ADAMS, Circuit Judge.
The casualty company issued its policy indemnifying tlie tool company against loss from common-law and statutory liability for damages on account of bodily injuries sustained by any of its employes while on duty. James M. Cameron, an employé, sued the tool company for damages sustained by him while in its employment and recovered a judgment for $3,500, which the tool company was required to pay and did pay. Afterwards the tool company brought the present action against the casualty company on its policy to recover the amount so paid to Cameron. The casualty company filed its answer, alleging that the assured had failed to keep and observe a promissory warranty which formed a part of the contract of indemnity, in this: that it permitted to be used on its premises certain explosives in violation of a stipulation contained in the policy that no explosives should be used on the premises. In its answer it pleaded the following facts as a breach of the warranty: That the assured, while carrying on a machine and blacksmith shop, permitted one Howe to make use of its tools and furnaces for the purpose of carrying on dangerous and hazardous investigations and experiments, and particularly to place in one of plaintiff’s furnaces a certain iron tube filled with substances which were highly explosive and dangerous to life and limb when brought into contact with heat; that an explosion followed which caused the injury to Cameron. Defendant for further answer alleged that in the suit which Cameron brought against the assured the question whether Cameron was injured by the use of explosives on the premises was adjudicated and conclusively settled against the assured- The contract of indemnitor sued on required the assured upon the occasion of any accident to give immediate notice thereof to, the .casualty company, and, in case of suit against the assured, the latter was required to immediately deliver to the casualty company a copy of the petition and summons, and the latter agreed to make the defense to the suit at its own cost or settle the [711]*711same, provided it did not elect to pay the limit o£ liability fixed in tlic contract. Pursuant to the obligation of the contract, the assured gave the required notice, and delivered a copy of the petition and summons to the casualty company. The casualty company, disclaiming any liability for the damages occasioned to Cameron, refused to assume the defense of that suit.
To sustain the issue of res adjudícala joined in this suit the casualty company offered in evidence the amended petition, the answer, the instructions of the court to the jury, and the judgment rendered in that suit. From this testimony offered and received it appears that Cameron charged in his petition as the act of negligence which caused his injury that the tool company carelessly caused and permitted to be constructed a large metal tube “and caused, and permitted the same to lie filled with various metals and materials of an explosive and dangerous nature,” and, when so filled, to be placed in a heating furnace in the machine shop of the defendant, and that as a result thereof the tube and contents exploded and injured him; that the tool company joined issue on that allegation of negligence; that the trial court at the trial instructed the jury as follows:
“If they find and believe from the evidence that on or about April 7, 1903, the defendant company permitted and invited one Howe to enter upon its premises where the plaintiff [Cameron] was working as a blacksmith in the service of the defendant, and to place within its furnace thereon a certain tube closed and sealed and filled with materials of an explosive nature and that said furnace at the time contained a hot fire, and if the jury further believe {hat the defendant knew or by the exercise of ordinary care could and should have known that said lube so closed and sealed, and so filled was likely in the natural course of events to explode when so placed in said furnace containing a hot fire, and if the jury further believe that said Howe upon such permission and invitation did place said tube so closed and sealed and so filled in said furnace then containing a hot fire, and that in consequence thereof said tube did explode, and that plaintiff as a direct and immediate consequence of said explosion and without any fault or negligence on his part contributing thereto was injured — then the jury will find for the plaintiff,”
■ — and that the converse of this proposition was given to the jury in favor of the defendant.
On these pleadings and instructions a verdict was found in favor of Cameron and against the tool company for $3,500, upon which judgment was finally entered and satisfied by the tool company. It is this judgment which is pleaded as res adjudicata of the issue involved in the present case, whether the tool company, the assured, committed a breach of its warranty not to use explosives on its premises. The Circuit Court, on a view of the pleadings, instructions, verdict, and judgment in the former case held that that judgment was conclusive as an estoppel against the plaintiff in this case, and directed a verdict for the defendant. The present proceeding in error challenges that action.
It is a well-settled general rule that, when one who lias a right to recover over is sued, the judgment regularly rendered against him is conclusive upon the person liable over, provided nolice of the suit be given to the latter and full opportunity afforded him to make defense. But, when the liability over is not as broad as the original lia[712]*712bility, the plaintiff in the suit to recover over if he relies on the adjudication made in the former case must show that the very ground of liability against the indemnitor was found to exist and was necessarily adjudicated in the original suit. The estoppel created b}' the first judgment cannot extend beyond the questions necessarily determined by- it. Washington Gas Co. v. Dist. of Columbia, 161 U. S. 316, 16 Sup. Ct. 564, 40 L. Ed. 712; City of St. Joseph v. Union Ry. Co., 116 Mo. 636, 22 S. W. 794, 38 Am. St. Rep. 626. The contract of indemnity sued on in this case contains an express stipulation requiring notice of suit against the assured to recover damages by an employé to be immediately given to the casualty company and the latter compaii}'- expressly agreed to defend or settle it or otherwise satisfy the assured. The refusal by the casualty company to make the defense makes no difference in the conclusiveness of the judgment rendered in the case.
Mr. Justice White in Washington Gas Co. v. Dist. of Columbia, supra, quoted with approval the language of other judges:
“When a person is responsible over to another, either by operation of law or by express contract, and he is duly notified of the pendency of the suit, ancl requested to take upon himself the defense of it, he is no longer regarded as a stranger, because he had the right to appear and defend the action, and has the same means and advantages of controverting the claim as if ho were the real and nominal party upon the record. In every such case, if due notice is given to such person, the judgment, if obtained without fraud or collusion, will be conclusive against him, whether he has appeared or not.”
The casualty company was therefore concluded by die judgment rendered in the original case, provided the issue upon which the judgment was rendered was the same as that tendered in this case. The estoppel of such a judgment operates mutually.
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ADAMS, Circuit Judge.
The casualty company issued its policy indemnifying tlie tool company against loss from common-law and statutory liability for damages on account of bodily injuries sustained by any of its employes while on duty. James M. Cameron, an employé, sued the tool company for damages sustained by him while in its employment and recovered a judgment for $3,500, which the tool company was required to pay and did pay. Afterwards the tool company brought the present action against the casualty company on its policy to recover the amount so paid to Cameron. The casualty company filed its answer, alleging that the assured had failed to keep and observe a promissory warranty which formed a part of the contract of indemnity, in this: that it permitted to be used on its premises certain explosives in violation of a stipulation contained in the policy that no explosives should be used on the premises. In its answer it pleaded the following facts as a breach of the warranty: That the assured, while carrying on a machine and blacksmith shop, permitted one Howe to make use of its tools and furnaces for the purpose of carrying on dangerous and hazardous investigations and experiments, and particularly to place in one of plaintiff’s furnaces a certain iron tube filled with substances which were highly explosive and dangerous to life and limb when brought into contact with heat; that an explosion followed which caused the injury to Cameron. Defendant for further answer alleged that in the suit which Cameron brought against the assured the question whether Cameron was injured by the use of explosives on the premises was adjudicated and conclusively settled against the assured- The contract of indemnitor sued on required the assured upon the occasion of any accident to give immediate notice thereof to, the .casualty company, and, in case of suit against the assured, the latter was required to immediately deliver to the casualty company a copy of the petition and summons, and the latter agreed to make the defense to the suit at its own cost or settle the [711]*711same, provided it did not elect to pay the limit o£ liability fixed in tlic contract. Pursuant to the obligation of the contract, the assured gave the required notice, and delivered a copy of the petition and summons to the casualty company. The casualty company, disclaiming any liability for the damages occasioned to Cameron, refused to assume the defense of that suit.
To sustain the issue of res adjudícala joined in this suit the casualty company offered in evidence the amended petition, the answer, the instructions of the court to the jury, and the judgment rendered in that suit. From this testimony offered and received it appears that Cameron charged in his petition as the act of negligence which caused his injury that the tool company carelessly caused and permitted to be constructed a large metal tube “and caused, and permitted the same to lie filled with various metals and materials of an explosive and dangerous nature,” and, when so filled, to be placed in a heating furnace in the machine shop of the defendant, and that as a result thereof the tube and contents exploded and injured him; that the tool company joined issue on that allegation of negligence; that the trial court at the trial instructed the jury as follows:
“If they find and believe from the evidence that on or about April 7, 1903, the defendant company permitted and invited one Howe to enter upon its premises where the plaintiff [Cameron] was working as a blacksmith in the service of the defendant, and to place within its furnace thereon a certain tube closed and sealed and filled with materials of an explosive nature and that said furnace at the time contained a hot fire, and if the jury further believe {hat the defendant knew or by the exercise of ordinary care could and should have known that said lube so closed and sealed, and so filled was likely in the natural course of events to explode when so placed in said furnace containing a hot fire, and if the jury further believe that said Howe upon such permission and invitation did place said tube so closed and sealed and so filled in said furnace then containing a hot fire, and that in consequence thereof said tube did explode, and that plaintiff as a direct and immediate consequence of said explosion and without any fault or negligence on his part contributing thereto was injured — then the jury will find for the plaintiff,”
■ — and that the converse of this proposition was given to the jury in favor of the defendant.
On these pleadings and instructions a verdict was found in favor of Cameron and against the tool company for $3,500, upon which judgment was finally entered and satisfied by the tool company. It is this judgment which is pleaded as res adjudicata of the issue involved in the present case, whether the tool company, the assured, committed a breach of its warranty not to use explosives on its premises. The Circuit Court, on a view of the pleadings, instructions, verdict, and judgment in the former case held that that judgment was conclusive as an estoppel against the plaintiff in this case, and directed a verdict for the defendant. The present proceeding in error challenges that action.
It is a well-settled general rule that, when one who lias a right to recover over is sued, the judgment regularly rendered against him is conclusive upon the person liable over, provided nolice of the suit be given to the latter and full opportunity afforded him to make defense. But, when the liability over is not as broad as the original lia[712]*712bility, the plaintiff in the suit to recover over if he relies on the adjudication made in the former case must show that the very ground of liability against the indemnitor was found to exist and was necessarily adjudicated in the original suit. The estoppel created b}' the first judgment cannot extend beyond the questions necessarily determined by- it. Washington Gas Co. v. Dist. of Columbia, 161 U. S. 316, 16 Sup. Ct. 564, 40 L. Ed. 712; City of St. Joseph v. Union Ry. Co., 116 Mo. 636, 22 S. W. 794, 38 Am. St. Rep. 626. The contract of indemnity sued on in this case contains an express stipulation requiring notice of suit against the assured to recover damages by an employé to be immediately given to the casualty company and the latter compaii}'- expressly agreed to defend or settle it or otherwise satisfy the assured. The refusal by the casualty company to make the defense makes no difference in the conclusiveness of the judgment rendered in the case.
Mr. Justice White in Washington Gas Co. v. Dist. of Columbia, supra, quoted with approval the language of other judges:
“When a person is responsible over to another, either by operation of law or by express contract, and he is duly notified of the pendency of the suit, ancl requested to take upon himself the defense of it, he is no longer regarded as a stranger, because he had the right to appear and defend the action, and has the same means and advantages of controverting the claim as if ho were the real and nominal party upon the record. In every such case, if due notice is given to such person, the judgment, if obtained without fraud or collusion, will be conclusive against him, whether he has appeared or not.”
The casualty company was therefore concluded by die judgment rendered in the original case, provided the issue upon which the judgment was rendered was the same as that tendered in this case. The estoppel of such a judgment operates mutually. If the assured by vouching in the insurer concluded the latter by the judgment rendered in Cameron’s case, by the most obvious and natural justice it concluded itself likewise. We find ourselves, therefore, limited to a consideration of the identity of issues in the original case and the present one. If the issue upon which the original judgment was rendered was the same as that presented in this case, that judgment concludes the plaintiff in this case, and no error was committed in directing a verdict for the defendant.
The stress of the argument of learned counsel for the tool company is that it does not appear that the issues presented in the two cases are the same. After a careful consideration of the pleadings, instructions, verdict, and judgment in the former case in comparison with the single issue presented in this case, we entertain no doubt of the substantial identity of the issues presented in the cases. Brushing aside unnecessary verbiage, the issue in this case is whether the tool company committed a breach of its warranty that it would not use explosives on its premises. Whether it was using such an explosive at the time Cameron was injured was the very issue tendered, met, and tried in the former suit. This clearly appears by the pleadings, the instructions to the jury, and the verdict in that case. These were properly introduced in evidence to determine what was actually tried. Russell v. Place, 94 U. S. 606, 24 L. Ed. 214; De Sollar v. Hanscome, 158 [713]*713U. S. 216, 221, 15 Sup. Ct. 816, 39 L. Ed. 956; Delaware, L. & W. R. Co. v. Kutter, 77 C. C. A. 315, 147 Fed. 51; City of St Joseph v. Union Ry. Co., supra. This evidence disclosed that' tire issue tried was whether Howe was permitted to make use of the furnace and premises of the tool company at the time Cameron was injured to experiment with an explosive and whether he did so. The verdict and judgment rendered settled .that issue between Cameron and the tool company in the affirmative, and that is the very issue involved in this case. It is futile to split hairs as to the technical meaning of the word “explosive.” It was determined in the former case that the tool company had on its premises at the time Cameron was injured “a large metal tube filled with various metals and materials of an explosive and dangerous nature”; that the same was exposed to the heat of a furnace on the premises and actually exploded and injured Cameron. Without considering what else may be an explosive, the tube with its contents just described was "clearly one within the obvious meaning of the policy in suit. It consisted of physical substances which were liable to explode and injure the employés of the tool company. This was the very agency for harm and damage which the casualty company did not insure against; and against which it exacted a warranty from the assured.
We find tio occasion to dwell on the contention of the casualty company that Howe was not on the pay roll of the assured or that his agency in producing the injury to Cameron was such as exonerated the insurer from liability under the terms of its policy, or any of the other questions debated by counsel. The assured and insurer are both concluded by the judgment rendered in the first case on the vital issue involved in this case: Whether the assured committed a breach of its warranty.
We find no error in the proceedings in the Circuit Court, and its judgment is accordingly affirmed.