardboard and paper, and that there is nothing mysterious about it. He testified that the board contains the letters of the alphabet, the 10 numerals, and the words ‘Yes’ and ‘No’; also that the little planchette is made of wood.”
He further testified that sales were made chiefly to 5 and 10 cent stores, a few to department stores, but none to sporting goods stores; that plaintiff made no Ouija boards of wood and had no connection with William Fuld.
The defendant introduced without objection a patent granted William Fuld, June 19, 1915, for a Ouija board, which says:
“The object of the invention is to produce a game with which two or more persons can amuse themselves by asking questions and having them answered by the device used and operated by the touch of the hand, so that the answers are designated by the letters of the alphabet-.”
The defendant also introduced “certain envelopes, boxes, and boards,” with the directions printed on the box or envelope setting out the well-known method of operating the board.
In its broadest sense a game is defined:
“A play or sport for amusement.”
In its restricted and more generally applied sense it is:
“A contest for success or superiority in a trial of chance, skill, or endurance, or of any two or all three of these combined.” Century Dictionary.
The definition of “Ouija” in the supplement to the New Century Dictionary is as follows:
“Formed as a trade-mark name, from IP. oui, yes, and G. ja, yes. The name thus implies a thing that will answer ‘yes’ in any language. A good description of a well-managed planchette. A form of planchette, consisting of a board marked with the letters of the alphabet and the ten numerals and of the planchette proper, which (under the hand of the operator) moves over the board and touches certain letters and numerals and thus ‘answers’ questions.”
The Popular Science Monthly, January, 1904, gives this description:
“The next higher grade of motor automotism, involving considerable subconscious action of the intelligence, is found in the various alphabet-using forms of amateur mediumship, such as table tipping, the ‘Ouija board,’ and certain other devices for making our muscles leaky and liable to escape from control.”
It seems safe to say psychologists recognize the Ouija board as a real means of expression of automotism. The court knows in a general way that the Ouija board is seriously used by some persons in the belief that it affords mysterious spirit communication; by others as a means of personal observation of the control of muscular or nervous action by the subconscious or unconscious mind. But the court cannot pretend to be ignorant that it is very largely sold with the expecta[661]*661tion that it is to be used merely as a means of social amusement or play, and is actually so used. It is true that automotism is the basis of 'this use, but phenomena of psychical as well as of physical nature may be the basis of amusement and games. In Gould v. Gould, 245 U. S. 151, 138 Sup. Ct. 53, 62 L. Ed. 211, the court says:
“In the interpretation of statutes levying taxes it is the established rule not to extend their provisions, by implication, beyond the clear import of the language used, or to enlarge their operations so as to embrace matters not specifically pointed out. In case of doubt they are construed most strongly against the Government, and in favor of the citizen.” Am. Net & Twine Co. v. Worthington, 141 IT. S. 468, 12 Sup. Ot. 55, 35 It. Eld. 821; Benziger v. United States, 192 U. S. 38, 55, 24 Sup. Ct. 189, 48 L. Ed. 331; United States v. Isham, 17 Wall. 496, 504, 21 L. Ed. 728.
But the doubt as to the meaning of the statute must be one which remains after all recognized rules for ascertaining its meaning have been tried. As to the analogous rule requiring strict construction of statutes exempting property from taxation the Supreme Court has said:
“Its proper office is to help to solve ambiguities, not to compel an immediate surrender to them — to be an element in decision,, and effective, "maybe, when all other tests of meaning have been employed which experience has afforded, and which it is the duty of courts to consider when rights are claimed under a statute.” Citizens’ Bank v. Parker, 192 U. S. 73, 86, 24 Sup. Ct. 181, 186 (48 L. Ed. 346).
Doubt as to the meaning of a word is often removed by consideration of the legislative intent as shown by the entire statute. American Security Co. v. District of Columbia, 224 U. S. 491, 32 Sup. Ct. 553, 56 L. Ed. 856. Considering the comprehensive scheme of taxation which the statute was intended to provide its words should not be given a narrow meaning. The whole statute shows the intention to tax sales of all articles which were thought of and named and which could be embraced in words of general description known generally as luxuries ; that is, articles not reasonably necessary to comfort according to the average standards of American life. Even when seriously used the Ouija board certainly comes within the general spirit and purpose of the statute.
On the whole the conclusion seems fair that the present chief purpose of the Ouija board is to supply amusement and diversion, and that it should be held to fall under the comprehensive term “games,” within the meaning of the statute.
[2] The principle is also to be borne in mind in support of this conclusion that the findings and practice of the administrative officers of the government are presumed to be based on fair conclusions as the result of the investigation required of them by sections 3165 and 3172, Rev. St., as amended by the Revenue Statute of 1918 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, §§ 5885, 5895). Edwards’ Ressee v. Darby, 12 Wheat. 206, 212, 6 L. Ed. 603; Houghton v. Payne, 194 U. S. 88, 99, 24 Sup. Ct. 590, 48 L. Ed. 888; Komada v. United States, 215 U. S. 392, 396, 30 Sup. Ct. 136, 54 L. Ed. 249; Jacobs v. Prichard, 223 U. S. 200, 214, 32 Sup. Ct. 289, 56 L. Ed. 405.
In view of the comprehensive scope of the revenue act, the common knowledge that the Ouija hoard is so generally used as a means of [662]*662amusement, the fact that the Patent Office issued a patent describing it as a game, the presumption that the revenue officers correctly found it was so used after investigation, and the absence of any testimony to the contrary, we think the finding of the District Judge had adequate support in the testimony and therefore cannot be reversed by this court.
We are asked to hold on the mere appearance of a small Ouija board that it is a child’s toy, and therefore comes within the exemption of the statute. The small board is like the large one in every respect except size, and there is not a particle of evidence that it is sold or used exclusively or mainly as a child’s toy. The burden rested on the plaintiff to establish the differentiation by clear proof. Bank of Commerce v. Tennessee, 161 U. S. 146, 16 Sup. Ct. 456, 40 L. Ed. 645. We do. not think the mere difference in size furnishes this proof.
Affirmed.