In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District B. RICHEST, ) ) Appellant, ) WD84464 ) v. ) OPINION FILED: ) February 15, 2022 CITY OF KANSAS CITY, ) MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri The Honorable Patrick William Campbell, Judge
Before Special Division: Cynthia L. Martin, Chief Judge, Presiding, Gary D. Witt, Judge and W. Brent Powell, Special Judge
B. Richest ("Richest") appeals from the Circuit Court of Jackson County's ("trial
court") grant of the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted filed by City of Kansas City, Missouri ("City"). Richest filed a petition alleging
whistleblower violations pursuant to section 105.055 against City.1 City moved to dismiss
the claim, solely arguing the statute of limitations barred Richest's civil claim. In a single
1 All statutory references are to R.S.Mo. 2016, as updated by the most recent supplement unless otherwise indicated. point on appeal, Richest argues the trial court erred in sustaining City's motion to dismiss
because the petition alleged a violation that occurred within one year of the filing of the
cause of action. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
Factual Background2
Richest worked for City as a Public Works Inspector for twelve years. In February
2019, Richest had a conversation with his supervisor about a time sheet discrepancy from
his previous shift. During the previous shift, Richest worked overtime due to a snow event.
The supervisor instructed Richest to retroactively change the hours on his time sheet from
his overtime shift to reflect the time he had stopped working during his lunch break.
Richest explained to his supervisor it was common practice for employees to record ten
hours of overtime regardless of whether a lunch break was taken. The supervisor told
Richest if he did not change the time sheet she would "do it for him." The operative
collective bargaining agreement ("CBA") required City management to inform the union
in writing regarding changes to any established work rules.
Later that day, Richest was told by management to go home for the day due to a
pending investigation regarding the conversation he had with the supervisor. The next day,
Richest met with management and his union representative in the morning and was
permitted to return to work. However, Richest was later informed he had been suspended
for two weeks without pay. The union representative requested Richest's paperwork from
management. The following week, management informed Richest he was no longer
2 When reviewing a motion to dismiss, we assume all of the petition's averments are true and liberally grant all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Hartman v. Logan, 602 S.W.3d 827, 836 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020).
2 suspended, he could return to work, and he would receive full backpay for the days he was
suspended. In April 2019, Richest was informed he was being terminated from his position
because he was accused of threatening his supervisor. Richest believed he was actually
terminated for "pointing out to [the supervisor] that she was violating company policy" by
changing the hours on the time sheet without informing the union in writing.3
Richest was terminated from his position on April 5, 2019. Richest appealed his
termination through the internal procedures provided by City, and a hearing was held
before the City's Human Resources Board ("Board") on July 16, 2019. The Board upheld
Richest's termination on November 5, 2019. Richest then filed a civil suit against City,
pursuant to section 105.055.7, on November 2, 2020. City filed a motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted alleging solely that Richest's civil
action was filed outside the time permitted by the applicable statute of limitations. The
trial court granted City's motion finding Richest's petition was filed outside the one-year
statute of limitations for filing a civil suit from his date of termination. This appeal follows.
Standard of Review
"We review the trial court's decision to grant a motion to dismiss de novo."
Hartman, 602 S.W.3d at 835. When a statute of limitations defense is raised, we must give
the pleading its broadest intendment, treat all facts as true, and construe the allegations
favorably to the plaintiff. Sheehan v. Sheehan, 901 S.W.2d 57, 59 (Mo. banc. 1995).
"Where a statute of limitations is asserted in support of a motion to dismiss, the petition
3 In his petition, Richest also alleges "he received this unjust and unfair treatment on the basis of his race[,]" though the sole count in the petition alleges violations of Missouri's whistleblower statute. Richest did not claim race discrimination pursuant to any state or federal law.
3 should not be dismissed unless the petition clearly establishes on its face and without
exception that it is time barred." Patel v. Pate, 128 S.W.3d 873, 877 (Mo. App. W.D.
2004). "A motion to dismiss properly raises the defense of the statute of limitations when
it is clear from the face of the petition that the action is barred by time limitations." Id.
"Conversely, where the petition does not show on its face that it is barred by limitations, a
motion to dismiss should not be sustained." Id.
Discussion
Richest alleges violations of Missouri's whistleblower statute for public employees,
section 105.055. The statute protects public employees by prohibiting any supervisor or
appointing authority of any public employer from taking "any disciplinary action
whatsoever against a public employee for the disclosure of any alleged prohibited activity
under investigation or any related activity, or for the disclosure of information which the
employee reasonably believes evidences" a violation of any law, rule, or regulation, or
other wrongful activity, such as mismanagement or gross waste of funds. Section
105.055.3(1)(a)-(b). "Disciplinary action" is defined in the statute as "any dismissal,
demotion, transfer, reassignment, suspension, reprimand, warning of possible dismissal or
withholding of work, regardless of whether the withholding of work has affected or will
affect the employee's compensation." Section 105.055.1(1). Simply put, a public employer
cannot retaliate against a public employee for reporting certain types of wrongdoing.
Richest alleges the City violated the statute because it took disciplinary action against him
in the form of a "dismissal" after he informed his supervisor she had violated the CBA
work rules.
4 Section 105.055 provides non-exclusive avenues for certain public employees to
remedy an employer's violation of the statute.4 First, "any state employee may file an
administrative appeal whenever the employee alleges that disciplinary action was taken
against the employee in violation of this section." Section 105.055.5 (emphasis added).
This appeal "shall be filed with the administrative hearing commission[,]" and the "appeal
shall be filed within one year of the alleged disciplinary action." Id. The commission may
modify or reverse the agency's action and may recommend discipline for the violating
employer. Id. And, the decision of the commission can then itself be appealed as permitted
by law. Id. Second, "a person who alleges a violation of this section may bring a civil
action against the public employer for damages within one year after the occurrence of the
alleged violation." Section 105.055.7.
Richest relies on the second avenue for securing relief in his petition and argues the
trial court erred in granting City's motion to dismiss because he filed suit "within one year
after the occurrence of the violation." Because Richest's suit was filed November 2, 2020,
the "occurrence of the violation" must have taken place after November 2, 2019. The sole
event alleged in the petition that occurred after November 2, 2019, was the Board's decision
from his appeal to uphold Richest's termination. Accordingly, to satisfy the statute of
limitations, the Board's decision to uphold Richest's termination must qualify as
"disciplinary action" as defined in section 105.055.1(1). Given the procedural posture of
4 The methods of redress outlined in section 105.055 are not the exclusive remedies, as the statute also permits "any other remedies provided by law." See section 105.005.5.
5 this case, it must be clear from the face of the petition that the Board's decision to uphold
Richest's termination did not constitute a "disciplinary action" as so defined.
As an initial matter, City argues Richest's petition does not state a claim because
Richest never alleged the Board's decision was a disciplinary action under the statute.
Missouri is a "fact-pleading state." R.M.A. by Appleberry v. Blue Springs R-IV School
Dist., 568 S.W.3d 420, 425 (Mo. banc 2019). "But the facts that must be pleaded are the
ultimate facts, not evidentiary facts." Id. "Ultimate facts are those the jury must find to
return a verdict for the plaintiff." Id. Exercising a faithful application of the standard of
review, which "assumes that the allegations set forth are true and liberally grants the
plaintiff reasonable inferences based on those allegations," see id., Richest's petition is
factually sufficient. Richest alleged: he was terminated from his position as a public works
inspector on April 5, 2019; a hearing for the appeal of his termination was not scheduled
until July 16, 2019; the decision to uphold his termination was issued on November 5,
2019; and he was subjected to disciplinary action by Defendant City, which includes "any
dismissal[.]" Therefore, we find Richest sufficiently alleged the Board's decision
constituted a disciplinary action. We thus turn to whether it can be determined from the
face of the petition whether the Board's upholding of Richest's termination constitutes
"disciplinary action" for purposes of section 105.055.
When interpreting section 105.055, our primary rule is "to give effect to legislative
intent as reflected in the plain language of the statute at issue." Parktown Imports, Inc. v.
Audi of Am., Inc., 278 S.W.3d 670, 672 (Mo. banc 2009). "Absent a statutory definition,
words used in statutes are given their plain and ordinary meaning with help, as needed,
6 from the dictionary." Hudson v. O'Brien, 449 S.W.3d 87, 92 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014). "We
will look beyond the plain meaning of the statute only when the language is ambiguous or
would lead to an absurd or illogical result." Truman Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Am. Standard Ins.
Co., 508 S.W.3d 122, 124 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017).
A statute is ambiguous when its plain language does not answer the current dispute as to its meaning. Ambiguities in statutes are resolved by determining the intent of the legislature and by giving effect to its intent if possible. When determining the legislative intent of a statute, no portion of the statute is read in isolation, but rather the portions are read in context to harmonize all of the statute's provisions. Rules of statutory construction are used to resolve any ambiguities if the legislative intent is undeterminable from the plain meaning of the statutory language.
BASF Corp. v. Dir. of Revenue, 392 S.W.3d 438, 444 (Mo. banc 2012) (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted).
Richest argues that section 105.055 prohibits employers from taking "any
disciplinary action whatsoever" against public employees. Richest argues the word
"whatsoever," meaning "of any kind at all,"5 is broad enough to encompass the Board's
decision from his appeal of his termination. See Keeney v. Hereford Concrete Prods., Inc.,
911 S.W.2d 622, 624. The trial court erred, according to Richest, by not considering the
Board's decision as forming part of the disciplinary action. City argues the Board's decision
to uphold Richest's termination is not disciplinary action because it "did not effect any
change regarding his employment with the City." And because Richest was no longer
5 Richest cites to the American Heritage Dictionary, www.ahdictionary.com (last visited Jan. 13, 2022) for this definition.
7 working for the City when the Board's decision was announced, City argues the Board's
decision could not be a "dismissal" under the statute.
Section 105.055.1(1) defines "disciplinary action" as "any dismissal, demotion,
transfer, reassignment, suspension, reprimand, warning of possible dismissal or
withholding of work, regardless of whether the withholding of work has affected or will
affect the employee's compensation." Without further statutory definition of "dismissal,"
we turn to the dictionary, which defines it as "the act of dismissing: the fact or state of
being dismissed."6 When City terminated Richest in April 2019, it is clear he suffered at
least some form of disciplinary action. But whether or not the Board's decision to uphold
the termination in November 2019 also constituted a disciplinary action pursuant to the
statute remains unclear. The answer may, for example, depend on whether Richest's appeal
to the Board was required or permissive; on whether the appeal to the Board was subject
to procedural constraints that limited the Board's ability to redress the initial decision to
dismiss Richest; or on other information that would permit the City to argue that in the
absence of exhaustion of appeal to the Board, Richest would not have been able to file a
civil action pursuant to section 105.055.7. This answer is not evident from the face of the
petition.7 We are therefore unable to determine, as a matter of law, whether the Board's
decision constituted a "disciplinary action" under the statute. As such the City is unable to
6 Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, www.merriam-webster.com (last visited Jan. 13. 2022). 7 The Board is apparently a creation of either the CBA or by City ordinance or regulations, but this is not established by the face of the petition and is not subject to judicial notice. Instead, the contents of the contractual/ordinance/regulatory provisions will have to be proven as facts and until the exact nature of the Board and the internal appeals process are known, it is impossible to determine whether their decision constitutes a "disciplinary action".
8 sustain its burden to demonstrate that the petition clearly establishes on its face and without
exception that Richest's claim is time barred.
The City argues that regardless the answer to the aforesaid question, the Board's
review process has no bearing on when Richest was "dismissed." Missouri caselaw
pertaining to section 105.055.7 is admittedly scant, and no cases have addressed this
specific issue regarding the statute of limitations. Recognizing this, both Richest and City
rely on cases from other legal contexts. Richest begins by citing Sifferman v. Board of
Regents, Southeast Missouri State University, 250 F. Supp. 2d 1139 (E.D. Mo. 2003). In
Sifferman, the plaintiff alleged retaliation under Title VII in federal court after being denied
a promotion because he had previously testified against the university in a sexual
harassment lawsuit. Sifferman, 250 F. Supp. 2d at 1141-42. The university argued the
plaintiff's charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was untimely
because it was not filed within 300 days of the last adverse employment action, which the
defendant argued was the date the department denied Sifferman's promotion. Id. at 1142-
43. The court disagreed and held the last adverse employment action occurred when
Sifferman's promotion denial was affirmed by the university's internal review process. Id.
at 1144. When the internal review affirmed the department's decision, this "definitively
ended the University's review process" and became "the date of the last adverse
employment action." Id. Though not binding on this Court, Sifferman is arguably
persuasive. Here, Richest alleges he suffered a disciplinary action, and the action alleged
is similar to an adverse employment action under Title VII. City argues the Board's
9 decision "merely failed to unwind the disciplinary action that occurred in April 2019," but
the Board's ruling may have been a separate "disciplinary action."
In contrast, City argues our decision in Hudson v. O'Brien, 449 S.W.3d 87 (Mo.
App. W.D. 2014), supports the trial court's dismissal of the petition regardless of the ability
to appeal that dismissal to the Board. Hudson held a plaintiff need not exhaust the
administrative remedies provided by the statute before a plaintiff may file a civil suit in the
circuit court. Hudson, 449 S.W.3d at 96-97. The statute allows a state employee to file an
administrative appeal with the administrative hearing commission as one possible remedy
to a violation of section 105.055. See section 105.055.5. However, Hudson is inapplicable
because Richest is not a state employee and had no right to bring an appeal to the
Administrative Hearing Commission, which (as previously noted) affords a state employee
the full panoply of remedies, including the right to appeal from the Commission's decision.
Section 105.055 generally provides protections to "public employees" employed by "public
employers". The statute defines "public employees" as "any employee, volunteer, intern,
or other individual performing work or services for a public employer" and defines "public
employer" as, "any state agency or office, the general assembly, any legislative or
governing body of the state, any unit or political subdivision of the state, or any other
instrumentality of the state." However, subsection 5 exclusively provides that, "any state
employee may file an administrative appeal whenever the employee alleges that
10 disciplinary action was taken against the employee in violation of this section."8 (emphasis
added). The holding of Hudson is inapplicable.
City also relies on two Missouri cases addressing the statute of limitations for
wrongful discharge claims under a breach of contract theory, governed by section 516.100:
Brantl v. Curators of University of Missouri, 616 S.W.3d 494 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020), and
Kesler v. Curators of University of Missouri, 516 S.W.3d 884 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017). City
argues both Brantl and Kesler support the trial court's ruling because, in both cases, we
held the limitations period begins to run when a plaintiff is put on notice of a potentially
actionable injury regarding employment. Here, Richest was put on notice of a potentially
actionable injury in April 2019 when he was first notified he was terminated from his job.
Brantl and Kesler are distinguishable from this case because they are based on the
statute of limitations for a breach of contract action, not section 105.055. Brantl, 616
S.W.3d at 498-99; Kesler, 516 S.W.3d at 893. Section 516.100 et seq. governs the statute
of limitations for civil actions in Missouri. "Civil actions . . . can only be commenced
within the periods prescribed in the following sections, after the causes of action shall have
accrued[.]" Section 516.100. "[T]he cause of action shall not be deemed to accrue when
8 The legislative history of section 105.055 makes this clear. Section 105.055 was most recently amended in 2018 with the passage of Senate Bill ("S.B.") 1007. S.B. 1007 provided a statutory definition of "public employee" and changed "state employee" to "public employee" in section 105.055.3(2). Other subsections of the statute were also amended to apply to "public employees" instead of "employees." However, subsection 5, which provides an administrative appeal through the administrative hearing commission, was amended by S.B. 1007 to be made available to a "state employee" instead of an "employee." "[T]o determine a statute's plain and ordinary meaning, the Court looks to a word's usage in the context of the entire statute[.]" Gross v. Parson, 624 S.W.3d 877, 885 (Mo. banc 2021). "It is presumed that every word, clause sentence and provision of a statute have effect and that idle verbiage or superfluous language was not inserted into a statute." Rasmussen v. Ill. Cas. Co., 628 S.W.3d 166, 175 (Mo. App. W.D. 2021). Therefore, while the protections against disciplinary action apply broadly to "public employees," the administrative appeals process provided in subsection 5 only applies to "state employees."
11 the wrong is done or the technical breach of contract or duty occurs, but when the damage
resulting therefrom is sustained and is capable of ascertainment, and, if more than one item
of damage, then the last item, so that all resulting damage may be recovered, and full and
complete relief obtained." Id. (emphasis added).
Because both Brantl and Kesler involve wrongful discharge claims based on breach
of contract, the "capable of ascertainment" standard found in section 516.100 is
appropriate. But, "this [is] not a common law wrongful termination case. Rather, this [is]
a purely statutory cause of action set forth under [section] 105.055." Hudson, 449 S.W.3d
at 91. The "capable of ascertainment" standard is expressly limited to "sections 516.100
to 516.370," which provide the limitations period for different civil causes of action.
Section 516.100; see, e.g., section 516.120 (prescribing a five-year statute of limitations
for actions upon contracts). And "when an action that would otherwise be subject to a
limitations period in [sections] 516.010 to 516.370 is subject to a different limitations
period in a separate statute . . . that different limitations period controls." Baker v. Century
Fin. Grp., Inc., 554 S.W.3d 426, 435 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018). "[W]here there is no clear
intention otherwise, a specific statute will not be controlled or nullified by a general one,
regardless of the priority of enactment." Dieser v. St. Anthony's Med. Ctr., 498 S.W.3d
419, 431 n.5 (Mo. banc 2016). Therefore, City's reliance on Brantl and Kesler is misplaced,
and the "capable of ascertainment" standard for the accrual of a cause of action under
section 516.100 does not apply to whistleblower actions under section 105.055.7.
City further relies on Kingori v. MHM Support Services, 628 S.W.3d 181 (Mo. App.
S.D. 2021). In Kingori, the plaintiff filed a claim under the Missouri Human Rights Act,
12 which carries a two-year statute of limitations, arguing he was denied a promotion because
of his race. Kingori, 628 S.W.3d at 183. Kingori argued his claim was timely because,
even though he learned he was denied a promotion outside the two-year window, his
supervisor had sent an email to several colleagues congratulating the promoted employee
within the statutory period. Kingori argued his supervisor's email triggered the statute of
limitations. Id. at 185. The Southern District disagreed, holding Kingori's claim of
discrimination occurred on the day Kingori learned he had not been promoted. Id. City's
reliance on Kingori is misplaced. Here, the issue is whether the Board's decision to uphold
Richest's dismissal constitutes a disciplinary action as that term is defined in section
105.055. We have already explained that the answer to this question is not apparent on the
face of the petition, preventing dismissal of the petition on the basis of the statute of
limitations as a matter of law.
Point granted.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause
is remanded for further proceedings.
__________________________________ Gary D. Witt, Judge All concur