The Court.
This cause was submitted in Department, and a decision was rendered therein, affirming the judgment, on September 23, 1891. Thereafter, on petition of appellants, a rehearing was granted, and the cause was submitted in Bank.
* We have given to the arguments and briefs of counsel, and the cases therein cited, careful attention and consideration, and are satisfied with the opinion and conclusion of Department Two. Some of the points might be more elaborately discussed and additional authorities cited in support of the conclusions reached, but we deem it unnecessary to do so.
For the reasons given in the opinion of Mr. Justice De Haven, in Department, the judgment and order are affirmed.
Harrison, J., dissented.
The following is the opinion above referred to, rendered in Department Two, on the 23d of September, 1891:—
De Haven, J.
This is an action to subject the amount due from defendants for unpaid subscriptions for stock in the San Diego Street-Car Company to the payment of a judgment in favor of plaintiff, and against said corporation. The findings of the court, following the allegations of the complaint, show that execution was issued upon this judgment, and by the sheriff returned unsatisfied, because he could find no property of the corporation to apply to the satisfaction thereof. It is also alleged and found that the officers of the corporation have neglected and refused to make any assessment upon its stock, or to collect the balance remaining unpaid upon subscriptions for its stock. The plaintiff recovered judgment, and from this, and an order denying their motion for a new trial, the defendants appeal.
1. It is well settled that a judgment creditor who has exhausted his legal remedies against a corporation may maintain an action against its stockholders to recover, for the benefit of all creditors who may desire to come in and be made parties, the amount due upon unpaid subscriptions for stock, when the corporation neglects or refuses to collect the same. The action is sustained upon the principle that such unpaid subscriptions are a part of the capital stock of the corporation, and, like other debts due to it, constitute a fund to which creditors may look for the payment of their claims; and when the corporation neglects to call them in, a court of equity will enforce their payment.
(Sanger
v. Upton, 91 U. S. 56.) The contention of appellants, that this equitable remedy is superseded in this state by section 322 of the Civil Code, and that the only personal liability of the stockholder is that fixed by that section, is not tenable, and was so held by this court in
Harmon
v.
Page,
62 Cal. 448. The remedy given by that section of the code is purely statutory, and furnishes to creditors of corporations additional security by making the stockholder directly liable for his proportion of the corporate debts, and was not intended to diminish the assets of the corporation by releasing the stockholder from his indebt
edness to the corporation on account- of his unpaid subscription for stock, or to take away from the creditor the right to resort to a court of equity to compel its payment.
2. All the stockholders were not made parties defendant, and the objection to their non-joinder was taken both by demurrer and answer. The objection is not well taken, although the rule contended for by appellants finds support in some of the decided cases. The precise question arose in the case of
Hatch
v.
Dana,
101 U. S. 205; and it was there held, in an opinion the reasoning of which seems to us to be conclusive, that it is not necessary that all the stockholders should be made defendants in this kind of an action. The court there say: “ The liability of a stockholder for the capital stock of a company is several, and not joint. By his subscription each becomes a several debtor to the company, as much so as if he had given his promissory note for the amount of his subscription. At law, certainly, his subscription may be enforced against him without joinder of other subscribers; and in equity his liability does not cease to be several.....It may be that if the object of the bill is to wind up the affairs of this corporation, all the share-holders, at least "so far as they can be ascertained, should be made parties, that complete justice may be done by equalizing the burdens, and in order to prevent multiplicity of suits. But this is no such case. The most that can be said is, that the presence of all the stockholders might be convenient, not that it is necessary. When the only object of a bill is to obtain payment of a judgment against a corporation out of its credits or intangible property,—that is, out of its unpaid stock,—there is not the same reason for requiring all the stockholders to be made defendants. In such a case no stockholder can be compelled to pay more than he owes.” And this rule is followed by other courts.
(Thompson
v.
Bank,
19 Nev. 103; 3 Am. St. Hep. 797;
Bartlett
v.
Drew,
57 N. Y. 587;
Brundage
v.
Mining Co.,
12 Or. 322.)
3. It was not necessary for plaintiff to show that he had pursued his statutory remedy against the stockholders. The rule is, that a creditor has a right to resort to the equitable remedy invoked by the plaintiff in this action after he had exhausted his legal remedies against the corporation, and this was shown in this case by plaintiff’s judgment, and the return of the execution issued thereon unsatisfied.
4. The court did not err in refusing to allow defendants to show that the corporation was the owner and in possessibn of a large number of street-cars and other personal property, and a line of street-railway and of valuable franchises within the city of San Diego. The purpose of this offered evidence was to show that plaintiff had not exhausted his legal remedy upon his judgment, but was not competent for that purpose. The rule upon this point is thus stated by Mr. Justice Field in
Jones
v.
Green,
1 Wall. 332: “The court, when its aid is invoked, looks only to the execution, and the return of the officer to whom the execution was directed. The execution shows the remedy afforded at law has been pursued, and of course is the highest evidence of the fact. The return shows whether the remedy has proved effectual or not, and from the embarrassments which would attend any other rule the return is held conclusive. The court will not entertain inquiries as to the diligence of the officer in endeavoring to find property upon which to levy.”
5. The appellants offered to show that the indebtedness for which plaintiff’s judgment against the corporation was recovered arose upon a contract which was
ultra vires.
The evidence was excluded, and this ruling is assigned as error. The question is thus presented, whether sucli judgment is conclusive upon the stockholders of the corporation in this action, and that it is we entertain no doubt.
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The Court.
This cause was submitted in Department, and a decision was rendered therein, affirming the judgment, on September 23, 1891. Thereafter, on petition of appellants, a rehearing was granted, and the cause was submitted in Bank.
* We have given to the arguments and briefs of counsel, and the cases therein cited, careful attention and consideration, and are satisfied with the opinion and conclusion of Department Two. Some of the points might be more elaborately discussed and additional authorities cited in support of the conclusions reached, but we deem it unnecessary to do so.
For the reasons given in the opinion of Mr. Justice De Haven, in Department, the judgment and order are affirmed.
Harrison, J., dissented.
The following is the opinion above referred to, rendered in Department Two, on the 23d of September, 1891:—
De Haven, J.
This is an action to subject the amount due from defendants for unpaid subscriptions for stock in the San Diego Street-Car Company to the payment of a judgment in favor of plaintiff, and against said corporation. The findings of the court, following the allegations of the complaint, show that execution was issued upon this judgment, and by the sheriff returned unsatisfied, because he could find no property of the corporation to apply to the satisfaction thereof. It is also alleged and found that the officers of the corporation have neglected and refused to make any assessment upon its stock, or to collect the balance remaining unpaid upon subscriptions for its stock. The plaintiff recovered judgment, and from this, and an order denying their motion for a new trial, the defendants appeal.
1. It is well settled that a judgment creditor who has exhausted his legal remedies against a corporation may maintain an action against its stockholders to recover, for the benefit of all creditors who may desire to come in and be made parties, the amount due upon unpaid subscriptions for stock, when the corporation neglects or refuses to collect the same. The action is sustained upon the principle that such unpaid subscriptions are a part of the capital stock of the corporation, and, like other debts due to it, constitute a fund to which creditors may look for the payment of their claims; and when the corporation neglects to call them in, a court of equity will enforce their payment.
(Sanger
v. Upton, 91 U. S. 56.) The contention of appellants, that this equitable remedy is superseded in this state by section 322 of the Civil Code, and that the only personal liability of the stockholder is that fixed by that section, is not tenable, and was so held by this court in
Harmon
v.
Page,
62 Cal. 448. The remedy given by that section of the code is purely statutory, and furnishes to creditors of corporations additional security by making the stockholder directly liable for his proportion of the corporate debts, and was not intended to diminish the assets of the corporation by releasing the stockholder from his indebt
edness to the corporation on account- of his unpaid subscription for stock, or to take away from the creditor the right to resort to a court of equity to compel its payment.
2. All the stockholders were not made parties defendant, and the objection to their non-joinder was taken both by demurrer and answer. The objection is not well taken, although the rule contended for by appellants finds support in some of the decided cases. The precise question arose in the case of
Hatch
v.
Dana,
101 U. S. 205; and it was there held, in an opinion the reasoning of which seems to us to be conclusive, that it is not necessary that all the stockholders should be made defendants in this kind of an action. The court there say: “ The liability of a stockholder for the capital stock of a company is several, and not joint. By his subscription each becomes a several debtor to the company, as much so as if he had given his promissory note for the amount of his subscription. At law, certainly, his subscription may be enforced against him without joinder of other subscribers; and in equity his liability does not cease to be several.....It may be that if the object of the bill is to wind up the affairs of this corporation, all the share-holders, at least "so far as they can be ascertained, should be made parties, that complete justice may be done by equalizing the burdens, and in order to prevent multiplicity of suits. But this is no such case. The most that can be said is, that the presence of all the stockholders might be convenient, not that it is necessary. When the only object of a bill is to obtain payment of a judgment against a corporation out of its credits or intangible property,—that is, out of its unpaid stock,—there is not the same reason for requiring all the stockholders to be made defendants. In such a case no stockholder can be compelled to pay more than he owes.” And this rule is followed by other courts.
(Thompson
v.
Bank,
19 Nev. 103; 3 Am. St. Hep. 797;
Bartlett
v.
Drew,
57 N. Y. 587;
Brundage
v.
Mining Co.,
12 Or. 322.)
3. It was not necessary for plaintiff to show that he had pursued his statutory remedy against the stockholders. The rule is, that a creditor has a right to resort to the equitable remedy invoked by the plaintiff in this action after he had exhausted his legal remedies against the corporation, and this was shown in this case by plaintiff’s judgment, and the return of the execution issued thereon unsatisfied.
4. The court did not err in refusing to allow defendants to show that the corporation was the owner and in possessibn of a large number of street-cars and other personal property, and a line of street-railway and of valuable franchises within the city of San Diego. The purpose of this offered evidence was to show that plaintiff had not exhausted his legal remedy upon his judgment, but was not competent for that purpose. The rule upon this point is thus stated by Mr. Justice Field in
Jones
v.
Green,
1 Wall. 332: “The court, when its aid is invoked, looks only to the execution, and the return of the officer to whom the execution was directed. The execution shows the remedy afforded at law has been pursued, and of course is the highest evidence of the fact. The return shows whether the remedy has proved effectual or not, and from the embarrassments which would attend any other rule the return is held conclusive. The court will not entertain inquiries as to the diligence of the officer in endeavoring to find property upon which to levy.”
5. The appellants offered to show that the indebtedness for which plaintiff’s judgment against the corporation was recovered arose upon a contract which was
ultra vires.
The evidence was excluded, and this ruling is assigned as error. The question is thus presented, whether sucli judgment is conclusive upon the stockholders of the corporation in this action, and that it is we entertain no doubt. The object of this suit is to compel the corporation against whom the judgment was recovered to satisfy the same out of its- assets, and it is not competent for the defendants, who are simply called
upon to pay what they owe to the corporation in order that its obligations may be discharged, to reopen the question whether, upon the facts, the plaintiff ought to have had judgment against the corporation. The judgment was a conclusive determination of that fact as against the corporation and all persons in privity with it, and carries with it, without relitigating the facts upon which it is based, the undoubted right of enforcement against the property of the corporation, and that is all that is sought in this case. A corporation represents and binds its stockholders in all matters within the limits of its corporate power, so long as it acts in good faith and without fraud upon their rights; and in the bringing and defending of suits affecting the rights and obligations of the corporation, it binds the stockholders as fully as in the making of contracts. The right to sue and be sued, to maintain and defend actions concerning corporate rights and corporate liabilities, is a power incident to every corporation. In this state it is not only conferred by statute, but is preserved by constitutional provision. (Const., art. XII., sec. 4.) And with this right of the corporation to maintain and defend actions concerning its corporate rights or liabilities the stockholder cannot interfere, except when the directors refuse to act, or are guilty of fraud in the maintenance or defense of the action.
(Newby
v.
Railroad Co.,
1 Saw. 63;
Memphis City
v.
Dean,
8 Wall. 73;
Ware
v.
Bazemore,
58 Ga. 316;
Greaves
v.
Gouge,
69 N. Y. 154;
Brewer
v.
Boston Theatre,
104 Mass. 378.) It must necessarily follow, from the nature of this corporate power, that a judgment against a corporation for an alleged corporate indebtedness is conclusive upon it, and of the right of the creditor to subject its property to the satisfaction thereof; and, in the absence of fraud, equally conclusive upon the. stockholder when it is sought to satisfy the judgment out of the assets of the corporation in. his hands. This was so held in
Marsh
v.
Burroughs,
1 Woods, 471. Mr. Justice Bradley, in delivering the opinion of the court in that case, said: “ The stockholders of the bank can
not ask to go behind the judgments rendered against the bank and question the original cause of action, unless they can show collusion between the plaintiff and the bank, entered into for the purpose of defrauding the stockholders.” And this view is also sustained by the following cases:
Glenn
v.
Williams,
60 Md. 93;
Henry
v.
Elder,
63 Ga. 347;
Lehman
v.
Glenn,
87 Ala. 618;
Stephens
v.
Fox,
83 1ST. Y. 317;
Bank
v.
Chandler,
19 Wis. 435. See also Morawetz on Private Corporations, sec. 865.
6. The appellant Babcock offered to show upon the trial that he was the real owner of only 425 of the shares issued to him by the corporation, and that the others standing in his name on its books were owned by other parties, and that they were issued to him as a matter of convenience to enable him to negotiate a loan for such owners. The evidence was excluded, and in our opinion, the ruling was correct. It seems to be well settled that one to whom stock is issued by the corporation, and who has the same placed in his name on the corporation books as the owner, is liable to the creditors of the corporation as though he were the absolute owner; and this whether he was in fact a pledgee, agent, or trustee for the real owner.
(Bank
v.
Case,
99 U. S. 631; Cook on Stockholders, secs. 249-253; Thompson on Stockholders, sec. 223;
Thompson
v.
Bank,
19 Nev. 103; 3 Am. St. Rep. 797.) The foregoing views dispose of all the questions presented by this appeal requiring special discussion.
Judgment and order affirmed.
Beatty, C. J., and McFarland, J., concurred.