1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ANDREW AXELROD, et al., Case No. 21-cv-06770-JSW
8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS
10 LENOVO (UNITED STATES) INC., Re: Dkt. No. 22 Defendant. 11
12 13 Now before the Court for consideration is the motion to dismiss filed by Defendant 14 Lenovo (United States) Inc. (“Lenovo”). The Court has considered the parties’ papers, relevant 15 legal authority, and the record in this case, and the Court HEREBY GRANTS Lenovo’s motion. 16 BACKGROUND 17 Plaintiffs Andrew Axelrod and Elliot Burk (collectively “Plaintiffs”), allege that Lenovo 18 displays regular prices for computers on its website that are false and then advertises false 19 discounts based on the allegedly false regular prices. (See, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 1-11.) Plaintiffs assert 20 claims for (1) breach of contract, (2) breach of express warranty, (3) negligent and intentional 21 misrepresentation, (4) unjust enrichment, (5) violations of California’s Consumer Legal Remedies 22 Act, Civil Code sections 1750 et seq. (the “CLRA claim”); (6)-(7) violations of California’s False 23 Advertising Law, Business and Professions Code sections 17500 and 17501 (the “FAL claims”), 24 and (8) California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code sections 17200, et 25 seq. (the “UCL claim”). Plaintiffs seek, inter alia, damages (actual and punitive), restitution, 26 disgorgement, and injunctive relief. (FAC, Prayer for Relief, ¶¶ B-E.) 27 According to Plaintiffs, Lenovo’s “regular prices are false because they do not represent 1 the price at which Lenovo actually sells its products. The discounts are false because they do not 2 represent the actual savings obtained by customers. This unlawful marketing practice, commonly 3 known as false reference pricing, artificially increases demand for Lenovo’s products and induces 4 customers to pay more for Lenovo-branded products based on a false impression of their value.” 5 (Id. ¶ 1.) Plaintiffs each allege they purchased a computer from Lenovo’s website based on the 6 representation that they were receiving a substantial discount on the regular price. They also 7 allege they either would not have purchased the computers or would have paid less for them had 8 they known the true “regular” price. (Id. ¶¶ 75-99.) 9 On January 4, 2022, the Court granted, in part, and denied, in part Lenovo’s motion to 10 dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims for equitable relief on the basis that Plaintiffs failed to allege they had an 11 inadequate remedy at law. (Dkt. No. 18, “Order on Motion to Dismiss”). On January 25, 2022, 12 Plaintiffs filed the FAC and now allege they: 13 lack an adequate remedy at law with respect to their claim for restitution because they have not yet retained an expert to determine 14 whether an award of damages can or will adequately remedy their monetary losses caused by Lenovo. In particular, because damages 15 focus remedying the injury to Plaintiffs, and restitution focuses wholly on restoring money wrongly obtained by Lenovo, legal 16 damages are inadequate because Plaintiff does not know at this juncture whether a model for legal damages (as opposed to equitable 17 restitution) will be viable or adequately compensate Plaintiffs for their injuries. 18 19 (FAC ¶ 179.) 20 Plaintiffs also allege they seek restitution as an alternative form of relief to the damages 21 they seek in the first through fifth claims for relief because there are elements on those claims that 22 they would not be required to prove to obtain restitution. According to Plaintiffs, this means their 23 legal remedies are not equally prompt, certain, and efficient. (See id. ¶¶ 177.a-177.3, 173, 192.a- 24 192.e. 193, 201.a-201.e, 202.) 25 The Court will address additional facts as necessary. 26 ANALYSIS 27 A. Applicable Legal Standards. 1 pleadings fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court’s “inquiry is limited to 2 the allegations in the complaint, which are accepted as true and construed in the light most 3 favorable to the plaintiff.” Lazy Y Ranch LTD v. Behrens, 546 F.3d 580, 588 (9th Cir. 2008).1 4 Even under the liberal pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), “a plaintiff’s 5 obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and 6 conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. 7 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). 8 Pursuant to Twombly, a plaintiff must not merely allege conduct that is conceivable but 9 must instead allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. 10 “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 11 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. 12 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). If the allegations are 13 insufficient to state a claim, a court should grant leave to amend, unless amendment would be 14 futile. See, e.g., Reddy v. Litton Indus., Inc., 912 F.2d 291, 296 (9th Cir. 1990); Cook, Perkiss & 15 Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv., Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 246-47 (9th Cir. 1990). 16 B. The Court Grants Lenovo’s Motion. 17 Lenovo argues Plaintiffs’ allegations still are insufficient to plead they have an inadequate 18 remedy at law. It is well-established that claims for relief under the FAL and UCL are limited to 19 restitution and injunctive relief. See, e.g., Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin, 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 20 1146-49 (2003)). In contrast, the CLRA provides for damages and equitable relief. Further, as the 21 Court previously stated, the Ninth Circuit recently held “that the traditional principles governing 22 equitable remedies in federal courts, including the requisite inadequacy of legal remedies, apply 23 when a party requests restitution under the UCL and CLRA in a diversity action.” Sonner, 971 24
25 1 Plaintiffs request that the Court take judicial notice of a previous lawsuit against Lenovo raising similar claims, which resulted in a settlement. (Dkt. No. 29-1, Plaintiffs’ RJN, Exs. 1-2.) 26 That lawsuit and the allegations therein are not relevant to the dispute before the Court. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ request to take judicial notice of those documents. 27 Plaintiffs also ask the Court to take judicial notice of the first and second amended complaints 1 F.3d at 843-44. Because the plaintiff in Sonner “concede[d] that she seeks the same sum in 2 equitable restitution as ‘a full refund of the purchase price’—$32,000,000—as she requested in 3 damages to compensate her for the same past harm” and “fail[ed] to explain how the same amount 4 of money for the exact same harm is inadequate or incomplete,” the court concluded she had not 5 shown she had an inadequate remedy at law. Id. at 844.2 6 Plaintiffs assert the facts alleged now show why their legal remedies are inadequate. First, 7 they cite to the paragraphs in the FAC, in which they allege their legal claims include elements 8 they would not be required to prove to prevail on their equitable claims. The Court is not 9 persuaded.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ANDREW AXELROD, et al., Case No. 21-cv-06770-JSW
8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 9 v. DISMISS
10 LENOVO (UNITED STATES) INC., Re: Dkt. No. 22 Defendant. 11
12 13 Now before the Court for consideration is the motion to dismiss filed by Defendant 14 Lenovo (United States) Inc. (“Lenovo”). The Court has considered the parties’ papers, relevant 15 legal authority, and the record in this case, and the Court HEREBY GRANTS Lenovo’s motion. 16 BACKGROUND 17 Plaintiffs Andrew Axelrod and Elliot Burk (collectively “Plaintiffs”), allege that Lenovo 18 displays regular prices for computers on its website that are false and then advertises false 19 discounts based on the allegedly false regular prices. (See, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 1-11.) Plaintiffs assert 20 claims for (1) breach of contract, (2) breach of express warranty, (3) negligent and intentional 21 misrepresentation, (4) unjust enrichment, (5) violations of California’s Consumer Legal Remedies 22 Act, Civil Code sections 1750 et seq. (the “CLRA claim”); (6)-(7) violations of California’s False 23 Advertising Law, Business and Professions Code sections 17500 and 17501 (the “FAL claims”), 24 and (8) California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code sections 17200, et 25 seq. (the “UCL claim”). Plaintiffs seek, inter alia, damages (actual and punitive), restitution, 26 disgorgement, and injunctive relief. (FAC, Prayer for Relief, ¶¶ B-E.) 27 According to Plaintiffs, Lenovo’s “regular prices are false because they do not represent 1 the price at which Lenovo actually sells its products. The discounts are false because they do not 2 represent the actual savings obtained by customers. This unlawful marketing practice, commonly 3 known as false reference pricing, artificially increases demand for Lenovo’s products and induces 4 customers to pay more for Lenovo-branded products based on a false impression of their value.” 5 (Id. ¶ 1.) Plaintiffs each allege they purchased a computer from Lenovo’s website based on the 6 representation that they were receiving a substantial discount on the regular price. They also 7 allege they either would not have purchased the computers or would have paid less for them had 8 they known the true “regular” price. (Id. ¶¶ 75-99.) 9 On January 4, 2022, the Court granted, in part, and denied, in part Lenovo’s motion to 10 dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims for equitable relief on the basis that Plaintiffs failed to allege they had an 11 inadequate remedy at law. (Dkt. No. 18, “Order on Motion to Dismiss”). On January 25, 2022, 12 Plaintiffs filed the FAC and now allege they: 13 lack an adequate remedy at law with respect to their claim for restitution because they have not yet retained an expert to determine 14 whether an award of damages can or will adequately remedy their monetary losses caused by Lenovo. In particular, because damages 15 focus remedying the injury to Plaintiffs, and restitution focuses wholly on restoring money wrongly obtained by Lenovo, legal 16 damages are inadequate because Plaintiff does not know at this juncture whether a model for legal damages (as opposed to equitable 17 restitution) will be viable or adequately compensate Plaintiffs for their injuries. 18 19 (FAC ¶ 179.) 20 Plaintiffs also allege they seek restitution as an alternative form of relief to the damages 21 they seek in the first through fifth claims for relief because there are elements on those claims that 22 they would not be required to prove to obtain restitution. According to Plaintiffs, this means their 23 legal remedies are not equally prompt, certain, and efficient. (See id. ¶¶ 177.a-177.3, 173, 192.a- 24 192.e. 193, 201.a-201.e, 202.) 25 The Court will address additional facts as necessary. 26 ANALYSIS 27 A. Applicable Legal Standards. 1 pleadings fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Court’s “inquiry is limited to 2 the allegations in the complaint, which are accepted as true and construed in the light most 3 favorable to the plaintiff.” Lazy Y Ranch LTD v. Behrens, 546 F.3d 580, 588 (9th Cir. 2008).1 4 Even under the liberal pleading standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), “a plaintiff’s 5 obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more than labels and 6 conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. 7 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citing Papasan v. Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)). 8 Pursuant to Twombly, a plaintiff must not merely allege conduct that is conceivable but 9 must instead allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. 10 “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 11 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. 12 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). If the allegations are 13 insufficient to state a claim, a court should grant leave to amend, unless amendment would be 14 futile. See, e.g., Reddy v. Litton Indus., Inc., 912 F.2d 291, 296 (9th Cir. 1990); Cook, Perkiss & 15 Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection Serv., Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 246-47 (9th Cir. 1990). 16 B. The Court Grants Lenovo’s Motion. 17 Lenovo argues Plaintiffs’ allegations still are insufficient to plead they have an inadequate 18 remedy at law. It is well-established that claims for relief under the FAL and UCL are limited to 19 restitution and injunctive relief. See, e.g., Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin, 29 Cal. 4th 1134, 20 1146-49 (2003)). In contrast, the CLRA provides for damages and equitable relief. Further, as the 21 Court previously stated, the Ninth Circuit recently held “that the traditional principles governing 22 equitable remedies in federal courts, including the requisite inadequacy of legal remedies, apply 23 when a party requests restitution under the UCL and CLRA in a diversity action.” Sonner, 971 24
25 1 Plaintiffs request that the Court take judicial notice of a previous lawsuit against Lenovo raising similar claims, which resulted in a settlement. (Dkt. No. 29-1, Plaintiffs’ RJN, Exs. 1-2.) 26 That lawsuit and the allegations therein are not relevant to the dispute before the Court. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ request to take judicial notice of those documents. 27 Plaintiffs also ask the Court to take judicial notice of the first and second amended complaints 1 F.3d at 843-44. Because the plaintiff in Sonner “concede[d] that she seeks the same sum in 2 equitable restitution as ‘a full refund of the purchase price’—$32,000,000—as she requested in 3 damages to compensate her for the same past harm” and “fail[ed] to explain how the same amount 4 of money for the exact same harm is inadequate or incomplete,” the court concluded she had not 5 shown she had an inadequate remedy at law. Id. at 844.2 6 Plaintiffs assert the facts alleged now show why their legal remedies are inadequate. First, 7 they cite to the paragraphs in the FAC, in which they allege their legal claims include elements 8 they would not be required to prove to prevail on their equitable claims. The Court is not 9 persuaded. First, Plaintiffs still do not differentiate the facts that support their claims under the 10 various prongs of the UCL, FAL, or CLRA from the facts that support their other claims. For that 11 reason, the Court concludes Elgindy v. AGA Service Company remains distinguishable from this 12 case. No. 20-cv-06304-JST, 2021 WL 1176535 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2021). 13 Second, in Johnson, the court concluded that while a plaintiff can seek alternative 14 remedies, a plaintiff cannot satisfy Sonner through conditional allegations. 2022 WL 74163, at 15 *3. Here, Plaintiffs have alleged no more than they may lack an adequate remedy at law because it 16 will be harder to prove their legal claims. As in Johnson, that does no more than allege Plaintiffs 17 “seek equitable remedies to the extent legal remedies are in adequate or if legal remedies are 18 inadequate.” Id. Thus, “these allegations do not establish that the damages [Plaintiffs] seek[] are 19 necessarily inadequate or incomplete. That is, [Plaintiffs have] not demonstrated that there is an 20 inherent limitation of the legal remedy that renders it inadequate.’” Hanscom v. Reynolds 21
22 2 Plaintiffs continue to argue that Sonner’s unique procedural posture renders it distinguishable. The Court previously rejected Plaintiffs’ argument to distinguish Sonner on that 23 basis, and it finds no basis to revisit that decision.
24 The Court also determined that while Sonner would not preclude Plaintiffs from pleading legal and equitable claims in the alternative, that does not mean the Court can ignore the 25 allegations in favor of Rule 8’s general principles: Plaintiffs must plead they lack adequate remedies at law. See Guthrie v. Transamerica Life Ins. Co., No. 21-cv-04688-WHO, -- F. Supp. 26 3d --, 2021 WL 4314909, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2021) (citing cases); Nacarino v. Chobani, LLC, No. 20-cv-7437-EMC, 2022 WL 344966, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 4, 2022); Johnson v. 27 Trumpet Behavioral Health, No. 21-cv-3221-WHO, 2022 WL 74163, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 1 Consumer Prods., No. 21-cv-3434-JSW, 2022 WL 591466, at * (N.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2022) (quoting 2 || Nacarino, 2021 WL 3487117, at *12). 3 Plaintiffs also argue the allegations that they have not retained an expert are sufficient to 4 |} allege they lack an adequate remedy at law. In support of this argument, Plaintiffs again rely on 5 || Adams v. Cole Haan, LLC, No. SACV 20-913 JVS (DFMx), 2021 WL 4907248, at *2-*4 (C.D. 6 || Cal. Mar. 1, 2021) (“Adams IT’). Adams is not binding on this Court, and the plaintiff in Adams 7 || did not pursue the type of legal claims Plaintiffs are pursuing here. /d., at *1. This allegation does 8 || no more than speculate that “restitution and damages could be different[.]” Phan v. Sargento 9 || Foods, Inc., No. 20-cv-9251-EMC, 2021 WL 2224260, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 2, 2021) (noting that 10 || “speculation is questionable” given that Section 17200 does not permit nonrestitutionary 11 disgorgement) (quoting Julian v. TTE Tech., Inc., No. 20-cv-22857-EMC, 2020 WL 6743912, at 12 *4-5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2020)). Accordingly, the Court concludes those allegations are not E 13 sufficient to satisfy Sonner. CONCLUSION 3 15 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Lenovo’s motion to dismiss. The Court’s 16 || dismissal will be without prejudice “should Plaintiff[s] find facts, during discovery, showing that i 17 || the legal remedy would not be adequate.” Phan, 2021 WL 2224260, at *6. 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 |] Dated: March 31, 2022 / | ) Sk J LW hike 20 / 5 JEPFREY S$. WHITE’ 21 ¥ nited reps «ct Judge 22 / 23 24 25 26 27 28