NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 7 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JULIE BALLOU, No. 24-4530 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 3:19-cv-05002-DGE v. MEMORANDUM* CITY OF VANCOUVER, a municipal corporation,
Defendant - Appellant,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington David G. Estudillo, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 21, 2025 Portland, Oregon
Before: CALLAHAN, M. SMITH, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.
The City of Vancouver (“City”) appeals a district court’s order awarding
$611,756.43 in attorneys’ fees to Julie Ballou (“Ballou”). We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we review the award of attorneys’ fees for abuse
of discretion. Edmo v. Corizon, Inc., 97 F.4th 1165, 1168 (9th Cir. 2024). We
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. affirm in part and reverse in part.
Under Washington’s anti-discrimination law,1 courts apply the lodestar
method to calculate “reasonable attorneys’ fees.” Chuong Van Pham v. City of
Seattle, Seattle City Light, 151 P.3d 976, 981 (Wash. 2007) (quoting Wash. Rev.
Code § 49.60.030(2)). “To calculate a lodestar amount, a court multiplies the
number of hours reasonably expended by the reasonable hourly rate.” Id.
I. Reasonable Hours
The City argues that the district court abused its discretion by allowing
Ballou to recover for attorney time spent on all of her claims even though she was
successful on only one of her six claims. According to the City, the district court
failed to “apply the correct legal standard” when holding that all of Ballou’s claims
were related because the court principally relied on Odima v. Westin Tucson Hotel,
53 F.3d 1484 (9th Cir. 1995), and not Washington law. In support, the City points
to Kastanis v. Educ. Emps. Credit Union, 859 P.2d 26 (Wash. 1993), to argue that
“Washington law differs from federal law.”
The City’s argument lacks merit. Washington courts “look to federal
authority” when considering the relatedness of successful and unsuccessful claims.
1 Washington law applies to the award of attorneys’ fees in this case because the district court exercised supplemental jurisdiction over Ballou’s state law claims. See Cortez v. Skol, 776 F.3d 1046, 1054 n.8 (9th Cir. 2015); Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians v. California, 65 F.4th 1145, 1148–49 (9th Cir. 2023).
2 24-4530 See Blair v. Washington State Univ., 740 P.2d 1379, 1385 (Wash. 1987); see also
Brand v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 989 P.2d 1111, 1117 (Wash. 1999) (“This court
has followed Hensley [v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983)]” on the relatedness
inquiry.”). Kastanis is not to the contrary, as the trial court in that case “made no
express finding that plaintiff’s successful and unsuccessful claims were
inseparable,” 989 P.2d at 36. The district court also fairly applied Odima,
explaining that Ballou’s claims “required virtually the same evidence” so were
necessarily based on the same “common core of facts.” Odima, 53 F.3d at 1499.
The City next argues that the district court abused its discretion to the extent
it included time spent by Ballou’s attorneys defending Chief McElvain’s appeal to
the Ninth Circuit. See Ballou v. McElvain, 29 F.4th 413 (9th Cir. 2022) (“Ballou
I”). We agree. “A defendant should not ‘be required to compensate a plaintiff for
attorney hours devoted to the case against other defendants . . . who are found not
to be liable.’” Rode v. Dellarciprete, 892 F.2d 1177, 1185 (3d Cir. 1990) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Ballou did not prevail on her claims against
Chief McElvain. But a court may allow fees for work on unsuccessful claims that
are “sufficiently related” to successful claims. Pham, 151 P.3d at 982. Here, the
time spent on Ballou I was not related to the claims against the City because Ballou
I concerned Chief McElvain’s entitlement to qualified immunity, which is an issue
“completely separate from the merits of the action.” Will v. Hallock, 546 U.S. 345,
3 24-4530 349–50 (2006). While Title VII and section 1983 claims can be related, see
Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 802 F.2d 1131, 1142 (9th Cir. 1986), qualified
immunity is a separate inquiry unrelated to the facts underlying the section 1983
claim. Accordingly, the district court abused its discretion by including in the
lodestar time spent by attorneys Matthew Ellis and Stephen Brischetto on Ballou I.
The district court is instructed to reduce the fee award by 50.7 hours for Ellis
(from 567.6 to 516.9) and 46.0 hours for Brischetto (from 395.59 to 349.59).2
II. Reasonable Rate
Ballou requested a rate of $575/hour for Ellis and a rate of $685/hour for
Brischetto. The district court reduced Elliss’s hourly rate to $425 and Brischetto’s
hourly rate to $550 because “Ballou’s success compared to the fees sought does
not appear to warrant [the requested rates].”
The City raises a number of unpersuasive arguments for why the district
court did not account for Ballou’s limited success. For example, the fact that the
court awarded a similar rate to an attorney in a different case who achieved a
significant degree of success is not particularly meaningful because the court here
2 The City takes issue with other time entries by Ellis and Brischetto, like meeting with Ballou to prepare for the City’s internal investigation, but the time spent on these other tasks were “sufficiently related” to the claims against the City. Pham, 151 P.3d at 982. The City also argues that no costs incurred in Ballou I should be recoverable, but the district court did not include this in its calculation of the awarded costs of $4,163.50.
4 24-4530 did indeed reduce Brischetto’s hourly rate to account for Ballou’s limited success.
Nor does it matter that the district court did not explicitly consider the disparity
between Ballou’s settlement demands and the jury award because the court was not
required to do so. See, e.g., A.D. v. Cal. Highway Patrol, 712 F.3d 446, 461 (9th
Cir. 2013) (holding district court has discretion “to consider the amounts discussed
in settlement negotiations, or not”). Moreover, the district court’s determination
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 7 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JULIE BALLOU, No. 24-4530 D.C. No. Plaintiff - Appellee, 3:19-cv-05002-DGE v. MEMORANDUM* CITY OF VANCOUVER, a municipal corporation,
Defendant - Appellant,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington David G. Estudillo, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 21, 2025 Portland, Oregon
Before: CALLAHAN, M. SMITH, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.
The City of Vancouver (“City”) appeals a district court’s order awarding
$611,756.43 in attorneys’ fees to Julie Ballou (“Ballou”). We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we review the award of attorneys’ fees for abuse
of discretion. Edmo v. Corizon, Inc., 97 F.4th 1165, 1168 (9th Cir. 2024). We
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. affirm in part and reverse in part.
Under Washington’s anti-discrimination law,1 courts apply the lodestar
method to calculate “reasonable attorneys’ fees.” Chuong Van Pham v. City of
Seattle, Seattle City Light, 151 P.3d 976, 981 (Wash. 2007) (quoting Wash. Rev.
Code § 49.60.030(2)). “To calculate a lodestar amount, a court multiplies the
number of hours reasonably expended by the reasonable hourly rate.” Id.
I. Reasonable Hours
The City argues that the district court abused its discretion by allowing
Ballou to recover for attorney time spent on all of her claims even though she was
successful on only one of her six claims. According to the City, the district court
failed to “apply the correct legal standard” when holding that all of Ballou’s claims
were related because the court principally relied on Odima v. Westin Tucson Hotel,
53 F.3d 1484 (9th Cir. 1995), and not Washington law. In support, the City points
to Kastanis v. Educ. Emps. Credit Union, 859 P.2d 26 (Wash. 1993), to argue that
“Washington law differs from federal law.”
The City’s argument lacks merit. Washington courts “look to federal
authority” when considering the relatedness of successful and unsuccessful claims.
1 Washington law applies to the award of attorneys’ fees in this case because the district court exercised supplemental jurisdiction over Ballou’s state law claims. See Cortez v. Skol, 776 F.3d 1046, 1054 n.8 (9th Cir. 2015); Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians v. California, 65 F.4th 1145, 1148–49 (9th Cir. 2023).
2 24-4530 See Blair v. Washington State Univ., 740 P.2d 1379, 1385 (Wash. 1987); see also
Brand v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 989 P.2d 1111, 1117 (Wash. 1999) (“This court
has followed Hensley [v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983)]” on the relatedness
inquiry.”). Kastanis is not to the contrary, as the trial court in that case “made no
express finding that plaintiff’s successful and unsuccessful claims were
inseparable,” 989 P.2d at 36. The district court also fairly applied Odima,
explaining that Ballou’s claims “required virtually the same evidence” so were
necessarily based on the same “common core of facts.” Odima, 53 F.3d at 1499.
The City next argues that the district court abused its discretion to the extent
it included time spent by Ballou’s attorneys defending Chief McElvain’s appeal to
the Ninth Circuit. See Ballou v. McElvain, 29 F.4th 413 (9th Cir. 2022) (“Ballou
I”). We agree. “A defendant should not ‘be required to compensate a plaintiff for
attorney hours devoted to the case against other defendants . . . who are found not
to be liable.’” Rode v. Dellarciprete, 892 F.2d 1177, 1185 (3d Cir. 1990) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Ballou did not prevail on her claims against
Chief McElvain. But a court may allow fees for work on unsuccessful claims that
are “sufficiently related” to successful claims. Pham, 151 P.3d at 982. Here, the
time spent on Ballou I was not related to the claims against the City because Ballou
I concerned Chief McElvain’s entitlement to qualified immunity, which is an issue
“completely separate from the merits of the action.” Will v. Hallock, 546 U.S. 345,
3 24-4530 349–50 (2006). While Title VII and section 1983 claims can be related, see
Thorne v. City of El Segundo, 802 F.2d 1131, 1142 (9th Cir. 1986), qualified
immunity is a separate inquiry unrelated to the facts underlying the section 1983
claim. Accordingly, the district court abused its discretion by including in the
lodestar time spent by attorneys Matthew Ellis and Stephen Brischetto on Ballou I.
The district court is instructed to reduce the fee award by 50.7 hours for Ellis
(from 567.6 to 516.9) and 46.0 hours for Brischetto (from 395.59 to 349.59).2
II. Reasonable Rate
Ballou requested a rate of $575/hour for Ellis and a rate of $685/hour for
Brischetto. The district court reduced Elliss’s hourly rate to $425 and Brischetto’s
hourly rate to $550 because “Ballou’s success compared to the fees sought does
not appear to warrant [the requested rates].”
The City raises a number of unpersuasive arguments for why the district
court did not account for Ballou’s limited success. For example, the fact that the
court awarded a similar rate to an attorney in a different case who achieved a
significant degree of success is not particularly meaningful because the court here
2 The City takes issue with other time entries by Ellis and Brischetto, like meeting with Ballou to prepare for the City’s internal investigation, but the time spent on these other tasks were “sufficiently related” to the claims against the City. Pham, 151 P.3d at 982. The City also argues that no costs incurred in Ballou I should be recoverable, but the district court did not include this in its calculation of the awarded costs of $4,163.50.
4 24-4530 did indeed reduce Brischetto’s hourly rate to account for Ballou’s limited success.
Nor does it matter that the district court did not explicitly consider the disparity
between Ballou’s settlement demands and the jury award because the court was not
required to do so. See, e.g., A.D. v. Cal. Highway Patrol, 712 F.3d 446, 461 (9th
Cir. 2013) (holding district court has discretion “to consider the amounts discussed
in settlement negotiations, or not”). Moreover, the district court’s determination
that the lawsuit resulted in intangible benefits was not clearly erroneous. Wilcox v.
City of Reno, 42 F.3d 550, 556 (9th Cir. 1994). Newspapers covered Ballou’s
lawsuit, so it is at most a dispute between the parties as to whether Ballou’s lawsuit
had any impact on the City and its public agencies. See id.
In sum, the district court reduced the lodestar by discounting Ellis and
Brischetto’s requested hourly rate, so accounted for “the relationship between the
extent of success and the amount of the fee award.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 438. The
City’s “quarrel is with how much money the judge subtracted after consideration
of the appropriate factors,” but that “was a matter for the district judge’s discretion,
which he did not abuse.” McGinnis v. Kentucky Fried Chicken, 51 F.3d 805, 809
(9th Cir. 1994).
III. Contingency Adjustment
“After the lodestar has been calculated, the court may consider adjusting the
award to reflect . . . the contingent nature of success, and the quality of work
5 24-4530 performed.” Pham, 151 P.3d at 982–83. “The contingency adjustment is based on
the notion that attorneys generally will not take high risk contingency cases, for
which they risk no recovery at all for their services, unless they can receive a
premium for taking that risk.” Id. at 983. To determine whether a case is “high
risk,” Washington courts “assess the likelihood of success at the outset of the
litigation.” Id. (quoting Bowers v. Transamerica Title Ins. Co., 675 P.2d 193, 204
(Wash. 1983)).
Here, the district court rejected Ballou’s requested adjustment of 100%
because it did not “properly reflect [that] the likelihood of success at the outset
weighed against Ballou’s limited success at trial.” The court instead determined
that “a 33% increase is an appropriate adjustment for the risk incurred by counsel
in taking on this case.” The district court further awarded the adjustment because
“[a]ttorneys must be willing to take on these types of cases, even when recovery
may be minimal, because of the importance of ensuring our local agencies are
operating properly and within the bounds of the law.”
The district court abused its discretion because it applied the wrong legal
standard. Edmo, 97 F.4th at 1168. In the district court’s view, Ballou had “limited
success at trial” when compared to “the likelihood of success at the outset” of the
litigation meaning Ballou should have won more than the one claim the jury
returned in her favor. Under Washington law, contingency enhancements are
6 24-4530 appropriate where the attorneys “risk no recovery at all for their services,” Pham,
151 P.3d at 983, and this happens only where it is more likely than not that the
litigation itself “would be unsuccessful,” Morgan v. Kingen, 210 P.3d 995, 1001
(Wash. 2009). Because the district court found that Ballou should have found
greater success at trial when compared against the likelihood of success “at the
outset of the litigation,” Pham, 151 P.3d at 983, it abused its discretion in awarding
the contingency adjustment.
The district court also erred by awarding the adjustment based on “irrelevant
factors.” Id. at 984. For example, the court considered Ballou’s potential
economic recovery, but litigation is not “high risk” simply because the ultimate
damages amount is low. Even with a low damages award, attorneys are entitled to
compensation for their services. See Brand, 989 P.2d at 1114 (holding a “large
attorney fee award” is available even if “the amount at stake in the case is small”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Perry v. Costco Wholesale, Inc.,
98 P.3d 1264, 1277 (Wash. App. 2004) (success in a civil rights case does not
“depend on obtaining substantial monetary relief”). “In Washington, adjustments
to the lodestar product are reserved for ‘rare’ occasions,” Berryman v. Metcalf, 312
P.3d 745, 757 (Wash. App. 2013) (quoting Sanders v. State, 240 P.3d 120, 141
(Wash. 2010)), but the district court’s reasoning would make these adjustments
“routine” in civil rights cases, id. at 760. Accordingly, we reverse the district
7 24-4530 court’s award of the contingency adjustment.
The district court’s order is AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN
PART. Ballou is entitled to a reasonable attorneys’ fee award of $411,957.00.3
3 Ellis’s 516.9 hours multiplied by a rate of $425.00 yields $219,682.50 and Brischetto’s 349.59 hours multiplied by a rate of $550.00 yields $192,274.50. Because Ballou is not the “prevailing party” on appeal, her request for fees under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 39–6.1 is DENIED. See Corder v. Gates, 104 F.3d 247, 249–50 (9th Cir. 1996). Each party shall bear its own costs.
8 24-4530