HARRELL, J.
At the heart of this dispute is § 4-5-204(a)(l)(i) of the Employee Relations Act (the “Act”) of the Baltimore County Code (“BCC”), which states, in pertinent part, that either party subject to the Act “may file a verified complaint with an independent third party agency designated by the [County’s] Director of Human Resources that the other party has committed an unfair labor practice.” The central question is whether the County’s Director of Human Resources (the “Director”) had an imperative and ministerial duty to designate an independent third party agency when the Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge No. 4 (the “FOP”), the bargaining agent for covered Baltimore County police employees, submitted to him an “unfair labor practice” complaint grounded on a unilateral change made by the County to a policy included in the County’s “Personnel Manual”1 — but which was not part of [553]*553the relevant memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) between the County and the FOP and was, at least ostensibly, not subject to collective bargaining negotiation. The Circuit Court for Baltimore County granted a writ of mandamus compelling the Director to designate an independent third party agency to consider the FOP’s unfair labor practice complaint. Because we conclude that neither the phrase “designated by the Director of Human Resources” in BCC § 4-5-204(a)(l)(i), nor any other provision in the Act, imposed an undisputable, non-discretionary duty on the Director to refer every unfair labor practice complaint to an independent third party agency, we reverse the judgment of the Circuit Court.
I. Background.
a. The Employee Relations Act and the Attendance Recognition Program.
In order “to promote the improvement of employer-employee relations within the various agencies of the county government,” see BCC § 4-5-201(a)(l), the Act sets out “a uniform basis for recognizing the right of employees of the classified service of the county to” join or refrain from joining an employee organization and to “[b]e represented by the employee organizations in their employment relations and dealings with the county administration.” BCC § 4-5-201(a)(l). Specifically, the purpose of the Act is
to establish procedures by which the county administration or its designated representatives may negotiate in good faith with an exclusive representative with affirmative willingness to resolve grievances[2] and disputes relating to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment, as defined in this act, and to finalize in writing a [554]*554memorandum of understanding[3] of matters agreed on, acting within the framework of fiscal procedures, laws, rules, and regulations, and Charter provisions of the county and the constitution and laws of the state.
BCC § 4-5-201(a)(2) (emphasis added).
The Act prohibits the County and employee organizations from engaging in certain conduct labeled “unfair labor practices.” BCC § 4-5-203. “Unfair labor practices” is not defined precisely, but BCC § 4-5-203 enumerates five categories of prohibited conduct, one of which is to “[r]efuse to negotiate in good faith with an exclusive representative.” BCC § 4-5-203(a)(4). The next section, BCC § 4-5-204, establishes the process through which either the County or an employee organization may file an unfair labor practice complaint. Under BCC § 4-5-204(a)(l)(i), “[t]he county administration or an employee organization may file a verified complaint with an independent third party agency designated by the Director of Human Resources that the other party has committed an unfair labor practice.” The only requirement for the content of a complaint is that it “shall include a detailed statement of the alleged unfair labor practice.” BCC § 4-5-204(a)(l)(ii). Once the complaint is filed with the designated independent third party agency, the agency may “[i]ssue an order dismissing the complaint,” “[ojrder a further investigation,” or “[o]rder a hearing on the complaint at a designated time and place.” BCC § 4-5-204(b).
The Act discusses negotiations in general under BCC § 4-5-310, and requires “[t]he county administration and the exclusive representatives” to “[negotiate in good faith with respect to: (i) [w]ages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment; and (ii) [t]he drafting of a written memorandum [555]*555of understanding containing all matters agreed upon, signed by authorized representatives of both parties.” BCC § 4-5-310(a)(2). BCC § 4-5-310(b) establishes that the parties’ “obligation to negotiate in good faith: (1) [rjequires that a good faith effort be made by both parties to arrive at an agreement and to reduce the agreement to writing within a reasonable period of time; but (2) [d]oes not require that any concessions be made by either party.”
The Act explains further the “County Rights and Responsibilities,” stating that
it is the exclusive right of the [CJounty to: (1) [djetermine the purposes and objectives of each of its constituent offices and departments; (2) [s]et standards of services to be offered to the public; (3) [e]xercise control and discretion over its organization and operations; and (4) [djetermine the methods, means, personnel, and other resources by which the county’s operations are to be conducted, including: (i) [t]he use of volunteers; and (ii) [t]he contracting out of work if considered necessary.
BCC § 4-5-202(a).
Under BCC § 4-5-202(b), and “[sjubject to applicable provisions of a memorandum of understanding ..., the county may: (1) [djirect its employees; (2) [hjire, promote, transfer, assign, or retain employees; (3) [ejstablish reasonable work rules; and (4) [djemote, suspend, discharge, or take any other disciplinary action against its employees for just cause.” Finally, in reference to “grievance rights,” the Act adds that “[njothing in this section may be construed to deny the right of an employee to submit a grievance with regard to the county’s exercise of its rights under this section.” BCC § 4-5-202(d).
This case involves the putative intersection of the Act and the County’s Attendance Recognition Program, which is set forth in the County’s Policies and Procedures Manual. The Act does not mention either the County’s Policies and Procedures Manual or its Attendance Recognition Program.4 Section 1 of the Policies and Procedures Manual, “Code of Conduct and Policies,” however, is preceded by the following [556]*556disclaimer:
This manual was published to aid employees and supervisors in understanding various policies, personnel rules, regulations and procedures. It does not constitute an express or implied contract and is not intended to create any rights, contractual or otherwise not set forth in the Baltimore County Code. The County has the right to modify or discontinue any policy referenced in this manual at any time without prior written notification.
(Emphasis in original.)
b. The Dispute Commences.
The County instituted unilaterally the across-the-board “Attendance Recognition Program,” as part of the “Absence Control Policy” in the County’s Policies and Procedures Manual, “[i]n an effort to encourage good attendance and recognize those employees who consistently maintain regular attendance.” Under the 2010 initial version of the Attendance Recognition Program, “[a]ny employee completing one calendar year of employment without using any sick leave will receive funds to purchase a $100 U.S. Savings Bond, and a letter of congratulations from the County Executive.” On 24 June 2011, the County alerted the FOP that it intended to amend the Attendance Recognition Program by discontinuing, starting in FY 2011, the “funds to purchase a $100 U.S. Savings Bond,” but leaving the letter of congratulations recognition in place (woo hoo!).5 The County’s rationale was explained in detail in a subsequent broadcast email6 as follows:
[557]*557In a further effort to reduce costs, the County will discontinue the monetary award for the Attendance Recognition Program for employees who have not used sick leave during the calendar year. The County initiated this award to improve available productive time. It has been only modestly successful in that regard and employees already have the incentive of utilizing accrued sick leave as creditable service toward retirement.
The POP responded to the County’s announced intention to limit the Attendance Recognition Program in a letter dated 30 June 2011 to George Gay, the Director of Human Resources, requesting to bargain over the County’s decision to discontinue the savings bond portion of the Attendance Recognition Program. In a letter dated 9 August 2011, the Director informed the FOP that the County declined its request to bargain because: (1) the Attendance Recognition Program was not included in a memorandum of understanding; (2) the County considered the program a management prerogative; and (3) “by its own terms, the Personnel Manual [was] meant to be a non-negotiable management tool....” On 13 September 2011, the FOP submitted to the Director an “unfair labor practice complaint,” alleging that “[t]he decision of Baltimore County to discontinue the dollar award for the purchase of a savings bond for the calendar year 2011 as stated in the Absence Control Policy” and the County’s subsequent refusal to bargain over the change constituted “an unfair labor practice under BCC §§ 4-5-203(a)(l) and (4) of the [BCC].”7
The Director acknowledged receipt of the FOP’s unfair labor practice complaint and suggested initially the designation of “the American Arbitration Association (AAA) to provide a hearing officer to investigate the complaint with each party paying half the cost of the arbitrator and the court reporter.” Subsequently, however, the Director notified the [558]*558FOP in a letter dated 16 September 2011 that the County refused to participate in or pay for a review by any independent third party agency.
c. On to the Courts.
On 25 October 2011, the FOP filed in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County a “Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief and for Writ of Mandamus,” seeking “to enforce [BCC § 4-5-204], and require that Baltimore County (the ‘County’) take the ministerial act required by the County Code and designate a third party agency to investigate and determine whether an unfair labor practice charge has been committed.” The Complaint does not contain separate causes of actions or counts. In the Complaint’s single “Claims” section, the FOP stated:
The County has refused to perform the ministerial act set forth in [BCC § ]4-5-204. Because the County has refused to designate a third party agency to receive and investigate the FOP’s unfair labor practice complaint, the FOP has no adequate remedy with regard to the FOP’s contention that the County has refused to bargain with the FOP over wages and other terms and conditions of employment.
As “Relief,” the FOP prayed for the Circuit Court to:
A. Issue an order declaring that the Defendants violated the Employee Relations Act by refusing and/or failing to designate an independent third party agency to receive and investigate unfair labor practice complaints.
B. Issue a Writ of Mandamus ordering Defendants to designate an independent third party agency to receive and investigate the FOP’s September 13, 2011 unfair labor practice complaint.
C. Enjoin the Defendants from refusing and/or failing to designate an independent third party agency to receive arid investigate unfair labor practice complaints.
D. Award such other relief as is just and reasonable.
On 5 December 2011, the County filed a Motion to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment, addressing, under separate head[559]*559ings, the FOP’s specific requests for relief: declaratory judgment, injunctive relief, and writ of mandamus. The FOP responded with a “Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment.” In the FOP’s Cross-Motion, it urged the Circuit Court to “issue a writ of mandamus ordering Defendants to designate an independent third party to receive and investigate Plaintiffs unfair labor practice complaint,” stating: “Mandamus should issue because Plaintiff has a clear legal right to have Defendants perform the ministerial task required by the Baltimore County Code.” The FOP’s Cross-Motion attached the following proposed order:
The matter is before the Court on the Plaintiffs Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment
For good cause shown,
It is hereby ORDERED that Defendants’ motion is DENIED.
It is further ORDERED that Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment is GRANTED.
It is further ORDERED that Defendant George Gay [the Director of the Office of Human Resources] is to designate an independent third party agency to receive and investigate Plaintiffs September 13, 2011 unfair labor practice complaint;
It is hereby DECLARED that the Defendants violated the Employee Relations Act by refusing and/or failing to designate an independent third party agency to receive and investigate unfair labor practice complaints; and It is further ORDERED that Defendants are ENJOINED from refusing and/or failing to designate an independent third party agency to receive and investigate unfair labor practice complaints in the future.
On 13 January 2012, the County filed a Response to Plaintiffs Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. The County noted its view that the FOP’s motion “focuses solely on its request for the issuance of a Writ of Mandamus and appears to have [560]*560abandoned, for summary judgment purposes, its request for declaratory and injunctive relief.”
A hearing was held on 20 June 2012 on the dueling summary judgment motions. At the beginning of the hearing, the trial judge acknowledged that the proceeding was “a hearing on basically cross-motions for summary judgment, based upon a complaint for mandamus, ... injunctive relief[,] and declaratory relief.”8 The Court’s Order, signed on 20 June 2012 and entered on 26 June 2012, stated:
This matter was before the Court for hearing on Cross Motions to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment on June 20, 2012. For the reasons stated, it is this 20th day of June, 2012,
ORDERED that the Motion for Summary Judgment of the Plaintiff, the fraternal Order of Police, Baltimore County, Lodge 4 (“the FOP”) (Paper 6000) is GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED that the Motion to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment of the Defendants (Paper 5000) is DENIED; and it is further
ORDERED that a Writ of Mandamus shall issue to require the Defendants to designate an independent third party agency to receive and investigate the September 13, 2011 FOP complaint alleging an unfair labor practice, as required pursuant to Baltimore County Code, 214-5-204.
The corresponding docket entry provided: “Order of Court requiring defs to designate an independent third party agency to receive & investigate the FOP complaint.”
The County noted an immediate appeal to the Court of Special Appeals. The intermediate appellate court affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court in an unreported opinion. On 18 October 2013, we granted the County’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari to consider the following question: “Whether a [561]*561personnel policy set forth in the [Policies and Procedures Manual], which, by definition is not subject to negotiation, should be referred to a third party neutral simply upon the invocation by FOP of the phrase ‘refusal to negotiate in good faith’[?]”9 Baltimore Cnty. v. Order of Police, 435 Md. 266, 77 A.3d 1084 (2013).
II. Prerequisites to the Viability of an Appeal
a. Final Judgment.
During oral arguments, members of the Court raised sua sponte the jurisdictional issue of whether the trial court entered a final judgment.10 See Maryland Code (1973, 2013 [562]*562RepLVoL), Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, § 12-301;11 [563]*563Schuele v. Case Handyman & Remodeling Servs., 412 Md. 555, 565, 989 A.2d 210, 215-16 (2010) (emphasizing that “appellate jurisdiction, except as constitutionally created, is statutorily granted” and that “§ 12-301 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Maryland Code authorizes appeals only from ‘a final judgment entered in a civil or criminal case by a circuit court.’ ”) (quoting Addison v. Lochearn Nursing Home, 411 Md. 251, 261, 983 A.2d 138, 145 (2009)); Estep v. Georgetown Leather Design, 320 Md. 277, 282, 577 A.2d 78, 80 (1990) (“For an appellate court to have subject matter jurisdiction, an appeal must be taken from a final judgment or an appealable interlocutory order.”) (citing Md.Code (1984 Repl. Vol., 1989 Cum.Supp.), Courts & Judicial Proceedings Art., §§ 12-301 & 12-303). Upon reflection, we conclude that the Circuit Court’s 20 June 2012 Order constituted a final, appeal-able judgment.
Determining whether a trial court’s ruling constitutes a final judgment requires an analysis of “three attributes”: (1) the court must intend it to be “an unqualified, final disposition of the matter in controversy;” (2) “it must adjudicate or complete the adjudication of all claims against all parties,” and [564]*564(3) “the clerk must make a proper record of it” on the docket.12 Rohrbeck v. Rohrbeck, 318 Md. 28, 41, 566 A.2d 767, 773 (1989). In applying these requisites to the present case, we conclude first that the trial judge, by her Order issuing a Writ of Mandamus, denying the County’s Motion for Summary Judgment, and granting the FOP’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (hereinafter, the “Order”) evinced an intent to dispose of all pending matters and put the parties out-of-court. Not only did the trial judge grant the FOP’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and deny the County’s Motion to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment, she granted a writ of mandamus to implement her ruling. See, e.g., Doehring v. Wagner, 311 Md. 272, 533 A.2d 1300 (1987) (holding that an order granting summary judgment constituted a final, appealable judgment because nothing was left to be done to dispose of the matter and put the parties outside of the court). As further evidence of the judge’s intent to dispose of all matters in this case, the trial judge stated at the hearing that “the only question in front of me is whether what’s alleged here is a labor practice because then it’s up to the arbitrator.” (Emphasis added.) She continued then to resolve “the only question,”
in terms of what I have got to rule on today, ... I think it is a requirement that it go to arbitration, because that’s what [565]*565the code requires.... Therefore, I am granting their motion for summary judgement [sic] and will issue an order that just directs that the county refer it to the process as it’s required under the code,.... That’s my best judgment on it.
Thus, the record is clear that she left nothing to dispose of in the dispute. See, e.g., Rohrbeck, 818 Md. at 41, 566 A.2d at 773-74 (noting that the question for finality is whether the trial court’s ruling or order was intended as “an unqualified, final disposition of the matter in controversy” that “le[ft] nothing more to be done in order to effectuate the court’s disposition of the matter”).
Second, the Order adjudicated as to all the parties the single claim presented in the FOP’s Complaint. “A ‘claim’ ... is defined as a ‘substantive cause of action’ that encompasses all rights arising from common operative facts.” Schuele, 412 Md. at 568, 989 A.2d at 218 (citations omitted). Different prayers of relief, when sought for the same cause of action, do not represent multiple claims. See East v. Gilchrist, 293 Md. 453, 459, 445 A.2d 343, 346 (1982). Accordingly, even though the Complaint contained multiple prayers for relief, there was but one claim, as evidenced by the sole count alleging the County’s violation of the County law, but requesting three forms of relief. The Circuit Court’s issuance of a writ of mandamus resolved purportedly the claim in its entirety, particularly when one considers (as we shall at greater length later) the nature of a writ of mandamus, which is a very specific and extraordinary type of relief that issues only if no other “ordinary adequate legal remedy” is available, i.e., if the Circuit Court determined implicitly here that declaratory and injunctive relief were not available. See, e.g., Wilson v. Simms, 380 Md. 206, 223, 844 A.2d 412, 423 (2003) (“[I]f the right be doubtful, or the duty discretionary, or of a nature to require the exercise of judgment, or if there be any ordinary adequate legal remedy to which the party applying could have recourse, [the] writ will not be granted.”) (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).
[566]*566Finally, it is undisputed that the judgment was entered on the docket.13
b. Lack of a Declaratory Judgment is Procedural Error, at Worst.
On a related, but separate, point of procedure, the Circuit Court erred by failing to declare the rights of the parties, if a declaratory judgment was sought properly. This error is procedural at worst, however, and not jurisdictional.14 See, e.g., Bowen v. City of Annapolis, 402 Md. 587, 609, 937 A.2d 242, 255 (2007) (“This error by the Circuit Court, however, is not jurisdictional and is not fatal to our reaching the merits of Petitioners’ appeal.”) (citations omitted); see also Point’s Reach Condo. Council of Unit Owners v. Point Homeowners Assoc., 213 Md.App. 222, 73 A.3d 1145 (2013); Salomon v. Progressive Classic Ins. Co., 379 Md. 301, 307 n. 7, 841 A.2d 858, 862 n. 7 (2004); Bushey v. Northern Assur. Co. of Am., 362 Md. 626, 651, 766 A.2d 598, 611 (2001). Because the error is not jurisdictional, “ ‘[t]his Court may, in its discretion, review the merits of the controversy and remand for the entry of an appropriate declaratory judgment by the circuit court.’ ” [567]*567Bowen, 402 Md. at 609, 937 A.2d at 255 (quoting Bushey, 362 Md. at 651, 766 A.2d at 611). We elect to do so here. See Point’s Reach, 213 Md.App. at 282-83, 73 A.3d at 1179-80 (noting multiple reasons why such use of discretion is appropriate in cases such as the current one).
III. Analysis of the Merits.
a. Standard of Review.
Because the Circuit Court’s grant of summary judgment was based on its view of statutory interpretation questions, which are legal issues, we review the ruling for legal correctness, without deference to that court’s conclusions of law. Mummert v. Alizadeh, 435 Md. 207, 212, 77 A.3d 1049, 1052 (2013) (“The questions before us in this appeal involve statutory interpretation, which are legal issues that we view without deference to the legal analysis of the trial court.”) (citing Harvey v. Marshall, 389 Md. 243, 257, 884 A.2d 1171, 1179 (2005) in turn citing Mohan v. Norris, 386 Md. 63, 66-67, 871 A.2d 575, 577 (2005)).
b. The Parties’ Arguments.
The FOP contends that “the plain language of the Employee Relations Act permits only a single interpretation” — “when an employee organization files an unfair labor practice complaint alleging an unfair labor practice identified by the County Code (here, a refusal by the County to bargain), the Act ‘mandates’ the designation by the County of an independent third party to investigate the complaint.” The FOP argues that the Director failed to perform his imperative duty to designate an independent third party agency to consider the FOP’s unfair labor practice complaint and that the FOP had a clear right to the performance of the duty imposed on the Director. The FOP maintains that, even if not every decision the County makes is subject to negotiation, “the court’s task is ... not to decide the merits [or the arbitrability] of the underlying dispute but instead to compel the County to follow the clear requirements of the County Code.”
[568]*568The County contends, for its part, that the Act does not contain a clear mandate that the Director must designate an independent third party agency for each and “every perceived slight allegedly committed by the County in conducting its extensive operations.” Further, the County points out that the Act provides that “all agreements with respect to ‘matters relating to wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment ... shall be included in a memorandum of understanding.’ ” Because the Attendance Recognition Program was not included in a memorandum of understanding, the County argues that it was never established as a patently negotiable issue under BCC § 4-5-204(a)(l)(i). The Director had therefore no imperative duty, and in fact no authority, to refer the matter to an independent third-party agency for arbitration proceedings.
Further, because the Attendance Recognition Program was not included in a memorandum of understanding, the Act provides the FOP no clear entitlement to negotiate with the County or to have the Director refer the complaint to an independent third party agency. Additionally, the County laments that, based on “the Circuit Court’s and the [Court of Special Appeals’s] interpretation of the Act, the addition, modification, or discontinuance of any of the County’s numerous personnel policies will be subject to second-guessing by an outside agent, at the mere request of any of the six County employee organizations.” In the County’s view, compelling the Director to designate an arbitrator to consider a patently non-negotiable issue would not only be a waste of the County’s resources, but would lead to absurd and illogical results.15
[569]*569c. Writ of Mandamus and Statutory Construction.
We begin by reviewing the legal principles underlying the writ of mandamus form of relief to elucidate the proper interpretation of what effect any ambiguity in the Act may have on the grant of the writ of mandamus in this case. Then, we shall examine the Act to determine whether the Circuit Court was legally correct in granting the FOP’s request for a writ of mandamus to compel the Director to designate an independent third party to consider the FOP’s unfair labor practice complaint. Finally, we shall consider those cases that employ a policy of favoring arbitration where an arbitration clause or provision is unclear.
1. Writ of Mandamus.
The fundamental purpose of a writ of mandamus is “to compel inferior tribunals, public officials, or administrative agencies to perform their function, or perform some particular [570]*570duty imposed upon them which in its nature is imperative and to the performance of which duty the party applying for the writ has a clear right.” Town of La Plata v. Faison-Rosewick, L.L.C., 434 Md. 496, 511, 76 A.3d 1001, 1010 (2013) (quoting Goodwich v. Nolan, 343 Md. 130, 145, 680 A.2d 1040, 1047 (1996) (citation omitted)); see also Dep’t of Human Res. v. Hayward, 426 Md. 638, 646, 45 A.3d 224, 229 (2012); Murrell v. Mayor of Baltimore, 376 Md. 170, 193, 829 A.2d 548, 562 (2003) (quoting Gisriel v. Ocean City Elections Bd., 345 Md. 477, 497, 693 A.2d 757, 767 (1997)). Because the grant of a writ of mandamus is “an extraordinary remedy,” see Hayward, 426 Md. at 646, 45 A.3d at 229 (quoting Ipes v. Bd. of Fire Comm’rs of Baltimore, 224 Md. 180, 183, 167 A.2d 337, 339 (1961)), “the power to issue an extraordinary writ of mandamus is one which ought to be exercised with great caution.” Doering v. Fader, 316 Md. 351, 361, 558 A.2d 733, 738 (1989) (citing In Re Petition for Writ of Prohibition, 312 Md. 280, 305, 539 A.2d 664 (1988)).
Generally, a writ of mandamus is “appropriate where ‘the relief sought involves the traditional enforcement of a ministerial act (a legal duty) by recalcitrant public officials,’ but not where there is any ‘vestige of discretion’ in the agency action or decision.” Faison-Rosewick, 434 Md. at 511, 76 A.3d at 1010 (quoting S. Easton Neighborhood Ass’n v. Town of Easton, 387 Md. 468, 477 n. 3, 876 A.2d 58, 63 n. 3 (2005)). Thus, a writ of mandamus will not be issued where the right is unclear of the party seeking it, see, e.g., Wilson v. Simms, 380 Md. 206, 223, 844 A.2d 412, 423 (2004), doubtful, see, e.g., Brack v. Bar Ass’n of Baltimore City, 185 Md. 468, 474, 45 A.2d 102, 105 (1945), or where the act sought to be compelled is within the discretion of the decision-maker against whom the writ is sought. See Hayward, 426 Md. at 646, 45 A.3d at 229 (“Ordinarily, mandamus does not lie where the action to be reviewed is discretionary or depends on personal judgment.”) (citing Goodwich, 343 Md. at 145, 680 A.2d at 1047); see also Prince George’s Cnty. v. Aluisi, 354 Md. 422, 450, 731 A.2d 888, 903-04 (1999) (“[T]he process is extraordinary, and if the right be doubtful, or the duty discretionary, or of a nature [571]*571to require the exercise of judgment, ... this writ will not be granted.”) (quoting George’s Creek Coal & Iron Co. v. Cnty. Comm’rs of Allegany Cnty., 59 Md. 255, 259 (1883)).
Other considerations relate to the effect of granting mandamus relief. For example, a writ of mandamus will not be granted where it “would introduce into municipal administration great confusion or disorder.” Kinlein v. Baltimore, 118 Md. 576, 581, 85 A. 679, 681 (1912) (affirming the trial court’s refusal to grant the writ of mandamus because “[t]o grant the remedy under the facts in this case would ... be to establish a principle that would introduce very great disorder and confusion in the administration of the finances of the city, and subject it to unnecessary expense. ... This would ... hamper the conduct of city business, and subject the taxpayers to needless expense.”) (citations omitted).
In summary, the writ of mandamus will not issue unless two requirements are met. First, the party against whom enforcement is sought must have an imperative, “ministerial” duty to do as sought to be compelled, see, e.g., Murrell, 376 Md. at 196, 829 A.2d at 564, i.e., “a duty prescribed by law,” Freeman v. Local 1802, Am. Fed’n of State, 318 Md. 684, 693, 569 A.2d 1244, 1248 (1990). See, e.g., Wilson, 380 Md. at 226, 844 A.2d at 424-25 (“Because the statute does not require [plaintiff] to be granted back pay, ... [plaintiffs] mandamus action does not lie ‘to compel performance of a statutory duty.’ ”) (quoting Eck v. State Tax Comm’n, 204 Md. 245, 255, 103 A.2d 850, 855 (1954)). Therefore, mandamus should not issue ordinarily when the act sought to be compelled of the official or administrative agency is discretionary in nature. In addition, the party seeking enforcement of that duty must have a clear entitlement to have the duty performed. The writ should not be issued where the right to the performance of the duty is doubtful. Brack, 185 Md. at 474, 45 A.2d at 105. Where the obligation to perform some particular duty is unclear or involves the exercise of any “vestige of discretion,” or where the party seeking enforcement of the duty does not [572]*572have a clear right to the performance of the duty it seeks to compel, the writ of mandamus will not be granted.
With these guiding principles in mind, we turn to determining whether the Act provides the FOP with a clear right to the Director’s performance of the asserted imperative duty to designate an independent third party for consideration of the FOP’s unfair labor practices complaint, regardless of the arbitrability of the subject matter of the complaint.
2. Statutory Construction.
Our canons of statutory construction require that we begin with the plain language of the statute in our endeav- or to “ascertain and effectuate the intent of the Legislature.” Bowen v. City of Annapolis, 402 Md. 587, 613, 937 A.2d 242, 257 (2007) (quoting Kushell v. Dept. of Nat. Res. 385 Md. 563, 576-78, 870 A.2d 186, 193-94 (2005)); see also Marriott Emps. Fed. Credit Union v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 346 Md. 437, 444-45, 697 A.2d 455, 458-59 (1997) (“The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and carry out the intention of the Legislature.”). In interpreting statutes, we seek “to avoid constructions that are illogical, unreasonable, or inconsistent with common sense.” Marriott Emps., 346 Md. at 444-45, 697 A.2d at 458-59 (quoting Frost v. State, 336 Md. 125, 137, 647 A.2d 106, 112 (1994)). Our interpretation should seek to avoid constructions that render any “word, clause, sentence or phrase” of a statute meaningless. Montgomery Cnty. v. Buckman, 333 Md. 516, 524, 636 A.2d 448, 452 (1994) (citations omitted). In Marriott Employees, we explained that, when a statute is ambiguous,
courts must consider not only the literal or usual meaning of the words but also the meaning of words in light of the statute as a whole and within the context of the objectives and purposes of the enactment. Common sense must guide us in our interpretation of statutes.... [T]he Court may not insert or omit terms to make a statute express an intention not reflected in the statute’s original form.
Marriott Emps., 346 Md. at 444-45, 697 A.2d at 458-59 (citations omitted).
[573]*573Under the Act, a covered employee or his/her bargaining agent may file an unfair labor practices complaint with an independent third party agency designated by the Director. BCC § 4 — 5—204(a)(1)(i). As such, the ability to file an unfair labor practice complaint is contingent upon the Director designating an independent third party agency with whom the complaint may be filed. The FOP argues principally that this requires us to interpret the Act as “mandat[ing]” the Director to refer every “unfair labor practice” complaint to an independent third party each time one is alleged. In the FOP’s view, therefore, BCC § 4-5-204(a)(l)(i) provides the FOP with a clear right to have the Director refer the complaint to arbitration without regard to the subject or content of the complaint. We disagree.
The phrase “designated by” in BCC § 4 — 5—204(a)(1)(i) identifies only with whom an unfair labor practice complaint may be filed.16 Contrary to the FOP’s wishful thinking, the Act does not place on the Director a ministerial duty to designate a third-party agency for every alleged complaint, and it does not rule out the possibility that the Director has some discretion in determining whether a matter should be referred to a third party agency.
We find this interpretation particularly persuasive when we compare BCC § 4 — 5—204(a)(1 )(i), which does not require explicitly that the Director has a particular duty, with other provisions in the Act, which do require explicitly (such as by employing the term “shall”) that the Director perform a particular duty.17 In other subsections of the Act, which are [574]*574not applicable to this case, but relate to the selection of an arbitrator, the term “shall” is used in conjunction with the duty required, clearly denoting who, how, and under what circumstances a particular party or parties must select an arbitrator.18
That having been said, had the Attendance Recognition Program in dispute been a subject matter that was negotiable clearly by the terms of the Act, the Director would have had an imperative duty to designate an independent third party agency and thereby to initiate the arbitration process. That is not the case here, however.
Because the Act does not refer explicitly to the Policies and Procedures Manual, we combed through the Act to determine if the Attendance Recognition Program is such a clearly (or even arguably) negotiable matter so as to mandate the Di[575]*575rector’s designating an independent third party agency. In so doing, we observe that the Act lays out two subject matters which trigger the parties’ obligation to “negotiate in good faith”: (1) “[wjages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment” and (2) “[t]he drafting of a written memorandum of understanding....” BCC § 4-5-310(a)(2); see also BCC § 4-5-201(a)(2) (providing that the purpose of the Act is to govern negotiations between the County and employee organizations with respect to “grievances and disputes relating to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment”). Because the Attendance Recognition Program was never included in a memorandum of understanding, the only other negotiable category the policy may fall under is “terms and conditions of employment.”
The FOP argues that the “funds to purchase a $100 U.S. Savings Bond” portion of the Attendance Recognition Program is within the scope of “terms and conditions of employment,” (BCC § 4-5-310(a)(2)) and therefore, the unfair labor practice complaint was a “proper subject matter” that the Director was obligated to refer. Unlike “grievance,” however, the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” is not defined explicitly in the Act. Further, no provision in the BCC references the Policies and Procedures Manual or even hints that its terms may be subject to negotiation. BCC § 4-5-312(a) provides: “When the county administration and the exclusive representative in a representation unit reach an agreement on matters relating to wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment, the items agreed to shall be included in a memorandum of understanding.”19
[576]*576If the FOP wished for the Attendance Recognition Program to become a patently negotiable subject as a “term and condition of employment,” the FOP could have attempted to make it so by seeking to include the policy in a memorandum of understanding, as the purpose of the memorandum of understanding is to establish, in writing, “matters relating to wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment,” agreed upon by both parties. BCC § 4-5-312(a). Any attempt by the County to terminate or amend the policy, if the policy were included in a memorandum of understanding, would be subject unquestionably to negotiation.20 There is no [577]*577evidence in the record extract of this case that the FOP ever sought to include the Attendance Recognition Program in an MOU.
Had the County’s refusal to negotiate in good faith involved a County policy that increased or decreased employees’ wages based on their attendance or use of sick leave, the dispute would fall clearly also within the Act’s established negotiable issues. In that instance, the County would be obligated to negotiate the matter in good faith, and the Director would be obliged to designate an independent third party agency to investigate the complaint in accordance with dispute resolution procedures established in the Act. Here, however, the relatively nominal financial incentive aspect of the program to increase employee attendance, which was conditioned on a disclaimer excluding the policies in the manual as negotiable issues, patently does not fall into the same category.
3. Who Decides Arbitrability?
The FOP maintains that, even if the Court concludes the Act’s arbitration provision to be unclear with regard to whether the Director must refer its complaint to an independent third-party agency, the precedent followed in Maryland has been to leave the question of arbitrability of the subject matter to the arbitrator. Although Maryland has strong precedent indeed establishing that principle, the precedent is confined primarily to cases interpreting motions to compel or stay arbitration, which is not the case here.
In deciding motions to compel or stay arbitration, the general policy in Maryland is to allow the question of arbitrability to go to the arbitrator in the first instance if it is unclear from the arbitration agreement whether the parties have agreed to submit a particular subject matter to arbitration or if the court, in addressing arbitrability, must consider the [578]*578merits of the dispute. Baltimore Cnty. Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge No. 4 v. Baltimore Cnty., 429 Md. 533, 551, 57 A.3d 425, 435 (2012) (hereinafter “FOP 2012”); see also Cheek v. United Healthcare of the Mid-Atl., Inc., 378 Md. 139, 159-60, 835 A.2d 656, 668 (2003) (explaining that, in deciding a motion to compel or stay arbitration, “we may only consider whether an agreement to arbitrate the dispute at hand exists; we must not stray into the merits of any underlying disagreements”). We have recognized that, when “ruling on motions seeking to compel or stay arbitration or reviewing arbitration awards,” a court’s inquiry is restricted to determining whether a valid arbitration agreement, covering the matter in dispute, existed at the time of the dispute. FOP 2012, 429 Md. at 549, 57 A.3d at 434; see also Allstate v. Stinebaugh, 374 Md. 631, 642, 824 A.2d 87, 94 (2003) (reiterating the principle “that the role of the court in deciding a motion to compel arbitration is limited to determining one question: ‘Is there an agreement to arbitrate the subject matter of a particular dispute?’ ” (quoting Gold Coast Mall v. Larmar Corp., 298 Md. 96, 103-04, 468 A.2d 91, 95 (1983))).
The present case does not require the same limitation on our inquiry, but rather requires that we determine whether the requisites for a writ of mandamus were met. A court cannot grant a writ of mandamus, even though the issues involved relate to arbitration, where the provisions governing the duty sought to be compelled or the entitlement to that duty claimed is doubtful. See, e.g., Wilson, 380 Md. at 224, 844 A.2d at 423 (explaining that mandamus requires “a clear and undisputable legal right and corresponding duty”) (citing Buchholtz v. Hill, 178 Md. 280, 288, 13 A.2d 348, 352 (1940)). In other words, although ambiguity in the arbitration provision may have weighed, in effect, in the FOP’s favor were we deciding a motion to compel or stay arbitration, a writ of mandamus demands certainty, and a court may not issue a writ of mandamus to order a party to perform anything except a “clear and undisputable” legal duty.
Although disputes involving arbitration agreements are resolved generally in favor of arbitration in cases of ambiguity, [579]*579this principle applies primarily to the resolution of petitions to compel or stay arbitration. The extraordinary writ of mandamus, in contrast, cannot be issued in the presence of doubt. We can find no cases in which the policy of erring on the side of sending matters to arbitration is applied to interpreting a statute for purposes of whether a writ of mandamus should issue. Because a writ of mandamus requires that the duty sought to be compelled be certain and involve no discretion in its performance, and the right to have that duty performed to be clear and undisputable, any ambiguity in the Act’s expression of these obligations and rights prevents a court from issuing a writ of mandamus.
Although we do not find helpful here the principle in our arbitration precedents favoring submission of arbitrability to the arbitrator, we do find another arbitration law principle instructive: “a party cannot be required to submit any dispute to arbitration that it has not agreed to submit.” Gold Coast Mall, 298 Md. at 103, 468 A.2d at 95 (citing United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363 U.S. 574, 582-83, 80 S.Ct. 1347, 1353, 4 L.Ed.2d 1409 (1960)). The disclaimer in Section 1 of the County’s Policies and Procedures Manual expresses the County’s intent to implement the Attendance Recognition Program only as a non-negotiable policy that would be subject to unilateral change by it. As we noted earlier, if the FOP disagreed with the status of the Attendance Recognition Program as a non-negotiable issue and sought to establish it as a “term and condition of employment,” the FOP could have utilized the MOU bargaining process provided in the BCC. The County implemented the Attendance Recognition Program, however, with the conspicuous intent to keep the policy separate from negotiable terms and conditions of employment. Accordingly, even if the principle of favoring arbitration in cases of ambiguity applied to this case, the County evidenced its intent not to add the Attendance Recognition Program to any existing arbitration agreement.
[580]*580In conclusion, the language of the Employee Relations Act does not rule out the possibility of the Director of Human Resources exercising some discretion in referring complaints to an independent third-party agency when the content of the complaint falls patently outside permitted areas of negotiation. The FOP’s request for a writ of mandamus compelling the Director to perform a duty not mandated by the statute, therefore, should have been denied. Accordingly, we shall reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH DIRECTIONS TO REVERSE THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY AND TO REMAND THE CASE TO THAT COURT FOR THE ENTRY OF JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF BALTIMORE COUNTY. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY RESPONDENT.
WATTS, J., joins judgment only.
McDONALD, j., Dissents.