Opinion of the Court, by
Judd, C.J.
This is an action of assumpsit for damages for breacli of promise .to marry. It was tried at the last December Term [378]*378of the Circuit Court, Second. Circuit, held at Lahaina, Maui. The damages laid were five thousand dollars. Process was served upon the defendant May 19th, 1893. On the 28th November, the plaintiff moved for an order declaring defendant in default, upon the clerk’s certificate that defendant had failed to answer within twentj' days after service. Default wms ordered on the 9th December, at term, and the same day the Court, on motion by defendant to vacate the order of default supported by affidavits, set aside the default and allowed defendant to answer. The affidavits are m substance that defendant and his counsel depose that an answ'er was prepared within a few daj's after service, in Honolulu, and they “verily believe that¿t was mailed to the clerk of the Court” at Wailuku, Maui. An exception was taken to the granting of this motion, which is embodied in the plaintiff’s bill of exceptions. The affidavits do not meet the requirements of the law' in such matters. If the answer had been sent to an attorney or other person at Wailuku to be by him personally filed with the clerk, or if sent to the clerk by registered letter, or if a letter had been separately mailed, asking the clerk to acknowdedge receipt of the answer, it would show' the exercise of reasonable diligence. If this course had been followed the loss or miscarriage of the answer would have been made knowm to defendant’s counsel in time to have rectified the matter. In the case before us there is the unsupported statement that defendant’s counsel “ verily believe ” that the answer was sent by mail to the clerk. This falls far short of a deposition that counsel had mailed it personally.
“ The affidavit to set aside a default must state that a default has been taken, show reasonable diligence, must set forth facts showing a good defense and not a mere conclusion of law; should also state the facts relied upon in such motion, so that the Court may judge of the question of merits,” &c. 5 Encycl. Law', pp. 496n, 16 and 17, and cases there cited.
The affidavits before us do not show that the answer was [379]*379actually sent to the clerk or reasonable diligence in ascertaining if it bad reached the clerk, or any excuse by way of mistake or accident why, if sent, it had not been received by the clerk. The affidavits are also insufficient in not disclosing the facts relied upon in defence. It is not sufficient to state that “ defendant has a good and meritorious defense ” without setting out what it is so that the Court can judge whether it is meritorious.
Power is given to the Judge or Court to open a default “in their discretion, for good and sufficient reasons.” Sec. 1126, Civil Code. We do not deem the reasons in this case to be good and sufficient. Being in default the statute, Sec. 1127, Civil Code, directs the clerk “to enter the cause upon the calendar of assessments to be made ex parte at the term, upon the sole adduction of plaintiff’s evidence, without admitting the defendant to rebut the same ”; — only allowing defendant to cross-examine plaintiff’s witnesses and to address the jury in mitigation of damages. But the default was opened and defendant put in testimony in defence which may have influenced the verdict. We sustain this exception, deeming the error sufficient upon which to order a new trial so that the case may be proceeded with, with defendant in default. We remark here that the Court, upon plaintiff’s demand, should have signed the order declaring defendant in default upon the filing of the clerk’s certificate of the default in answering, and should not have postponed doing so until the term had opened. See Sec. 1109, Civil Code.
Another exception is taken to the Court’s allowing defendant to identify and give the date of a letter said to have been written by plaintiff’s mother to defendant. The letter itself was thereafter ruled upon as not admissible and did not go to the jury. We do not consider this reversible error. It did plaintiff no harm.
A third ground of exception is that the Court refused to grant a new trial on the ground that the verdict was contrary to law and the evidence and the weight of evidence, and counsel for plaintiff urge that the verdict of the jury for [380]*380$400 upon a claim of $5000 damages, and upon a case where the contract of marriage was admitted and its breach proved, and where the defendant was shown to be .possessed of a handsome property, and nothing disparaging to the character of the plaintiff was brought out, shows either a disregard by the jury of the evidence or partiality and bias on their part.
In an action for breach of promise of marriage though nominally the damages are compensatory for the breach of the agreement, i. e. for the loss of marriage, it also admits of punitive damages for injury to feelings, affections and wounded pride.
Sedgwick, Damages, p. 368.
Johnson vs. Jenkins, 24 N. Y. 252.
The measure of damages is a question for the sound discretion of the jury as in other cases of personal tort. “ In such cases the Court will refuse new trials for smallness of damages for the same reasons that prevail on questions of excessive damages. To entitle the application to succeed the jury nrast have clearly manifested an abuse of their powers.” 1 Graham & Waterman, N. J. 447. This verdict does not seem to us to be so flagrant and unjust as to require the interposition of the Court — that is, the verdict rendered for $400 damages does not per se indicate partiality or misconduct of the jury. A fair and unprejudiced jury might come to the same conclusion as to the amount of damage to be awarded as the jury did in this case, and it might also award a greater sum. Within reasonable limits the amount of damage was within their discretion.
We overrule this ground of exception.
On the last ground advanced by the exceptions of misconduct of the jury we think a new trial should be ordered.
The case was tr:ed on the 9th December, Saturday. It appears by the affidavit of Lukela Kulu that on the day previous to the trial a native named J. Kamahele came to deponent’s house in Lahaina with a third party. Kamahele was one of the regular panel of jurors, and had been summoned from Wailuku where he resides. While there, [381]*381Kapuabiwa, who stands in the place of father to defendant, came to deponent’s place to see Kamahele and his companion ; Kapuabiwa shook hands with them and said to Kamahele that he had intended to go to Wailuku on the Claudine ; then he continued the conversation with Kamahele in a low tone of voice. The deponent inferred from Kapuahiwa’s manner that he was talking to Kamahele about this case which had been set for trial the next morning, and was trying to influence him in defendant’s favor. This juror was sworn on his voir dire. He said he was a carpenter living at Wailuku. That he had not been approached in any way in reference to this case, only' had heard of it (the case) recently, and knew of no reason why he should not sit on it. The fact that Kapuabiwa had talked with this juryman as deposed to by- Lukela Kulu was not brought to plaintiff’s or her counsel’s notice until after the verdict. Undoubtedly if this had been known to them they could have challenged him, for, previous to Kamahele’s examination John Kanakamaikai was sworn on his voir dire.
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Opinion of the Court, by
Judd, C.J.
This is an action of assumpsit for damages for breacli of promise .to marry. It was tried at the last December Term [378]*378of the Circuit Court, Second. Circuit, held at Lahaina, Maui. The damages laid were five thousand dollars. Process was served upon the defendant May 19th, 1893. On the 28th November, the plaintiff moved for an order declaring defendant in default, upon the clerk’s certificate that defendant had failed to answer within twentj' days after service. Default wms ordered on the 9th December, at term, and the same day the Court, on motion by defendant to vacate the order of default supported by affidavits, set aside the default and allowed defendant to answer. The affidavits are m substance that defendant and his counsel depose that an answ'er was prepared within a few daj's after service, in Honolulu, and they “verily believe that¿t was mailed to the clerk of the Court” at Wailuku, Maui. An exception was taken to the granting of this motion, which is embodied in the plaintiff’s bill of exceptions. The affidavits do not meet the requirements of the law' in such matters. If the answer had been sent to an attorney or other person at Wailuku to be by him personally filed with the clerk, or if sent to the clerk by registered letter, or if a letter had been separately mailed, asking the clerk to acknowdedge receipt of the answer, it would show' the exercise of reasonable diligence. If this course had been followed the loss or miscarriage of the answer would have been made knowm to defendant’s counsel in time to have rectified the matter. In the case before us there is the unsupported statement that defendant’s counsel “ verily believe ” that the answer was sent by mail to the clerk. This falls far short of a deposition that counsel had mailed it personally.
“ The affidavit to set aside a default must state that a default has been taken, show reasonable diligence, must set forth facts showing a good defense and not a mere conclusion of law; should also state the facts relied upon in such motion, so that the Court may judge of the question of merits,” &c. 5 Encycl. Law', pp. 496n, 16 and 17, and cases there cited.
The affidavits before us do not show that the answer was [379]*379actually sent to the clerk or reasonable diligence in ascertaining if it bad reached the clerk, or any excuse by way of mistake or accident why, if sent, it had not been received by the clerk. The affidavits are also insufficient in not disclosing the facts relied upon in defence. It is not sufficient to state that “ defendant has a good and meritorious defense ” without setting out what it is so that the Court can judge whether it is meritorious.
Power is given to the Judge or Court to open a default “in their discretion, for good and sufficient reasons.” Sec. 1126, Civil Code. We do not deem the reasons in this case to be good and sufficient. Being in default the statute, Sec. 1127, Civil Code, directs the clerk “to enter the cause upon the calendar of assessments to be made ex parte at the term, upon the sole adduction of plaintiff’s evidence, without admitting the defendant to rebut the same ”; — only allowing defendant to cross-examine plaintiff’s witnesses and to address the jury in mitigation of damages. But the default was opened and defendant put in testimony in defence which may have influenced the verdict. We sustain this exception, deeming the error sufficient upon which to order a new trial so that the case may be proceeded with, with defendant in default. We remark here that the Court, upon plaintiff’s demand, should have signed the order declaring defendant in default upon the filing of the clerk’s certificate of the default in answering, and should not have postponed doing so until the term had opened. See Sec. 1109, Civil Code.
Another exception is taken to the Court’s allowing defendant to identify and give the date of a letter said to have been written by plaintiff’s mother to defendant. The letter itself was thereafter ruled upon as not admissible and did not go to the jury. We do not consider this reversible error. It did plaintiff no harm.
A third ground of exception is that the Court refused to grant a new trial on the ground that the verdict was contrary to law and the evidence and the weight of evidence, and counsel for plaintiff urge that the verdict of the jury for [380]*380$400 upon a claim of $5000 damages, and upon a case where the contract of marriage was admitted and its breach proved, and where the defendant was shown to be .possessed of a handsome property, and nothing disparaging to the character of the plaintiff was brought out, shows either a disregard by the jury of the evidence or partiality and bias on their part.
In an action for breach of promise of marriage though nominally the damages are compensatory for the breach of the agreement, i. e. for the loss of marriage, it also admits of punitive damages for injury to feelings, affections and wounded pride.
Sedgwick, Damages, p. 368.
Johnson vs. Jenkins, 24 N. Y. 252.
The measure of damages is a question for the sound discretion of the jury as in other cases of personal tort. “ In such cases the Court will refuse new trials for smallness of damages for the same reasons that prevail on questions of excessive damages. To entitle the application to succeed the jury nrast have clearly manifested an abuse of their powers.” 1 Graham & Waterman, N. J. 447. This verdict does not seem to us to be so flagrant and unjust as to require the interposition of the Court — that is, the verdict rendered for $400 damages does not per se indicate partiality or misconduct of the jury. A fair and unprejudiced jury might come to the same conclusion as to the amount of damage to be awarded as the jury did in this case, and it might also award a greater sum. Within reasonable limits the amount of damage was within their discretion.
We overrule this ground of exception.
On the last ground advanced by the exceptions of misconduct of the jury we think a new trial should be ordered.
The case was tr:ed on the 9th December, Saturday. It appears by the affidavit of Lukela Kulu that on the day previous to the trial a native named J. Kamahele came to deponent’s house in Lahaina with a third party. Kamahele was one of the regular panel of jurors, and had been summoned from Wailuku where he resides. While there, [381]*381Kapuabiwa, who stands in the place of father to defendant, came to deponent’s place to see Kamahele and his companion ; Kapuabiwa shook hands with them and said to Kamahele that he had intended to go to Wailuku on the Claudine ; then he continued the conversation with Kamahele in a low tone of voice. The deponent inferred from Kapuahiwa’s manner that he was talking to Kamahele about this case which had been set for trial the next morning, and was trying to influence him in defendant’s favor. This juror was sworn on his voir dire. He said he was a carpenter living at Wailuku. That he had not been approached in any way in reference to this case, only' had heard of it (the case) recently, and knew of no reason why he should not sit on it. The fact that Kapuabiwa had talked with this juryman as deposed to by- Lukela Kulu was not brought to plaintiff’s or her counsel’s notice until after the verdict. Undoubtedly if this had been known to them they could have challenged him, for, previous to Kamahele’s examination John Kanakamaikai was sworn on his voir dire. He stated in substance that Kapuabiwa had talked with him on the previous day in the liquor saloon, Conway, another juror, beiug there also. Kapuabiwa paid for the drinks, then took him to the back part of the saloon and asked him to have a due regard for Mahuka’s case — to let him go. “ He first asked if I was a juryman. I told him yes, and then he commenced to talk to me and said he wanted to leave the case with me, <fcc. He asked me for the names of the jurors and I gave him the names of those who came from Wailuku. He said something like this, — it would be a good thing if I would remember Mahuka.” The juror disclaimed any influence upon his mind by this talk of Kapuabiwa. He also said that Kapuabiwa treated him to drink again and stood treat for himself and a number of other persons who were in the saloon. Kanakamaikai was excused by consent of counsel on both sides.
Conway, a juror, testified to being treated by Kapuabiwa [382]*382on the same occasion as the last juror, though he did not know Kapuahiwa before this. ■
Kapuahiwa does not offer his affidavit to rebut these statements, nor does he or the juryman Kamahele explain the nature of their conversation if it was not as suspected by Lukela Kulu. One J. K. Kahookele was drawn as a juror in the case and answered on his voir dire that he had not formed or expressed an opinion in this case. “ Q. Has anyone talked with you about this case or attempted to influence you ? A. Somebody has talked with me and attempted to influence me. Q. Who is it? A. I know his voice, but I don’t know his name.' Q. Is he a young man or an old man. No answer. Q. Do you know where he lives ? A. No. Q. Do you see him anywhere here? A. Not in this room. Q. Did they talk in favor of either side ? A. They merely said that the case had been tried in Honolulu and brought up here. Q. Did you understand that, or did he say or do anything which led you to believe that he intended to influence your judgment in this case? A. No. Q. Did he know you as a juryman? A. Yes, he knew I was a juryman.” After some other unimportant questions had been asked and replied to, the man said that he could try the case fairly for both sides, but he was challenged peremptorily by plaintiff. We have, in short, the facts that a person having a close connection with the defendant, and living with him as a father, with the knowledge that the Hawaiian jurors were summoned for the next clay, and that the case in which he was interested was the first one to be tried, asking and obtaining the names of the jurors who were coming from the other side of the island, meeting and talking with two of them, John Kanakamaikai and Kamahele, and probably also J. K. Kahookele, treating to liquor several of the jurors, and in the case of J. Kanakamaikai, making-improper efforts to influence him, which Kapuahiwa does not deny. The presumption is not a violent one that his conversation with J. Kamahele was of the same character as that with Kanakamaikai. Kapuahiwa, in treating the jurors to [383]*383liquor, did it undoubtedly for the purpose of obtaining their favor in the case. As was said by the court in M. & O. R. R. Co. vs. Davis, 130 Ill., 154. “The jury box must be free from improper influences. * * * If the administration of justice is to be kept pure and above reproach, every appearance of a want of impartiality on the part of juries must be discountenanced.” In this case pending the trial after the evidence was closed, but before argument to the jury, the attorney for the plaintiff (who was the prevailing party) was seen drinking and “ clinking” glasses in a public saloon with one of the jurors trying the case. So far as appeared, the only subject of conversation between the attorney and the juror, on the occasion, was some old litigation in which the juror’s wife had been involved, and which had just been compromised, the same attorney having represented the adverse interest. It was held that the mere matter of association, under the circumstances, between the juror and the attorney, was improper, and was ground for reversal of the judgment.
Stafford vs. The City of Oskaloosa, 57 Ia., 748, is another case where the verdict was set aside for misconduct of a juror. Pending the trial a Sunday intervened, and the juror spent a night at the house of the prevailing attorney, who was an old friend of his. No conversation w>as had between them on the case, and both were men of high character, but the Court reversed the verdict in view of these circumstances, saying, that “ to sanction the ' transaction would bring disgTace upon the administration of the law.” In Bradbury vs. Coney, 62 Me., 225, the court said, “It is important that jurymen should be devoid of prejudice. It is hardly less so that they should be free from the suspicion of prejudice.” See Martin vs. Morebock, 32 Ill., 485.
The books are full of cases treating of misconduct of juries, but the circumstances of each case must be considered by themselves as they present facts wrhich are not likely to be exactly repeated in other cases.
Numbers of these cases are in reference to jurors, after [384]*384they have been impanelled in the cause. In the case before us the improper influences were exerted upon the jurors before they Avere dratvn; but Ave consider that this makes no difference, for these men had been selected and summoned for the term, and out of their number the jury in this case Avas to be drawn.
J. A. Magoon and W. A. Kinney, for plaintiff.
A. Rosa and C■ Creighton, for defendant.
Thompson and Merriam on Juries says (p. 416) : “ Where the successful party is shewn to have attempted by improper means to influence the verdict in his favor, whether by corrupting or intimidating pai'ticular juroi's by arousing prejudice in their minds against the opposite party, or his cause, or by undue hospitalities or ciA'ilities, the verdict will be set aside, as a punishment to the offender and as an example to others, without reference to the merits of the controversy, and iviihoui considering whether the attempt was successful or not.” We adopt this principle.
New trial ordered.