Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Upon the case as above presented, there are only two principal questions that need be decided; and those are:
1. Whether Whipple and Baldwin are necessary or indispensable parties to this suit, and if so, whether there has been such service of process as was sufficient to subject them to the decree of the court.
2. If any part of the relief prayed for could be granted in their absence, whether any such partial decree can be passed and made effective as against the head of the Patent Office, though passed against the defendant Simonds, he no longer being in office.
1. Looking to the object and scope of the bill, and the prayers for relief based upon the allegations made therein, there would seem to be no doubt, upon the well established principles of equity procedure, that Whipple and Baldwin are necessary parties to the obtaining of any part of the relief prayed for by the plaintiff. The foundation for all the relief asked is the determination that the assignment of the 8th of September, 1890, is in fact fraudulent and void. Without this determination, there would be no ground for decreeing that the instrument operates as a cloud upon the [294]*294title of the plaintiff to the patent rights assigned, or that it should be surrendered to be cancelled; nor would there be any ground for ordering the Commissioner of Patents to expunge from the records of his office the record made there of the assignment.
Before any such decree could be made,, it would be necessary to have the two non-resident defendants before the court. They have a right to be heard before any such decree could be made upon the subject matter of the bill, no matter how strong the allegations made against them, or how strong the effect of the evidence exhibited with the bill. The rights involved are strictly in personam, and no decree can affect them, unless it be founded upon the control of the parties by the court, after due process served, or their voluntary appearance. The case rests upon general principles of equity jurisprudence, and not upon any mere statutory regulation or procedure. Wilson v. Sandford, 10 How., 99. And it is within that class of cases where the parties not only have an interest in the controversy.^ but an interest of such a nature that a final decree cannot be made without either affecting that interest, or leaving the controversy in such a condition that its final determination may be wholly inconsistent with equity and good conscience. Shields v. Barrow, 17 How., 130; Barney v. Baltimore City, 6 Wall., 280. An apt illustration of the principle, and of its working, is given by the learned judge in the case of Shields v. Barrow, just referred to. He said: “A bill to rescind a contract affords an example of this kind. For, if only apart of those interested in the contract are before the court, a decree of rescission must either destroy the rights of those who are absent, or leave the contract in full force as respects them, while it is set aside and the contracting parties restored to their former condition as to the others. We do not say that no case can arise in which this may be done; but it must be a case in which the rights of those before the court are completely separable from the rights of those absent; otherwise the latter are indispensable parties.”
[295]*295We think it clear, therefore, upon the best established principles, that the two non-resident defendants were indispensable parties to a suit for the relief sought by the plaintiff and that no decree, declaring the assignment of the 8th of September, 1890, fraudulent and void, can be made in their absence.
It is urged, however, that the order of publication against them, the publication of that order, and the subsequent personal service of the order, with a copy of the bill, upon these defendants, in the city of Chicago, were sufficient process to subject them to the jurisdiction of the court; and that if they were thus made subject to the jurisdiction of the court, and to any decree that might be proper to be passed in the cause, it was error to dismiss the bill. In this contention we cannot agree.
In the case of Hart v. Sansom, 110 U. S., 151, 154, it is said by the Supreme Court, that “ generally, if not universally, equity jurisdiction is exercised in personam, and not in rent, and depends upon the control of the court over the parties, by reason of their presence or residence, and not upon the place wheré the land lies 'in regard to which relief is sought. Upon a bill for the removal of a cloud upon title, as upon a bill for the specific performance of an agreement to convey, the decree, unless otherwise expressly provided by statute, is clearly not a judgment in rem, establishing a title in land, but operates in personam only, by restraining the defendant from asserting his claim, and directing him to deliver up his deed to be cancelled, or to execute a release to the plaintiff.”
Such being the nature of the decree sought to be obtained in this case,, and the defendants to be affected by that decree being non-residents, the .question is, what nature of service will subject them to the- jurisdiction of the court? This question would seem to be fully answered by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
In the case of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S., 714, it was held that process from the tribunals of one State cannot run into [296]*296another State, and summon a party there domiciled to respond to proceedings against him; and publication of process or of notice within the State in which the tribunal sits cannot create any greater obligation upon him to appear. Process sent to him out of the State, and process published within it, are equally unavailing in proceedings to . establish his personal liability. And it was further held, that if the subject matter of the suit involved the determination of any personal liability of the defendant, he must be-brought within the jurisdiction of the court-,, by service of-process within the State, or by his voluntary appearance. This case has been reaffirmed in several subsequent cases in the same high tribunal.
There is no ground for contending that Section 787, Rev. Stat. U. S., relating to the District of Columbia, has any application to this case. That section provides that “in all actions at law or in equity which have for their immediate-object the enforcement or establishment of any lawful right,, claim or demand, to or against any real or personal property within the jurisdiction of the court',' publication may be substituted for personal service of process upon any defendant who cannot be found. This provision does not embrace-proceedings of the nature of the present suit.
It would seem to be clear, therefore, that neither the publication of the order of court, nor the personal service of such order on the non-resident defendants out of and beyond the jurisdiction of the court, will have the effect of personal service of process within the jurisdiction. Such notice out of the jurisdiction will not confer on the court control of the parties, and subject them to punishment for contempt for disobedience of the orders of the court.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Upon the case as above presented, there are only two principal questions that need be decided; and those are:
1. Whether Whipple and Baldwin are necessary or indispensable parties to this suit, and if so, whether there has been such service of process as was sufficient to subject them to the decree of the court.
2. If any part of the relief prayed for could be granted in their absence, whether any such partial decree can be passed and made effective as against the head of the Patent Office, though passed against the defendant Simonds, he no longer being in office.
1. Looking to the object and scope of the bill, and the prayers for relief based upon the allegations made therein, there would seem to be no doubt, upon the well established principles of equity procedure, that Whipple and Baldwin are necessary parties to the obtaining of any part of the relief prayed for by the plaintiff. The foundation for all the relief asked is the determination that the assignment of the 8th of September, 1890, is in fact fraudulent and void. Without this determination, there would be no ground for decreeing that the instrument operates as a cloud upon the [294]*294title of the plaintiff to the patent rights assigned, or that it should be surrendered to be cancelled; nor would there be any ground for ordering the Commissioner of Patents to expunge from the records of his office the record made there of the assignment.
Before any such decree could be made,, it would be necessary to have the two non-resident defendants before the court. They have a right to be heard before any such decree could be made upon the subject matter of the bill, no matter how strong the allegations made against them, or how strong the effect of the evidence exhibited with the bill. The rights involved are strictly in personam, and no decree can affect them, unless it be founded upon the control of the parties by the court, after due process served, or their voluntary appearance. The case rests upon general principles of equity jurisprudence, and not upon any mere statutory regulation or procedure. Wilson v. Sandford, 10 How., 99. And it is within that class of cases where the parties not only have an interest in the controversy.^ but an interest of such a nature that a final decree cannot be made without either affecting that interest, or leaving the controversy in such a condition that its final determination may be wholly inconsistent with equity and good conscience. Shields v. Barrow, 17 How., 130; Barney v. Baltimore City, 6 Wall., 280. An apt illustration of the principle, and of its working, is given by the learned judge in the case of Shields v. Barrow, just referred to. He said: “A bill to rescind a contract affords an example of this kind. For, if only apart of those interested in the contract are before the court, a decree of rescission must either destroy the rights of those who are absent, or leave the contract in full force as respects them, while it is set aside and the contracting parties restored to their former condition as to the others. We do not say that no case can arise in which this may be done; but it must be a case in which the rights of those before the court are completely separable from the rights of those absent; otherwise the latter are indispensable parties.”
[295]*295We think it clear, therefore, upon the best established principles, that the two non-resident defendants were indispensable parties to a suit for the relief sought by the plaintiff and that no decree, declaring the assignment of the 8th of September, 1890, fraudulent and void, can be made in their absence.
It is urged, however, that the order of publication against them, the publication of that order, and the subsequent personal service of the order, with a copy of the bill, upon these defendants, in the city of Chicago, were sufficient process to subject them to the jurisdiction of the court; and that if they were thus made subject to the jurisdiction of the court, and to any decree that might be proper to be passed in the cause, it was error to dismiss the bill. In this contention we cannot agree.
In the case of Hart v. Sansom, 110 U. S., 151, 154, it is said by the Supreme Court, that “ generally, if not universally, equity jurisdiction is exercised in personam, and not in rent, and depends upon the control of the court over the parties, by reason of their presence or residence, and not upon the place wheré the land lies 'in regard to which relief is sought. Upon a bill for the removal of a cloud upon title, as upon a bill for the specific performance of an agreement to convey, the decree, unless otherwise expressly provided by statute, is clearly not a judgment in rem, establishing a title in land, but operates in personam only, by restraining the defendant from asserting his claim, and directing him to deliver up his deed to be cancelled, or to execute a release to the plaintiff.”
Such being the nature of the decree sought to be obtained in this case,, and the defendants to be affected by that decree being non-residents, the .question is, what nature of service will subject them to the- jurisdiction of the court? This question would seem to be fully answered by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.
In the case of Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S., 714, it was held that process from the tribunals of one State cannot run into [296]*296another State, and summon a party there domiciled to respond to proceedings against him; and publication of process or of notice within the State in which the tribunal sits cannot create any greater obligation upon him to appear. Process sent to him out of the State, and process published within it, are equally unavailing in proceedings to . establish his personal liability. And it was further held, that if the subject matter of the suit involved the determination of any personal liability of the defendant, he must be-brought within the jurisdiction of the court-,, by service of-process within the State, or by his voluntary appearance. This case has been reaffirmed in several subsequent cases in the same high tribunal.
There is no ground for contending that Section 787, Rev. Stat. U. S., relating to the District of Columbia, has any application to this case. That section provides that “in all actions at law or in equity which have for their immediate-object the enforcement or establishment of any lawful right,, claim or demand, to or against any real or personal property within the jurisdiction of the court',' publication may be substituted for personal service of process upon any defendant who cannot be found. This provision does not embrace-proceedings of the nature of the present suit.
It would seem to be clear, therefore, that neither the publication of the order of court, nor the personal service of such order on the non-resident defendants out of and beyond the jurisdiction of the court, will have the effect of personal service of process within the jurisdiction. Such notice out of the jurisdiction will not confer on the court control of the parties, and subject them to punishment for contempt for disobedience of the orders of the court. Upon such foreign service merely the court cannot proceed as if the parties were before it, and subject them to its decree passed in personam.
2. It is contended, however, by the plaintiff, that notwithstanding the two non-resident defendants are not before the court, and subject to its decree, that the court could proceed [297]*297and decree the alleged fraudulent assignment to be expunged from the records of the Patent Office, as being there without authority, and declare the same null and void. But this assumes the truth of everything alleged in the bill, and which it is the right of these non-resident defendants to deny and controvert. It is clear, from what we have already said, that this contention cannot be maintained. It may be conceded, that so far as the Commissioner of Patents was concerned, there was jurisdiction in the court; but that jurisdiction was not complete over the subject matter, in the absence of the non-resident defendants; and no consent or acquiescence of the Commissioner of Patents could give the court jurisdiction over the subject matter. Butterworth v. Hill, 114 U. S., 128.
But apart from all this, there is another difficulty now existing in regard to the defendant Simonds, and that is, he is no longer Commissioner of Patents. He has been succeeded in that office by another person, who would not be bound by a decree made against his predecessor after he had retired from office. The present incumbent of the office could not .be compelled, by any personal process against him, to execute a decree made against William E. Simonds, late Commissioner of Patents. This court is bound to take notice of the change in the incumbency of the office. It is a settled principle that courts of general jurisdiction are bound to take judicial notice of the heads of departments, and the principal officers of State; of the public seals; of the heads of bureaus in the departments, and of the judges of the United States courts, and of the United States marshals. 1 Greenl. Ev., Sec. 6. It has been expressly held, that the courts of the United States are bound to take judicial notice of the persons who occupy the position of the head of the Patent Office. Railroad Co. v. Winans, 17 How., 30.
Upon review of the whole case, we find no error; and the decree below dismissing the bill with costs must be affirmed with costs of appeal.
Decree affirmed, with costs of appeal.