NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 22a0283n.06
Case No. 21-1805
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jul 14, 2022 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk A&W X-PRESS, INC., ) Plaintiff - Appellant, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN FCA US, LLC, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN Defendant - Appellee. ) ) OPINION )
Before: GIBBONS, ROGERS, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. This case involves a dispute over an option
contract to renew a lease for property in Michigan. A&W X-Press, Inc. (“A&W”) entered a five-
year lease agreement on July 1, 2011. The lease provided A&W with a right to renew its tenancy
for two additional five-year terms, which A&W first exercised in 2016. In 2019, FCA US, LLC
(“FCA”) purchased the property, taking fee title and assuming A&W’s lease. The parties
discussed A&W’s second renewal option but disagreed on the fair market rate of the monthly rent.
They dispute whether A&W properly exercised its renewal option. A&W sued FCA and filed a
motion for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”) and preliminary injunction. The district court
denied the motion. A&W appeals, arguing the district court abused its discretion in denying
injunctive relief. FCA argues this court does not have jurisdiction to review denial of the motion
because the district court’s order addressed only the TRO. Because the decision at issue is No. 21-1805, A&W X-Press, Inc. v. FCA US, LLC
tantamount to denial of all preliminary injunctive relief, we have jurisdiction over the instant
appeal. We affirm the district court’s denial of A&W’s motion.
I
On July 1, 2011, A&W entered a lease agreement with Dunn & Mavis, Inc. to rent a 23,350
square foot industrial facility in Warren, Michigan. A&W, a trucking and transportation company,
has eighty-five employees and more than two-hundred trucks and trailers on site at the facility; it
uses this fleet of vehicles to deliver fresh produce, automobile parts, and medical supplies
throughout the United States and Canada.1 A&W’s 2011 lease was for a duration of five years,
with the option to renew for two additional five-year terms. The lease specified:
OPTION TO RENEW: Provided Tenant has never been in default of the terms and conditions of the Lease, Landlord shall grant Tenant two (2) Options to Renew the Lease Agreement for five (5) year Lease Terms. Should Tenant elect to exercise its Option, Tenant shall provide Landlord with ninety (90) days advance written notice, return receipt requested. The rent schedule for the first five (5) year Renewal Term shall be at a monthly rate of $9,750.00. The rent schedule for the second Renewal Term shall be at a fair market rate.
DE 1, Lease Agreement, Page ID 25 (emphases added).
For the first five years of the lease, A&W paid monthly rent of $9,500. In July 2016, A&W
exercised its first renewal option and extended the lease through September 30, 2021. Pursuant to
the lease, the monthly rent increased to $9,750. Then, in December 2019, FCA purchased the
property from Dunn & Mavis. The change of ownership was uneventful until the parties began to
1 The parties disagree about the nature of A&W’s business. FCA argued below that “A&W is not a trucking company, does not have significant employees, and does not own a large fleet of vehicles,” and merely uses the property at issue to allow other companies to sublease, license, and store trucks and other equipment. DE 9, FCA Resp., Page ID 130. A&W’s President, Ray Almoosawi, provided an affidavit indicating that A&W is a trucking company with trucks, trailers, and employees. A&W maintains that the “overwhelming majority of the trucks/property/etc./ located at the Subject Property are, in fact, owned and utilized by A&W.” DE 10, A&W Reply, Page ID 326. -2- No. 21-1805, A&W X-Press, Inc. v. FCA US, LLC
discuss A&W’s second renewal option in spring 2021. Because the lease agreement’s final
renewal option set the monthly rent at “fair market rate,” the parties exchanged emails outlining
their estimates and approaches to calculating the rate. FCA researched fair market value rates for
industrial buildings and trailer parking lots and proposed a total monthly rent of $72,863.95. FCA
acknowledged this rate was significantly higher than the $9,750 A&W was currently paying, but
noted the Detroit real estate market had significantly increased over the last decade and the initial
2011 lease was negotiated during a depressed real estate market. A&W countered that FCA’s
proposal was “grossly overstated” and proposed a rental rate of $6.00 per square foot. A&W
suggested that if the parties could not agree, then they should each obtain an appraisal “with agreed
upon parameters for establishing the lease rate.” DE 1, Contis Email, Page ID 44. A&W noted
that time was “of the essence and it is to the mutual benefit of both parties that an acceptable lease
rate is established.” Id.
Despite several months of email exchanges, the parties could not agree on a fair market
rate or an appraisal process. Pursuant to the lease, A&W was required to provide timely written
notice of its intent to exercise its option to renew the lease by July 2, 2021. A&W contends that
the emails themselves “confirm the fact that . . . [t]he parties agreed to extend the Lease for another
5-year term,” leaving determination of fair market rate as the only unresolved issue. DE 1, Compl.,
Page ID 6. FCA disagrees, asserting that the communications concerned a possible extension and
merely discussed the renewal option. On July 20, 2021, FCA, believing that A&W did not provide
the 90-day advance written notice and return receipt required by the lease agreement, notified
A&W that the lease would not be extended. FCA stated the option to renew was “null and void,”
the lease would expire September 30, 2021, and A&W was obligated to surrender the premises by
the day the lease expired. Id. at 80.
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A&W filed this action on September 20, 2021, seeking specific performance of the lease’s
second renewal option and declaratory judgment that FCA is equitably estopped from enforcing
the lease’s written notice requirement and/or waived its right to demand strict compliance with the
notice requirement. A&W also asserted the court should determine the applicable “fair market
rate” for the property. A&W filed an ex parte motion for a TRO and preliminary injunction
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 on October 1, 2021. FCA simultaneously initiated
a state court action against A&W, seeking possession of the property and declaratory judgment
that A&W failed to exercise the lease renewal option.
The district court denied A&W’s motion for a TRO and preliminary injunction, styling it
as an “Opinion and Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Temporary Restraining Order.” DE 13,
Op. and Order, Page ID 415. The court noted injunctive relief is an extraordinary remedy and
applied the Sixth Circuit’s four-factor balancing test for considering a motion for a preliminary
injunction. The court noted that under Michigan law, an option to lease land is treated as an offer
requiring strict compliance. Because A&W did not provide ninety days’ written notice to exercise
its lease renewal option, the court found A&W failed to demonstrate a strong likelihood of success
on the merits. The court held this factor outweighed the other factors, including that A&W would
suffer harm to its business if the lease was not renewed, and denied A&W’s motion for a TRO.
On appeal, A&W argues the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion for
a TRO by failing to correctly analyze and balance the injunctive relief factors and by
misinterpreting Michigan’s equity jurisprudence.
II
“As with every case, we begin with any jurisdictional issues.” Med. Mut. of Ohio v. deSoto,
245 F.3d 561, 566 (6th Cir. 2001). The district court exercised jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 1332.
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We have appellate jurisdiction over “[i]nterlocutory orders of the district courts of the United
States . . . granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1292(a)(1). But we “generally lack[] jurisdiction to hear an appeal of the district court’s decision
to grant or deny a TRO.” Ne. Ohio Coal. for Homeless v. Blackwell, 467 F.3d 999, 1005 (6th Cir.
2006); see also Off. of Pers. Mgmt. v. Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps., AFL-CIO, 473 U.S. 1301, 1303–
04 (1985) (“[T]he established rule is that denials of temporary restraining orders are ordinarily not
appealable.”). The rationale is that TROs cover limited time periods and typically terminate with
a prompt ruling on a preliminary injunction, from which the losing party can appeal, so appeal of
a TRO is usually not necessary to protect the rights of the parties. Ne. Ohio Coal., 467 F.3d at
1005. The label the district court attaches to the order is not controlling, however, and we “look
to the nature of the order and the substance of the proceeding below to determine whether the
rationale for denying appeal applies.” Workman v. Bredesen, 486 F.3d 896, 904 (6th Cir. 2007)
(quoting Ne. Ohio Coal., 467 F.3d at 1005). Courts have allowed interlocutory appeals of TROs
in situations where the TRO “threatens to inflict irretrievable harm” or where, instead of preserving
the status quo, the TRO acts as a mandatory injunction requiring affirmative action. Ne. Ohio
Coal., 467 F.3d at 1006.
The salient question is whether the district court’s order denying A&W’s motion is
operating effectively as a denial of a preliminary injunction, for which 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)
permits interlocutory review. A&W argues this court has jurisdiction because the district court
denied its motion, which was for both a preliminary injunction and a TRO. FCA counters that
although A&W filed a motion for both a TRO and a preliminary injunction, the district court’s
order addresses solely the TRO—and therefore this court lacks jurisdiction. “[O]ur jurisdiction is
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not controlled by the name that a claimant attaches to a motion or the name that a district court
attaches to an order.” Workman, 486 F.3d at 904.
Here, the district court’s denial of the motion had the “practical effect” of denying A&W’s
request for a preliminary injunction. See Carson v. Am. Brands, Inc., 450 U.S. 79, 83 (1981).
While it is true that the district court’s opinion makes no mention of A&W’s request for a
preliminary injunction, focusing instead on the TRO, the opinion disposes of the motion in its
entirety by concluding that A&W was not entitled to the requested relief. The court held A&W
“fail[ed] to demonstrate that it is entitled to the extraordinary remedy of injunctive relief.” DE 13,
Op. and Order, Page ID 425. Furthermore, the same four-factor balancing test is used in
determining whether to issue injunctive relief, be it a TRO or a preliminary injunction. Id. at 417–
18 (citing Certified Restoration Dry Cleaning Network, LLC v. Tenke Corp., 511 F.3d 535, 542
(6th Cir. 2007) (delineating the factors relevant to considering a motion for preliminary
injunction)). Although it is styled as a TRO denial, in substance the court’s order is a denial of the
request for a preliminary injunction as well. See Overstreet v. Lexington-Fayette Urb. Cnty. Gov’t,
305 F.3d 566, 572 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding the district court treated a motion for a “temporary
injunction” as one for a preliminary injunction).
Additionally, in the time since the opinion was issued on November 18, 2021, the district
court has taken no other action to address A&W’s request for a preliminary injunction. TROs have
the modest purpose of preserving the status quo to give a court time to determine whether a
preliminary injunction is warranted. See First Tech. Safety Sys., Inc. v. Depinet, 11 F.3d 641, 650
(6th Cir. 1993). If the district court’s order was meant to address solely the TRO request, surely
another order on the preliminary injunction would have followed. And the motion is no longer
demarcated as outstanding on the docket, so presumably the court considers the request for a TRO
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and preliminary injunction to be fully addressed. For these reasons, A&W’s motion for a TRO
and preliminary injunction and the district court’s ruling thereon are properly postured for our
review.
III
We review a district court’s denial of “a temporary restraining order—where, as here, that
denial amounts to the denial of injunctive relief”—for abuse of discretion. Beacon J. Publ’g Co.,
Inc. v. Blackwell, 389 F.3d 683, 684 (6th Cir. 2004). Abuse of discretion extends to clearly
erroneous fact-finding and improper application of the governing law. Id. We must be left with
“a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Workman,
486 F.3d at 904–05 (quoting Logan v. Dayton Hudson Corp., 865 F.2d 789, 790 (6th Cir. 1989)).
We reverse a district court’s weighing and balancing of the preliminary injunction factors in only
“the rarest of circumstances.” Moltan Co. v. Eagle-Picher Indus., Inc., 55 F.3d 1171, 1175 (6th
Cir. 1995).
In considering a motion for a TRO or preliminary injunction, a district court looks to four
factors: (1) whether the movant has a strong likelihood of success on the merits; (2) whether the
movant will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) whether the injunctive
relief will cause substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the public interest will be served by
granting relief. Ne. Ohio Coal., 467 F.3d at 1009; Thompson v. DeWine, 976 F.3d 610, 615 (6th
Cir. 2020) (per curiam), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 2512 (2021). “These four considerations are
‘factors to be balanced, not prerequisites that must be met.’” Certified Restoration, 511 F.3d at
542 (citation omitted). In evaluating these factors, “the likelihood of success on the merits often
will be . . . determinative.” Thompson, 976 F.3d at 615 (quoting Obama for Am. v. Husted, 697
F.3d 423, 436 (6th Cir. 2012)).
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The district court did not abuse its discretion in its balancing of the factors relevant to a
TRO and preliminary injunction. The court weighed each factor and held A&W’s failure to
demonstrate a strong likelihood of success on the merits of its equitable estoppel claim doomed its
motion. In balancing the remaining factors, the court found this failure weighed heavily against a
grant of injunctive relief and outweighed other considerations in A&W’s favor. In the absence of
clearly erroneous fact finding or improper application of the governing law, this decision was not
an abuse of discretion.
A
Michigan law governs interpretation of this lease.2 An option to lease land is “a preliminary
contract for the privilege of purchase and not itself a contract of purchase.” Johnson Family Ltd.
P’ship v. White Pine Wireless, LLC, 761 N.W.2d 353, 370 (Mich. Ct. App. 2008) (quoting
Oshtemo Twp. v. City of Kalamazoo, 257 N.W.2d 260, 262 (Mich. Ct. App. 1977)). This option
to lease “is essentially an offer that requires strict compliance,” and it does not create or transfer
an interest in land “until the option is exercised.” Id. As the Michigan Supreme Court has
explained, an option is merely an offer, and “acceptance must be in compliance with the terms
proposed by the option both as to the exact thing offered and within the time specified; otherwise
the right is lost.” Le Baron Homes v. Pontiac Hous. Fund, 29 N.W.2d 704, 706 (Mich. 1947).
Michigan courts have held that substantial compliance with the terms of an option is “insufficient
to constitute an acceptance.” Id. at 707 (citation omitted); see also Bergman v. Dykhouse,
25 N.W.2d 210, 212 (Mich. 1946).
2 Federal courts sitting in diversity jurisdiction “are to apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465 (1965). -8- No. 21-1805, A&W X-Press, Inc. v. FCA US, LLC
In this case, the option provided:
OPTION TO RENEW: Provided Tenant has never been in default of the terms and conditions of the Lease, Landlord shall grant Tenant two (2) Options to Renew the Lease Agreement for five (5) year Lease Terms. Should Tenant elect to exercise its Option, Tenant shall provide Landlord with ninety (90) days advance written notice, return receipt requested. The rent schedule for the first five (5) year Renewal Term shall be at a monthly rate of $9,750.00. The rent schedule for the second Renewal Term shall be at a fair market rate.
DE 1, Lease Agreement, Page ID 25 (emphasis added). The lease clearly outlines that A&W was
required to give FCA written notice to accept the option to renew. A&W’s first renewal option
extended the lease through September 30, 2021, and therefore advance written notice that A&W
elected to renew again was due by July 2, 2021. A&W did not provide such notice.
A&W argues the parties’ negotiations regarding a “fair market rate” indicate that A&W
had exercised its option to renew the lease. Because FCA engaged in negotiations, A&W asserts,
FCA has waived the argument that A&W did not strictly comply with the terms of the lease. This
cyclical logic is unconvincing. That A&W and FCA made efforts to agree on a fair market rate
for the rent does not mean A&W had already agreed to renew the lease. Upon review of the
communications between the parties, at no point does FCA recognize or accept that A&W has
exercised its option to renew the lease. And, as the district court acknowledged, negotiations of
fair market rate “does not unequivocally express A&W’s desire to renew the lease” because “it
would have been reasonable for the parties to agree on the rent before A&W bound itself to a five-
year lease extension.” DE 13, Op. and Order, Page ID 421 (emphasis added).
A&W next asserts the district court erred by declining to consider equitable remedies that
could relieve A&W from its noncompliance with the option terms. The district court stated “it is
not clear whether, under Michigan law, the court may consider equitable remedies to relieve A&W
from its noncompliance with the option terms.” Id. at 419. A&W points to Tel-Towne Properties
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Groups v. Toys “R” Us-Delaware, Inc., 630 F. Supp. 2d 766, 773–74 (E.D. Mich. 2007), for the
proposition that the district court has discretion to grant equitable relief to a tenant that does not
exercise its renewal option in a timely manner. But, as the district court noted, at least one
Michigan court has rejected the Tel-Towne reasoning. See L J & S Dev., LLC v. Boar’s Head
Provisions Co., No. 332379, 2017 WL 4015743, at *3 (Mich. Ct. App. Sept. 12, 2017) (per
curiam). In L J & S, the Michigan Court of Appeals held in an unpublished opinion that Tel-Towne
was nonbinding and unpersuasive in its assertion that “special circumstances” allowed the court to
grant the party equitable relief from strict compliance. Id. Furthermore, the district court here
indicated that even if it had discretion to grant equitable relief, such relief was not warranted
because A&W failed to demonstrate a strong likelihood of success on the merits. Michigan
Supreme Court authority plainly states the right to accept an option is lost absent strict compliance,
and A&W failed to supply advance written notice. The district court did not abuse its discretion
by adhering to Michigan’s principle of strict compliance.
A&W points to a handful of cases in which Michigan courts have ruled in tenants’ favor,
asserting that FCA engaged in bad faith conduct and equitable relief is warranted. But all of the
cases A&W cites are distinguishable. In Pleger v. Bouwman, for example, the plaintiffs “were led
to believe that they had effectively and validly communicated to defendants their intention to
exercise the option” after they provided oral notice. 233 N.W.2d 82, 84 (Mich. Ct. App. 1975)
(per curiam). Here, A&W did not provide oral notice, and none of the emails between the parties
indicate that FCA cajoled A&W into thinking it had already provided notice. FCA repeatedly
mentioned that the discussions about fair market rate were for a possible lease extension and
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A&W’s option to renew.3 Similarly, Lakeside Oakland Development, L.C. v. H & J Beef Co. is
inapposite because the parties did not rely on an oral agreement. 644 N.W.2d 765, 770 (Mich. Ct.
App. 2002). And in Dilusso Building Co. v. Concord Industrial Group, the Michigan Court of
Appeals relied on the fact that the parties’ contract had an “ambiguous term in the option agreement
regarding the manner of exercising the options.” No. 233912, 2003 WL 462425, at *3 (Mich. Ct.
App. Feb. 21, 2003) (per curiam). The lease in this case, by contrast, is not ambiguous as to how
A&W could exercise its option to renew. That Michigan courts have not precluded the possibility
of equitable relief under appropriate circumstances does not compel a conclusion that the district
court improperly applied the governing law under different factual circumstances.
For these reasons, the district court did not improperly apply the governing law when it
determined equitable remedies were not warranted where A&W failed to strictly comply with the
option terms. Nor did it abuse its discretion by holding A&W failed to show a strong likelihood
of success as to its equitable estoppel claim.
B
After finding A&W failed to demonstrate a strong likelihood of success on the merits, the
district court considered the remaining three factors relevant to injunctive relief. The court found
that A&W was likely to suffer irreparable harm if it were forced to vacate the premises, as A&W
alleged there were few locations available to accommodate its trucking business, particularly on
short notice, and that eviction would therefore put it out of business. The court next found that
granting preliminary injunctive relief would cause minimal harm to others, as FCA’s contention
3 A&W points to three emails that it contends “confirmed the parties’ agreement to extend the lease for another term.” CA6 R. 18, Appellant Br., at 2–3. But this contention is misleading, as the emails contain no such language. See DE 1, O’Neil Email, Page ID 41–42; DE 1, Contis Email, Page ID 44; DE 1, Von Bernthal Email, Page ID 47. - 11 - No. 21-1805, A&W X-Press, Inc. v. FCA US, LLC
was merely that an injunction would delay its ability to prepare the property for use as a parking
lot. Finally, the court held that the fourth factor—whether the public interest will be served by
granting relief—did “not clearly favor either party.” DE 13, Op. and Order, Page ID 424. A&W
had asserted an injunction was in the public interest because its business involved delivering food
and medicine, while FCA argued an injunction was contrary to public interest because of the high
value of clear and consistent contract enforcement. The district court balanced these four factors
and held that although the “irreparable harm” factor favored A&W, it did not overcome the
weaknesses of A&W’s case on the merits. Because A&W could not establish the likelihood of
success on its claims, the court denied its motion for preliminary injunctive relief.
On appeal, A&W urges the court to hold that the district court gave insufficient weight to
the “irreparable harm” factor, which it frames as the most important consideration. But A&W
reads the relevant caselaw too selectively, pointing to an unpublished case in which irreparable
harm was treated as the most significant factor. See Lexington-Fayette Urb. Cnty. Gov’t v.
BellSouth Telecommc’ns, Inc., 14 F. App’x 636, 639 (6th Cir. 2001). It is true that irreparable
injury is an essential factor in the balancing test, see D.T. v. Sumner Cnty. Sch., 942 F.3d 324, 327
(6th Cir. 2019), but our court has repeatedly emphasized that the likelihood of success prong is the
most important. See, e.g., O’Toole v. O’Connor, 802 F.3d 783, 792 (6th Cir. 2015); Jones v.
Caruso, 569 F.3d 258, 277 (6th Cir. 2009).
Finally, A&W argues there is no evidentiary support for the district court’s finding that the
third factor, which compares hardships of the parties, favored neither side. We disagree. The
district court’s opinion reflects that both parties would suffer hardship: if A&W did not receive
the injunction, its business would suffer. If A&W did receive the injunction, FCA’s business
would suffer by being unable to use its property as it intended. The district court’s decision does
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not reflect flawed factfinding such that this court is left with “a definite and firm conviction that
the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Workman, 486 F.3d at 904–05.
IV
Ultimately, we reverse a district court’s weighing and balancing of the preliminary
injunction factors in only “the rarest of circumstances.” Moltan Co., 55 F.3d at 1175. This case
does not present such circumstances. “Although no one factor is controlling, a finding that there
is simply no likelihood of success on the merits is usually fatal.” Gonzales v. Nat’l Bd. of Med.
Exam’rs, 225 F.3d 620, 625 (6th Cir. 2000). In the absence of any clearly erroneous fact finding
or improper application of the governing law, the court’s decision to deny A&W’s motion for a
TRO and preliminary injunction was not an abuse of discretion. We affirm.
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