Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
The facts of this case are in many particulars the same as those which appeared in the case of Hoffman against the same defendant, 16 Pa. Superior Ct. 631. But in the particular about to be noticed the cases differ. There the plaintiff claimed title by adverse possession, and by his own testimony limited his claim and possession by the stone wall which separated his lot from the creek. The deposit in the bed of the creek was not upon his land. At least, the testimony did not show it to be. In this case the plaintiff’s deed calls for Canal street on the south. It appears from the map introduced evidence by the defendant that at that point Mill Creek flows longitudinally through Canal street. The general rule is, that where a public street, highway or alley is called for as a boundary in a deed, the grantee takes title in fee to the middle of the street, if the grantor had title thereto, and did not expressly, or by clear implication reserve it; and where there is no evidence as to the grantors’ title, it will be presumed to have extended to the middle of the road or street. If that rule is to be applied here, the plaintiff’s title, subject to the rights of the public, includes part of the bed of the stream, which it is alleged, has been raised by the deposits of coal dirt brought down from the defendant’s and other collieries. The proportionate responsibility of the defendant for the resultant injury has been established by the verdict of th.e jury upon sufficient evidence and is not now in question. The question is as to the measure of damages. The jury awarded for temporary damages $237.44 and for permanent damages $225. The lat-. ter were awarded upon the theory, that, even if no more coal dirt is deposited in the stream, the bed of the creek will not be freed by the washing of the waters from the deposit; in other words, that the condition of the bed of the stream at the time of the trial is reasonably certain to be permanent, and that in consequence of raising the bed of the stream the plaintiff’s cel-', lar has been made permanently damp and. musty and her- abil-. [190] ity to drain her premises destroyed. It would seem clear that, if there was sufficient evidence to warrant the jury in finding those facts, there was no error in the instructions complained of in the first assignment of error, or in the answers to the defendant’s points, which are the subjects of the third and fourth assignments, or in the admission of evidence as to the effect of these conditions upon the market value of the property, which is the subject of the second assignment.
Was there sufficient evidence to warrant the jury in finding those facts ?
Concerning the permanence of the condition of the bed of the creek, the learned judge who tried the case said: “ All of the witnesses in the case who testified on the subject, as we remember, fix the quantity of coal dirt and muck in the bed of the creek as being much less now than it was prior to the flood of 1894. Between the flood of 1893 and the flood of 1894, the deposit of coal dirt in the creek was fixed at from three to five feet; some of the witnesses fixed it as high as five feet; whilst after the flood of 1894 and down to the present time it was fixed at from one and one half to two feet.” Some of the plaintiff’s witnesses, including her husband, testified that the deposit has been gradually decreasing and the bed of the creek lowering, and one of them testified, that, while there is still some deposit in the channel of the creek, “ the material that has made all this trouble is washed down pretty well; the creek is pretty fair at the present time.” If this were all the testimony, then, judging the future by the past, the conjecture that the condition of the bed of the creek at the time of the trial will continue permanently would seem not to rest on a very solid foundation. But one of the other witnesses testified, when asked whether or not the coal dirt now in the stream has formed a new bed, “ Well, it has about formed a new bed of the stream ; it becomes solidified, becomes perfectly solidified, j-ou may say.” Again, when asked whether from his observation the filling is of a temporary or a permanent character, he said: “ I believe the bed of the creek as formed now is permanent, I believe that it is there permanently. I think that the floods and rains we have had have Reduced it about as much as they will, from the fact that it is solidified noW, that the water, it does not have the same effect on it since it has taken off two or three feet of the [191] coal dirt.” This testimony, while adding an element of pro'of not so clearly brought out in the testimony of the other witnesses, is not absolutely irreconcilable therewith. Nor can we say that it was so improbable as to be unworthy of credit. Viewing the testimony as a whole, we cannot say that the court erred in submitting to the jury the question, whether the bed of the stream had been permanently raised by the deposit.
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Opinion by
Rice, P. J.,
The facts of this case are in many particulars the same as those which appeared in the case of Hoffman against the same defendant, 16 Pa. Superior Ct. 631. But in the particular about to be noticed the cases differ. There the plaintiff claimed title by adverse possession, and by his own testimony limited his claim and possession by the stone wall which separated his lot from the creek. The deposit in the bed of the creek was not upon his land. At least, the testimony did not show it to be. In this case the plaintiff’s deed calls for Canal street on the south. It appears from the map introduced evidence by the defendant that at that point Mill Creek flows longitudinally through Canal street. The general rule is, that where a public street, highway or alley is called for as a boundary in a deed, the grantee takes title in fee to the middle of the street, if the grantor had title thereto, and did not expressly, or by clear implication reserve it; and where there is no evidence as to the grantors’ title, it will be presumed to have extended to the middle of the road or street. If that rule is to be applied here, the plaintiff’s title, subject to the rights of the public, includes part of the bed of the stream, which it is alleged, has been raised by the deposits of coal dirt brought down from the defendant’s and other collieries. The proportionate responsibility of the defendant for the resultant injury has been established by the verdict of th.e jury upon sufficient evidence and is not now in question. The question is as to the measure of damages. The jury awarded for temporary damages $237.44 and for permanent damages $225. The lat-. ter were awarded upon the theory, that, even if no more coal dirt is deposited in the stream, the bed of the creek will not be freed by the washing of the waters from the deposit; in other words, that the condition of the bed of the stream at the time of the trial is reasonably certain to be permanent, and that in consequence of raising the bed of the stream the plaintiff’s cel-', lar has been made permanently damp and. musty and her- abil-. [190] ity to drain her premises destroyed. It would seem clear that, if there was sufficient evidence to warrant the jury in finding those facts, there was no error in the instructions complained of in the first assignment of error, or in the answers to the defendant’s points, which are the subjects of the third and fourth assignments, or in the admission of evidence as to the effect of these conditions upon the market value of the property, which is the subject of the second assignment.
Was there sufficient evidence to warrant the jury in finding those facts ?
Concerning the permanence of the condition of the bed of the creek, the learned judge who tried the case said: “ All of the witnesses in the case who testified on the subject, as we remember, fix the quantity of coal dirt and muck in the bed of the creek as being much less now than it was prior to the flood of 1894. Between the flood of 1893 and the flood of 1894, the deposit of coal dirt in the creek was fixed at from three to five feet; some of the witnesses fixed it as high as five feet; whilst after the flood of 1894 and down to the present time it was fixed at from one and one half to two feet.” Some of the plaintiff’s witnesses, including her husband, testified that the deposit has been gradually decreasing and the bed of the creek lowering, and one of them testified, that, while there is still some deposit in the channel of the creek, “ the material that has made all this trouble is washed down pretty well; the creek is pretty fair at the present time.” If this were all the testimony, then, judging the future by the past, the conjecture that the condition of the bed of the creek at the time of the trial will continue permanently would seem not to rest on a very solid foundation. But one of the other witnesses testified, when asked whether or not the coal dirt now in the stream has formed a new bed, “ Well, it has about formed a new bed of the stream ; it becomes solidified, becomes perfectly solidified, j-ou may say.” Again, when asked whether from his observation the filling is of a temporary or a permanent character, he said: “ I believe the bed of the creek as formed now is permanent, I believe that it is there permanently. I think that the floods and rains we have had have Reduced it about as much as they will, from the fact that it is solidified noW, that the water, it does not have the same effect on it since it has taken off two or three feet of the [191] coal dirt.” This testimony, while adding an element of pro'of not so clearly brought out in the testimony of the other witnesses, is not absolutely irreconcilable therewith. Nor can we say that it was so improbable as to be unworthy of credit. Viewing the testimony as a whole, we cannot say that the court erred in submitting to the jury the question, whether the bed of the stream had been permanently raised by the deposit.
We come then to the second question of fact stated at the outset of the discussion of the measure of damages. A witness called by the plaintiff after testifying as to the condition of thecellar and the drainage, was asked this question (second assignment) : “ Will you state to the jury what the difference in the value of that property was as affected and as unaffected by the conditions which you have stated to the jury?” The conditions here referred to were the same as those referred to in the qualification added to the affirmance of the defendant’s fourth point (third assignment) which was as follows: “ It will be for you to say, however, whether the rise of the bed of the creek by coal dirt has produced the permanent injury to plaintiff ; whether the cellar of her house has been made permanently damp and musty and her power of drainage destroyed.” The witness testified that the depreciation in market value was $700. It is thus seen that the witness was permitted to testify, and the jury were permitted to find, that the plaintiff’s property was depreciated in value, because the stream was permanently raised to such a height as to render it impossible for her to drain her cellar into it. We need not stop to consider her legal right of drainage into the stream. The insurmountable objection to the witness’s testimony, as well as to the instructions of the court based upon it, is that he was compelled to admit that he had no definite knowledge of the difference between the levels of the cellar and the creek. The unsatisfactory character of his testimony upon that subject will be exhibited by a brief extract. He said: “ I believe yet that the cellar is as deep as the creek. Q. Do you know anything about it ? A. Not more than I was in; I did not level it. Q. Could you tell without leveling it? A. No, you could not. Q. Then does not the question as to whether that could be drained or not depend upon the difference in levels ? A. That is where it would. Q. How much difference in letel would .it require to drain that [192] cellar? -A. It would not take so much fall, about an inch and a half to the yard might do; it may be that it might run at present and it may not.” On the other hand the uncontradicted testimony o.f the defendants’ engineers based on exact measurements made at different times, was that the surface of the water was at least three feet below the level of the cellar; which, by the way, the plaintiff’s witness admitted would be sufficient. But without taking their testimony" into account, we conclude that the facts upon which the estimate of depreciation in the value of the property was based were not sufficiently proved. Therefore, the second and third assignments of error are sustained.
We do not sustain the seventh assignment of error. If the. alleged mistake of the court in summarizing the testimony of the witness as to the difference in rental value was of the gravity now claimed by counsel, it ought to have been called to the court’s attention immediately after the charge. See Commonwealth v. Kay, 14 Pa. Superior Ct. 376, and cases cited on page 391.
In the defendant’s sixth point (fifth assignment) the court was requested to charge that, as the plaintiff’s husband held a. lease of the property which antedated her deed, the plaintiff could not recover in this action. We do not think this necessarily follows, as the testimony shows that a part of her claim was for necessary repairs to restore her property to its original condition. Further, John P. Bailey was a party to the record, and continued to be a nominal party notwithstanding the amendment of the statement; he was in court assisting in the prosecution of his wife’s claim for the recovery of these very damages; and in one part of his testimony he asserted that after she got her deed he held, not under the lease, but under the deed. It is true that his cross-examination left this ques tion somewhat in doubt, but in view of his conduct, his testimony as a whole, and of the purposes for which the expenditures, or at least part of them, were made, we conclude, that the court committed no error in refusing the point. See McIntire v. Westmoreland Coal Co., 118 Pa. 108. The release which John P. Bailey subsequently filed pursuant to the order quoted in the eighth assignment precludes all possibility of the: defendant, being sued by him for-the same cause of action, even: [193] if he was not already precluded, as we think he was. The fifth assignment, as well as the sixth and eighth, which relate to the same question, is overruled.
It was conceded by the plaintiff’s counsel that the error, if any, in the instructions and rulings of the court relating to the recovery of damages as for a permanent injury could be corrected by striking out that item. This will explain our order.
The amount of the judgment is reduced from the sum of $462.44 to the sum of $287.44, together with interest on the last mentioned sum from the date of the verdict, and as thus modified, the judgment is affirmed.