Tenney, J.
— The deed under which the plaintiff claims purports to convey the right, which the assignee of Jonathan Vining had in the premises ; but the notice given by the as[125]*125signee prior to the sale was, that he should dispose of the right which the bankrupt had in the land at the time of his bankruptcy. The plaintiff’ seeks a decree as a purchaser of the right which Jonathan Vining had to the land in controversy in law and in equity. He does not claim as a creditor of Jonathan Vining, and does not state in his bill that he ever held that relation to him. Neither does he bring the bill as representative of any creditor or creditors of the bankrupt, by assignment or otherwise; but the foundation of his alleged right to prevail in the suit is, that by the purchase he stands in the place of the bankrupt at the time of his bankruptcy; and the claim asserted is in no respect to be regarded as superior to the right, which he represents. Whatever may have been the rights of Jonathan Vining’s creditors, or the right of his assignee touching the property, as distinguished from the rights of the debtor, in a controversy with Daniel Vining or his grantee, they are not in litigation in this suit.
The conveyances to Stevens and Jewett, and to Lord, are treated by the plaintiff as bona fide on the part of the grantees respectively. It is not denied, that the quitclaim deed of Jonathan Vining, of his interest in the premises, to James Child and others, on the 26th of March, 1831, in consideration, that he was discharged from imprisonment on executions in favor of the grantees, was also a bona fide and valid transaction. After this release Jonathan Vining had no further interest in the land. The legal title was in Lord, and if Vining had any equitable interest, it passed to his creditors by that deed.
2. But it is insisted, that after the conveyance made by Lord to Daniel Vining, on August 23, 1833, Jonathan Vining had a resulting trust in the premises, by virtue of having paid to Lord the full consideration.
It is a well settled principle, if one purchases an estate with his own money, and the deed be taken in the name of another, a trust results by presumption of law, to the one who pays the money. “ This is a well known and universally admitted rule in equity.” Boyd v. McLean, 1 Johns. Ch. 586; Buck [126]*126v. Pike, 2 Fairf. 9. It is now regarded as also settled by the weight of authority, that where a trust is claimed as arising by operation of law, in consequence of the consideration having been paid by the one asserting the claim, for the conveyance made to the alleged trustee, this payment may be proved by parol; that such evidence is admissible not only against the face of the deed, but in opposition to the answer of the supposed trustee, denying the trust. This proposition, however, has been denied, as being in violation of the statute of frauds. Roberts on Statute of Frauds, 99. But the question has been considered at rest since the time of Lord Hardwicke generally, in chancery practice, rather by the force of authority, which had long prevailed, than by any reasonable basis, on whieh the doctrine can be supported. Sir Thomas' Clarke is reported to have said, in Lane v. Dighton, 1 Amb. 409, that if it was res integra he should have thought parol evidence ought not to be admitted, yet he conceived himself bound by the determinations of Lord Hardwicke to receive and act upon such evidence, notwithstanding such evidence is too dangerous in its consequences. The same view was taken by Sir William Grant, Master of the Rolls, in Linch v. Linch, 10 Vesey, 511, and by Chancellor Kent, in Boyd v. McLean, 1 Johns. 582, where he says, the cases uniformly show that the courts have been deeply impressed with the danger of this kind of proof as tending to perjury and the insecurity of paper title, and they have required^ the payment by the cestui que trust to be clearly proved. This court have manifested a regret that long practice had established the doctrine, and have felt the necessity of requiring full and convincing proof of payment, as the basis of a resulting trust, in favor of the one making it against the person having the legal title. Buck v. Pike, 2 Fairf. 9. And so cautious have courts been in the reception of such evidence, although the proofs have been allowed to be read ; yet if there was any secret in the cause not understood, the relief sought has been denied. Gascoigne v. Theving, 1 Verm. 366; Kirk v. Webb, Prec. in Ch. 84; Linch v. Linch, before cited.
[127]*127A doubt was formerly suggested, whether a resulting trust could be sustained, when only a part of the consideration was paid by the party claiming to be the cestui qxie trust. Lord Hardwicke is represented to have said, in Cross v. Norton, 9 Mod. 233, that “ the resulting trust, arose to the one who paid the whole consideration, but he never knew it when the consideration moved from several persons ; for this would introduce all the mischiefs, which the statute of frauds was intended to prevent. Suppose several persons agree to purchase an estate in the name of one, and the purchase money appears by the deed to be paid by him only, I do not know any case, where such persons shall come into the Court and say, they paid the purchase money, but it is expected there should be a declaration of trust. But in Wray v. Steele, 2 Ves. and Beame, 389, the Vice-Chancellor says, “Lord Hardwicke could not have used the language ascribed to him. What is there applicable to an advance by a single individual, that is not equally applicable to a joint advance, under similar circumstances?” Chancellor Kent thinks the doctrine in Cross v. Norton incorrect, and says the cases recognize the trust, when the money of A formed only a part of the consideration of the land purchased in the name of B. The land in such case is to be charged pro tanto. Botsford v. Burr, 2 Johns. Chan. 405. Judge Story adopts the principle of the later cases. Powell v. Mon. and Br. Man. Co. 3 Mason, 347.
But these cases all show manifestly, a determination in Courts, not to enlarge by construction or analogy, the doctrine, in allowing the introduction of parol evidence, to contradict the language of the deed, and the answer of the alleged trustee, in order to raise a resulting trust; but to confine the party presenting such a claim rigidly within the limits which practice has established. And no case has been found where a resulting trust has been held to arise upon payments made in common, by the one asserting his claim and the grantee in the deed, wherein the grantor acknowledges the receipt of the consideration from him alone, when the amount belonging to one and the other is uncertain, and unknown even to those [128]*128who make the payments; and no satisfactory evidence is offered exhibiting the portion, which was really the property of each. The trust springs from a presumption of law, because the alleged cestui que trust has paid the money. Such presumption must be attended with no uncertainty. The whole foundation is the payment, and this must be clearly established. The principle has its origin in the natural presumption, in the absence of all rebutting circumstances, that he who supplies the money
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Tenney, J.
— The deed under which the plaintiff claims purports to convey the right, which the assignee of Jonathan Vining had in the premises ; but the notice given by the as[125]*125signee prior to the sale was, that he should dispose of the right which the bankrupt had in the land at the time of his bankruptcy. The plaintiff’ seeks a decree as a purchaser of the right which Jonathan Vining had to the land in controversy in law and in equity. He does not claim as a creditor of Jonathan Vining, and does not state in his bill that he ever held that relation to him. Neither does he bring the bill as representative of any creditor or creditors of the bankrupt, by assignment or otherwise; but the foundation of his alleged right to prevail in the suit is, that by the purchase he stands in the place of the bankrupt at the time of his bankruptcy; and the claim asserted is in no respect to be regarded as superior to the right, which he represents. Whatever may have been the rights of Jonathan Vining’s creditors, or the right of his assignee touching the property, as distinguished from the rights of the debtor, in a controversy with Daniel Vining or his grantee, they are not in litigation in this suit.
The conveyances to Stevens and Jewett, and to Lord, are treated by the plaintiff as bona fide on the part of the grantees respectively. It is not denied, that the quitclaim deed of Jonathan Vining, of his interest in the premises, to James Child and others, on the 26th of March, 1831, in consideration, that he was discharged from imprisonment on executions in favor of the grantees, was also a bona fide and valid transaction. After this release Jonathan Vining had no further interest in the land. The legal title was in Lord, and if Vining had any equitable interest, it passed to his creditors by that deed.
2. But it is insisted, that after the conveyance made by Lord to Daniel Vining, on August 23, 1833, Jonathan Vining had a resulting trust in the premises, by virtue of having paid to Lord the full consideration.
It is a well settled principle, if one purchases an estate with his own money, and the deed be taken in the name of another, a trust results by presumption of law, to the one who pays the money. “ This is a well known and universally admitted rule in equity.” Boyd v. McLean, 1 Johns. Ch. 586; Buck [126]*126v. Pike, 2 Fairf. 9. It is now regarded as also settled by the weight of authority, that where a trust is claimed as arising by operation of law, in consequence of the consideration having been paid by the one asserting the claim, for the conveyance made to the alleged trustee, this payment may be proved by parol; that such evidence is admissible not only against the face of the deed, but in opposition to the answer of the supposed trustee, denying the trust. This proposition, however, has been denied, as being in violation of the statute of frauds. Roberts on Statute of Frauds, 99. But the question has been considered at rest since the time of Lord Hardwicke generally, in chancery practice, rather by the force of authority, which had long prevailed, than by any reasonable basis, on whieh the doctrine can be supported. Sir Thomas' Clarke is reported to have said, in Lane v. Dighton, 1 Amb. 409, that if it was res integra he should have thought parol evidence ought not to be admitted, yet he conceived himself bound by the determinations of Lord Hardwicke to receive and act upon such evidence, notwithstanding such evidence is too dangerous in its consequences. The same view was taken by Sir William Grant, Master of the Rolls, in Linch v. Linch, 10 Vesey, 511, and by Chancellor Kent, in Boyd v. McLean, 1 Johns. 582, where he says, the cases uniformly show that the courts have been deeply impressed with the danger of this kind of proof as tending to perjury and the insecurity of paper title, and they have required^ the payment by the cestui que trust to be clearly proved. This court have manifested a regret that long practice had established the doctrine, and have felt the necessity of requiring full and convincing proof of payment, as the basis of a resulting trust, in favor of the one making it against the person having the legal title. Buck v. Pike, 2 Fairf. 9. And so cautious have courts been in the reception of such evidence, although the proofs have been allowed to be read ; yet if there was any secret in the cause not understood, the relief sought has been denied. Gascoigne v. Theving, 1 Verm. 366; Kirk v. Webb, Prec. in Ch. 84; Linch v. Linch, before cited.
[127]*127A doubt was formerly suggested, whether a resulting trust could be sustained, when only a part of the consideration was paid by the party claiming to be the cestui qxie trust. Lord Hardwicke is represented to have said, in Cross v. Norton, 9 Mod. 233, that “ the resulting trust, arose to the one who paid the whole consideration, but he never knew it when the consideration moved from several persons ; for this would introduce all the mischiefs, which the statute of frauds was intended to prevent. Suppose several persons agree to purchase an estate in the name of one, and the purchase money appears by the deed to be paid by him only, I do not know any case, where such persons shall come into the Court and say, they paid the purchase money, but it is expected there should be a declaration of trust. But in Wray v. Steele, 2 Ves. and Beame, 389, the Vice-Chancellor says, “Lord Hardwicke could not have used the language ascribed to him. What is there applicable to an advance by a single individual, that is not equally applicable to a joint advance, under similar circumstances?” Chancellor Kent thinks the doctrine in Cross v. Norton incorrect, and says the cases recognize the trust, when the money of A formed only a part of the consideration of the land purchased in the name of B. The land in such case is to be charged pro tanto. Botsford v. Burr, 2 Johns. Chan. 405. Judge Story adopts the principle of the later cases. Powell v. Mon. and Br. Man. Co. 3 Mason, 347.
But these cases all show manifestly, a determination in Courts, not to enlarge by construction or analogy, the doctrine, in allowing the introduction of parol evidence, to contradict the language of the deed, and the answer of the alleged trustee, in order to raise a resulting trust; but to confine the party presenting such a claim rigidly within the limits which practice has established. And no case has been found where a resulting trust has been held to arise upon payments made in common, by the one asserting his claim and the grantee in the deed, wherein the grantor acknowledges the receipt of the consideration from him alone, when the amount belonging to one and the other is uncertain, and unknown even to those [128]*128who make the payments; and no satisfactory evidence is offered exhibiting the portion, which was really the property of each. The trust springs from a presumption of law, because the alleged cestui que trust has paid the money. Such presumption must be attended with no uncertainty. The whole foundation is the payment, and this must be clearly established. The principle has its origin in the natural presumption, in the absence of all rebutting circumstances, that he who supplies the money means the purchase to be for his own benefit, rather than that of another; and that the conveyance in the name of the latter is a matter of convenience and arrangement between the parties for other collateral purposes. 2 Story’s Eq. sect. 1201.
The presumption of a resulting trust may be rebutted by parol evidence. If the plaintiff sets up an equity founded on parol proof, it may be rebutted, put down, or discharged by parol proof. There may be parol waiver of even a written contract. 2 Story’s Eq. § 770, a; Paine v. Dyer, 17 Vesey, 356; Botsford v. Burr, before cited. Facts and circumstances which satisfactorily contradict the presumption, are received as effectual. 2 Story’s Eq. 1202. And the common case of rebutting the presumption of a trust is, when the purchase may be fairly deemed to be made for another, from motives of love and natural affection. The purchase by a parent in the name of the son, would ordinarily be considered as intended for the benefit of the latter, so as to rebut the presumption of a resulting trust for the parent. But this last presumption may be rebutted by evidence, manifesting a clear intention that the son shall take as a trustee. Ibid. Where money is advanced as a loan to the party taking the deed, upon the credit of the borrower alone, it cannot be pretended that any presumption of a rebutting trust would arise. Boyd v. McLean, before referred to.
The answer of the defendant, Daniel Vining, is full, that in August, 1831, he made a contract with Lord, for the purchase of the land, made a payment, took a bond for a deed, and made other payments from time to time, with his own means, [129]*129till the whole consideration was paid, and the conveyance was made to him. This is responsive to the bill. But the answer is attempted to be overcome by the evidence introduced by the plaintiff. When the answer and all the evidence are considered, there is much uncertainty in relation to the particulars of the transaction, which took place between the father and the son. It is proved that Daniel Yining was twenty-one years of age in April, 1831; that as early as the fall of 1829, he went to Calais, and labored there from time to time till he paid the sum due to Lord, from his own means or those of his father, or both, and received a conveyance ; that in the summer of 1831, Lord having advertised the land for sale, and the father having made no payment to him and being insolvent, the latter caused the son to be informed of the condition of the land and the family ; had endeavored to obtain the money for Lord, but could not; every effort had failed, and that there was an opportunity for the son to make a bargain; that, it was a time of distress with him, and the family were exposed to be turned out of doors. In pursuance of this request, the son came with a sum of money which was paid towards the farm, and in the course of a few months after, another sum of more than one hundred dollars, was obtained by the son at Calais, by way of a draft on Mr. Barnard, and was received by Lord. The father and the son worked much at Calais between the time the first payment was made to Lord and the time, when the conveyance was made to the son, in making shingles. The business was carried on by the aid of their own and the labor of others, who were employed by them, and was apparently profitable. They were both active and industrious men. The father had a family dependent upon him for support ; and such had been this burden, that he had never been able to rescue himself from insolvency. The son was unmarried and was legally bound to afford support to no one, but his parents. Both worked upon the farm, when not at Calais for the purpose of raising money. It appears, that the son was willing to make common cause with his father in supporting the family, and freeing the farm from the debt that lay upon it. The en[130]*130tire money received by Lord was tñe avails of their eastern labor, unless there might have been a small sum furnished by the wife of the father, which according to the same testimony, was more than supplied, after the payments were made, from a surplus remaining. The money received when they were both at Calais was in a common fund, and when needed, taken from the common depository, to which both had access at pleasure. The son was manifestly willing to expend the whole avails of his labor, under the probable hope that he should eventually secure the farm to himself; the father reposed confidence in him, that he would continue as he had done, to afford him and his family the assistance, which he had before manifested no reluctance to do, when he was obliged in his distress to call upon him. There is no evidence in the case, tending in the least to show, that any accounts were kept between the father and the son, whereby either could ascertain otherwise than by wild conjecture, what sum had been acquired by one or the other as the net earnings, after deducting their expenditures respectively. It would not be strange, that the father should suppose long after the necessary fund was obtained and expended for the desired purpose, that much was the avails of his own labor and enterprise.. The son, on the other hand, knowing that he had labored hard, saw the family made comfortable, when they had before been threatened with expulsion from their residence, the farm freed from incumbrance, when for years previous, the father had not been able to stop even the accumulation of interest to its whole extent upon the principal, might well suppose that the debt had been all paid, “ with his own hard earnings.” Both might be correct in some measure, but both might also, be partially in error. However this may be, when the relation existing between them, and all the facts and circumstances disclosed in the case are examined, it cannot be considered, that there can be the legal presumption, that here was a trust resulting to the father. There is nothing which can satisfy the mind, that what was done by the two, was intended for the exclusive benefit of the father, or that the son was to hold the relation of trustee to him for [131]*131any part of the land. If the father really believed at the time he was expending his labor in order to raise the means of payment, for the land, it is rather to be regarded as a loan to the son, to be returned in the gratuitous kind offices, which his advancing age might make necessary, and which he did not appear to doubt, would be cheerfully rendered.
All legal presumption, that it was the expectation of Jonathan Vining, that he had a trust interest in the farm, is effectually repelled by the uniform declarations made by him in the most solemn manner, that he had no interest therein. His acts in negotiating a loan to be secured by a mortgage upon the land, as the agent of Daniel, speak emphatically the same language. It was not until a difficulty arose in the family which had not been anticipated, that his views were changed, and he sought to accomplish a purpose, which could not be done, without his stamping his former declarations with the character of perjury. The most charitable construction, which can be put upon his conduct in reference to the land is, that he did not suppose he had any equitable interest in it, at the time of the conveyance to his son, and notwithstanding some of the avails of his labor contributed with the earnings of the son to accomplish the purchase from Lord, still it was done under such circumstances, that the presumption, by operation of law, if any could be regarded as having arisen, is effectually rebutted. Bill dismissed with costs.
Note. — Wells, J. was not present at the argument, and took no part in the decision.