Mr. Justice CLIFFORD
delivered the opinion of the court.
Judgments rendered in the Circuit Court, in any civil action against a collector or other officer of the revenue, for any act done by him in the performance of his official duty, or for the recovery of any money exacted by or paid to him, which shall have beeu paid into the treasury, may, at the instance of either party, be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in this court upon writ of error, without regal'd to the sum or value in controversy in such' action.
Certain personal property belonging to the plaintiff, consisting of four hundred and three gallons of whisky and the barrels in which it was contained were seized by the defendant, as the collector of internal revenue for the 27th district of.the State, and it appears that such proceedings were had that the district attorney for thef district filed an information against the same, in behalf of the United States, founded upon that seizure, in which he alleged that the property was subject to certain duties and taxes which had been duly imposed upon the same, and that the property was found by the defendant, as such collector, in the possession and custody, and within the control of the plaintiff, for the purpose of being sold by him in fraud of the internal revenue laws, and with the design to avoid the payment of the duties and taxes so imposed. Process in due'form was issued and the marshal made return upon the same that he had seized and .attached the property, and cited all persons to appear and assert their claims^ as the process commanded. Subsequently the plaintiff appeared and made claim that he
was the true
bond fide
owner of the property, and filed a claim and answer denying all the material allegations of the* information, to which the district attorney replied tendering an issue, upon which the parties went to trial and the jury found that the property did not become forfeited as alleged by the district attorney. Pursuant to the verdict the court rendered judgment in'favor of the claimant, and that the property be discharged, and the court also adjudged and-certified that there was probable cause for the seizure of the property. Judgment was rendered for the claimant iu the District Court on the 21st of August, 1868, and the,plain tiff, on the 25th of January of the next year, commenced the present suit, which is an action of trespass, agaipst the' defendant, in the State court, wherein the plaintiff alleged that the defendant, on the 4th of February, 1868, being the day the defendant seized the property described in the-information, with force and arms, at the place therein named, seized, took, and carried away the described chattels, of the value therein alleged, and that he converted the same to his own use, and still unlawfully detains the same from the plaintiff. Due application was made by the defendant"'for the removal of the cause from the State court into the Circuit Court, and it was accordingly removed as prayed by the defendant, and he appeared and pleaded the general issue, that he is not guihy iu manner and form as the plaintiff has alleged in his complaint. ' Issue having been joined the cause came to trial, and the jury, under the instructions of the court, returned- a verdict for the plaintiff’ in the sum of $1014.46, “ subject to the opinion of the court upon the questions of law arising upon the'proof of a certificate of probable cause, and upon the fact of the non-return of the property.” Considerable delay ensued,, but the 'case was finally turned into a special verdict, and the court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the sum found by the jury. Whereupon the defendant sued out the present writ of error and removed the cause into this court.
Trespass certainly will not lie in such a case for the' act of
seizure, unless it appears that the act was tortious or unauthorized, neither of which is proved or can properly be presumed in the present case, as the act of seizure was made, by the party as the collector of the revenue and in a case where it was his duty to make it if he really "believed, what he alleged, that the property was forfeited
to
the United States. Attempt to sell such property to avoid the payment of the internal revenue duties imposed thereon is a legal cause of forfeiture, aud if the defendant, as such collector,had good cause to believe and did believe that the property described in the information was forfeited to the United Stales bj' any such attempt of the owner, it was his duty to make the seizure, and inasmuch as the District Court, having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, have adjudged and certified that there was probable cause for the seizure, the court is of the opinion that trespass will not lie for that act.
Nothing of the kind is pretended, even by the plaintiff, but he insists that the decree discharging the property from the attachment made by the marshal, under the process issued by the District Court in pursuance of the prayer contained in the information, made it the duty of the defendant to return the property to him as the lawful claimant, aud that inasmuch as the defendant neglected to return the .property, he became a trespasser
ab initio;
but the court,-in view of the circumstances, is not able to concur in that proposition, for several reasons: (1.) Because it is settled law, aud always 'has been, since the decision in the case of
Vaux
v. Newman,
that a mere nonfeasance does not amount to such an abuse of authority as will render the party a trespasser
ab initio.
(2.) Because the District Court, which had jurisdiction of the subject-matter, adjudged and certified that there was probable cause for the seizure of the property. (8.) Because the property was taken out of the possession of the defendant by virtue of the judicial process issued by the District Court, pursuant to the prayer contained in the information-, and remained, throughout the litigation, in the custody of the mar
shal as the officer of the court which issued the process. (4.) Because the property under such circumstances, though in the custody of the marshal for safekeeping, is, in contemplation of law, in the possession of the court for adjudication. (5.) Because the plaintiff did not obtain any order from the District Court for a return of the property nor make any demand for the same either of the marshal or of the defendant.
1. Extended argument to show that a mere omission of duty, or neglect to do what another has a right to exact, or any other mere nonfeasance, will not amount to such an abuse of authority as will render the party a trespasser
ab initio,
is quite unnecessary, as the proposition is not controverted, nor can it be, as it is supported by the highest judicial authority. It was resolved in the leading case that not doing a thing cannot make a party a trespasser
ab initio,
because
not doing is no trespass,
and, therefore, if the lessor distrains for his rent and thereupon the lessee tenders him the rent and arrears, and requires his beasts again, and the lessor will not deliver them, this
not doing
cannot make him a trespasser, and that rule was affirmed in the case of
West
v.
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Mr. Justice CLIFFORD
delivered the opinion of the court.
Judgments rendered in the Circuit Court, in any civil action against a collector or other officer of the revenue, for any act done by him in the performance of his official duty, or for the recovery of any money exacted by or paid to him, which shall have beeu paid into the treasury, may, at the instance of either party, be re-examined and reversed or affirmed in this court upon writ of error, without regal'd to the sum or value in controversy in such' action.
Certain personal property belonging to the plaintiff, consisting of four hundred and three gallons of whisky and the barrels in which it was contained were seized by the defendant, as the collector of internal revenue for the 27th district of.the State, and it appears that such proceedings were had that the district attorney for thef district filed an information against the same, in behalf of the United States, founded upon that seizure, in which he alleged that the property was subject to certain duties and taxes which had been duly imposed upon the same, and that the property was found by the defendant, as such collector, in the possession and custody, and within the control of the plaintiff, for the purpose of being sold by him in fraud of the internal revenue laws, and with the design to avoid the payment of the duties and taxes so imposed. Process in due'form was issued and the marshal made return upon the same that he had seized and .attached the property, and cited all persons to appear and assert their claims^ as the process commanded. Subsequently the plaintiff appeared and made claim that he
was the true
bond fide
owner of the property, and filed a claim and answer denying all the material allegations of the* information, to which the district attorney replied tendering an issue, upon which the parties went to trial and the jury found that the property did not become forfeited as alleged by the district attorney. Pursuant to the verdict the court rendered judgment in'favor of the claimant, and that the property be discharged, and the court also adjudged and-certified that there was probable cause for the seizure of the property. Judgment was rendered for the claimant iu the District Court on the 21st of August, 1868, and the,plain tiff, on the 25th of January of the next year, commenced the present suit, which is an action of trespass, agaipst the' defendant, in the State court, wherein the plaintiff alleged that the defendant, on the 4th of February, 1868, being the day the defendant seized the property described in the-information, with force and arms, at the place therein named, seized, took, and carried away the described chattels, of the value therein alleged, and that he converted the same to his own use, and still unlawfully detains the same from the plaintiff. Due application was made by the defendant"'for the removal of the cause from the State court into the Circuit Court, and it was accordingly removed as prayed by the defendant, and he appeared and pleaded the general issue, that he is not guihy iu manner and form as the plaintiff has alleged in his complaint. ' Issue having been joined the cause came to trial, and the jury, under the instructions of the court, returned- a verdict for the plaintiff’ in the sum of $1014.46, “ subject to the opinion of the court upon the questions of law arising upon the'proof of a certificate of probable cause, and upon the fact of the non-return of the property.” Considerable delay ensued,, but the 'case was finally turned into a special verdict, and the court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the sum found by the jury. Whereupon the defendant sued out the present writ of error and removed the cause into this court.
Trespass certainly will not lie in such a case for the' act of
seizure, unless it appears that the act was tortious or unauthorized, neither of which is proved or can properly be presumed in the present case, as the act of seizure was made, by the party as the collector of the revenue and in a case where it was his duty to make it if he really "believed, what he alleged, that the property was forfeited
to
the United States. Attempt to sell such property to avoid the payment of the internal revenue duties imposed thereon is a legal cause of forfeiture, aud if the defendant, as such collector,had good cause to believe and did believe that the property described in the information was forfeited to the United Stales bj' any such attempt of the owner, it was his duty to make the seizure, and inasmuch as the District Court, having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, have adjudged and certified that there was probable cause for the seizure, the court is of the opinion that trespass will not lie for that act.
Nothing of the kind is pretended, even by the plaintiff, but he insists that the decree discharging the property from the attachment made by the marshal, under the process issued by the District Court in pursuance of the prayer contained in the information, made it the duty of the defendant to return the property to him as the lawful claimant, aud that inasmuch as the defendant neglected to return the .property, he became a trespasser
ab initio;
but the court,-in view of the circumstances, is not able to concur in that proposition, for several reasons: (1.) Because it is settled law, aud always 'has been, since the decision in the case of
Vaux
v. Newman,
that a mere nonfeasance does not amount to such an abuse of authority as will render the party a trespasser
ab initio.
(2.) Because the District Court, which had jurisdiction of the subject-matter, adjudged and certified that there was probable cause for the seizure of the property. (8.) Because the property was taken out of the possession of the defendant by virtue of the judicial process issued by the District Court, pursuant to the prayer contained in the information-, and remained, throughout the litigation, in the custody of the mar
shal as the officer of the court which issued the process. (4.) Because the property under such circumstances, though in the custody of the marshal for safekeeping, is, in contemplation of law, in the possession of the court for adjudication. (5.) Because the plaintiff did not obtain any order from the District Court for a return of the property nor make any demand for the same either of the marshal or of the defendant.
1. Extended argument to show that a mere omission of duty, or neglect to do what another has a right to exact, or any other mere nonfeasance, will not amount to such an abuse of authority as will render the party a trespasser
ab initio,
is quite unnecessary, as the proposition is not controverted, nor can it be, as it is supported by the highest judicial authority. It was resolved in the leading case that not doing a thing cannot make a party a trespasser
ab initio,
because
not doing is no trespass,
and, therefore, if the lessor distrains for his rent and thereupon the lessee tenders him the rent and arrears, and requires his beasts again, and the lessor will not deliver them, this
not doing
cannot make him a trespasser, and that rule was affirmed in the case of
West
v.
Nibbs,
by the whole court. When an act is legally done, said Spencer, C. J., it cannot be made illegal
ab initio,
unless by some positive act incompatible with the exercise of the legal right to do the first act.
2. Proof of probable cause, if shown by the certificate of the District Court which rendered the decree discharging the property, is a good defence to an action of trespass brought by the claimant against the collector who made the executive seizure, provided it appears that judicial proceedings were instituted and that the charge against the property was prosecuted to a final judicial determination. Where the respondent prevails in such an information, the court, says
Mr. Parsons,
give to the prosecuting or seizing officers a certificate of probable cause, if in their judgment he had such cause for the seizure, and that, he says, protects the officer who made the seizure from prosecution for making the same; and he adds, that the final decree of the court in a ease of forfeiture regularly before the court is conclusive. In cases of acquittal' in revenue instance causes, says Mr. Dunlap,
the decree is for the restitution of the property in the custody of the court, and a warrant of delivery is immediately issued, but where there is reasonable cause of .seizure the judge certifies that fact or causes an entry thereof to’be made, which protects the seizing officer from any prosecution for the seizure. Probable cause, he says,
means less than evidence which would justify a condemnation; and the same author says, if the court before whom the cause is tried shall cause a certificate or entry to be made that there appeared to bé a reasonable cause of seizure, the seizing officer shall be protected from all costs, suits, and actions on account of the seizure and prosecution. Differences of opinion existed for á time as to the legal meaning of the term probable cause, but it is settled that-it imports .circumstances which warrant suspicion, and that a doubt respecting the true construction of the law is as reasonable a cause of seizure as a doubt respecting the fact.
Property seized under the internal revenue laws, when the same is attached by the marshal under judicial process, remains in his possession and is not in general delivered over to the collector, and in respect to all such property the rule is well established that-it is in the custody of the law or of’ the court, and that it is held by the marshal as the officer of the court.
Goods of a maritime character seized under the principal collection act were at one time required to be put into the custody of the collector, and it is undoubtedly true that in respect to such goods the collector is responsible for the safe
custody of the same to the same extent as the marshal is for such as remain in his possession and keeping, and the rule applied to each alike is that the keeper is responsible for any loss or injury which the goods sustain by his neglect or wTant of due care.
Ownei's of property' seized' cannot maintain an action for the property pending the proceeding
in rem
to enforce the forfeiture, as it cannot be determined before the final decree, whether the taking be rightful or tortious. Consequently the pendency of the suit
in rem
would be a good plea in abatement, as was decided by this court more than half a century ago.
Two other propositions were decided in that case which are of controlling importance in the present investigation.: (1.) That the certificate that there was reasonable cause of seizure would be a good bar to an action commenced after the decree of condemnation. (2.) That the decree of acquittal, if aécompauied by a denial of such a certificate, establishes the fact conclusively that the seizure was tortious and that the owner of the property is entitled to his damages for the injury.
Where the seizure is made in a cáse of capture Jure
belli
it is conceded that these principles apply without qualification, but it is insisted that probable cause never furnishes a defence to an action for damages in tbe ease of a municipal seizure, except in cases where some act of Congress authorizes the courts to give it that force and effect, and it must be admitted that such is the law as expounded by this cóurt.
Concede that, but it should bé observed that this court in the very case in which that rule is established, refer to the 89th section of the principal collection act, and to the sub
sequent’ act respecting seizures,” as containing express provisions upon the subject, and the court decides that they show the clear opinion of Congress that the claimant in such a case shall not be entitled to costs, nor shall the person who made the seizure or the prosecution be liable to an action, suit, or judgment on account of such seizure, or prosecution.
Appended to the section enacting such an exemption as exhibited in the first two acts is the following, to wit: “Provided that the .ship or vessel, goods, wares, or merchandise be, after judgment, forthwith returned to such claimant or claimants,' his, her, or their agent or agents.” Taken literally, it is quite clear that the language in those provisos, respectively,-would require what the defendant in a case like the present could not perform, as he could not compel the court to make an order for the return of’ the property, nor could he compel the marshal to do what’ it is insisted thé language‘of the provisos require the defendant to do, but the proviso in the act last referred to is of a very different character, and reads as follows: “Provided such property or articles
as may be 'held in custody by the defendant, if any,
be, after judgment, forthwith returned ’to the claimant or claimants, his, her, or their agent or agents.” Beyond all__ doubt the construction which this court' put upon the provisos in the first two acts in the case referred 'to, was the same as the language employed by Congress in the third act imports, and it is believed that such is the construction which has always been given to those two provisos ever since they were enacted.
- Imported goods when seized and subsequently attached by the marshal are sometimes deposited with the collector for safe custody, and in respect to such the rule would be a reasonable one which should require him to surrender the same to the owner’as soon as the goods are acquitted, but it would be monstrous to deny the collector the benefit to which he would otherwise be entitled from the certificate of
probable cause, for the reason that he did not return the property which was taken out of his possession by judicial-process, and which the law requires the marshal to keep in his custody as the officer of the court having jurisdiction of the controversy.
Process
in rem
is founded on a right in the thing, and the' object of the process is to obtain the thing itself or a satisfaction out of it, and the executive seizure is required to bring the property within the reach of judicial process and as affording some protection to the owners against the causeless interference of irresponsible persons with their property, but it is merely a preliminary requirement, as the judicial arrest must follow, and the law makes it the duty of the marshal to keep the property seized in. such safe and secure manner as to protect it from injury while it is in his custody, so that if it be condemned or be restored to the owner its value to the parties may be unimpaired.
Perishable property may be sold and the proceeds paid into the registry of the court, in which event the proceeds represent the property seized, but it must be obvious that the defendant in that state of the case could not return the proceeds, as money iu the registry of the court can only be drawn out. of the registry pursuant to the order of the court, signed by the judge and entered and certified of record by the clerk.
Viewed iu any light the better opinion is that it is the duty of the claimant to move the court for the necessary orders to cause the property or its proceeds to be returned-to the rightful owner.
Reference is made to the case of
Hoit
v.
Hook,
as prescribing a different rule. Suffice' it to say in respect to that case that it is one of an exceptional character, and one which is not very satisfactorily explained, but if it is understood as. supporting the views of the plaintiff the court here cannot accept the conclusion as applied to the present case.
-3. Sufficient proof was exhibited, of the most satisfactory character, showing that the property was attached by the
marshal, and was by him taken out of the possession of the defendant, and that the defendant never afterwards obtained its possession, which is all that need be said on that subject, as it is quite clear that the defendant could' not return property which was in the possession of an officer of the court.
4. Enough has already beeu remarked to show that the property was in the possession of the court for adjudication, and that it was the-.appropriate duty of the claimant to move the court that it be restored to the rightful owner.
6. Argument to support'the fifth proposition is quite unnecessary, as the special verdict finds that the plaintiff never made claim of the defendant for’ the property except by bringing the action, which of itself is sufficient to show that the judgment should be reversed.
Judgment reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to issue
A NEW VENIRE.