Fead, J.
The action is at law on an appeal bond in a summary proceeding. Defendants had judgment on trial before the court without a jury.
In 1923 plaintiffs sold a piece of real estate on contract to defendant Collins. In about a month Collins assigned his vendee’s interest to Barnard Toy Company. The latter refused to make payments until Collins should be released from liability and plaintiffs produce a copy of the contract under which they held. Collins, under instructions and direction of Louis Cohane, vice-president and secretary of the Barnard Toy Company, represented the company in the negotiations with plaintiffs, which lasted some weeks and culminated in release of Collins and a payment on the contract by the company. Collins, under Cohane’s direction, also handled negotiations regarding a subsequent instalment which the company refused to pay until vendors should furnish a copy of their contract of purchase but which they were unable to procure.
For default in payments, plaintiffs on July 3, 1923, commenced summary proceedings for possession before a circuit court commissioner, against •Barnard Toy Company. The suit was dismissed because no notice, of forfeiture had been served. They Then served, .notice, of forfeiture and, on July 20th, commenced-new summary proceedings against
both Collins and the company. The reason for including Collins does not appear.
Process was returned served on both defendants, and Louis Cohane appeared and defended for them. Plaintiffs had judgment of possession against both defendants and appeal was taken in their behalf. The affidavit on appeal was made by Alfred Klunover as their duly authorized agent. Klunover was an attorney in the employ of Cohane, who had instructed him to take the appeal. The names of Barnard Toy Company and Collins were written on the bond in the signature place by Cohane and were followed by Klunover’s name as duly authorized agent, written by himself. Klunover testified that Cohane told him to sign. Cohane said he instructed Klunover to obtain the signature of Collins and the president of the Barnard Toy Company, assumed he had done so, made no inquiry, and did not know the fact until some four years later, when Collins made an affidavit of non-execution of the bond.
On the first trial in circuit court the jury disagreed. On the second trial, April 22, 1924, plaintiffs, by direction of court, had judgment against both defendants. Defendants appealed to this court and the judgment was affirmed in July, 1927, 240 Mich. 23. Collins was a witness for defendants in both trials. Cohane appeared as attorney for both defendants.
No
stay bond was filed on appeal to this court.
Shortly after the judgment in circuit court Cohane, in behalf of Barnard Toy Company, began a suit in equity to;'restrain plaintiffs from taking possession of the premises; in behalf of defendants/ proffered a belated stay bond, to which Collins’ name was signed by Cohane as his attorney-in-fact; sought mandamus in this court to obtain approval of the bond and restrain possession; and commenced an
action for damages against plaintiffs for wrongfully suing out a writ of restitution. In these various proceedings Cohane represented that proper appeal bond had been filed in the summary proceedings.
This action was commenced in September, 1924, to recover on the bond on appeal to circuit court. Collins was served with process, knew the action was on the bond, knew it was claimed he was a party to the summary proceedings and bond and that he was liable on the bond. He appeared by attorney and demanded a hill of particulars. The original declaration, filed November 11, 1924, recited the facts of his liability but did not set up a copy of the bond. The case laid dormant until after the decision in 240 Mich. 23. Amended declaration setting up copy of the bond was filed in January, 1928. Collins pleaded, with notice and affidavit, that the bond was not signed by him or any duly authorized agent. The other defendants gave notice of 13 special defenses but did not deny execution.
February 25, 1928, on plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, Collins broadened his claims and made affidavit that the bond had not been signed by him nor with his knowledge or consent, nor was Klunover his agent or authorized to execute the bond, and that he had been released from the contract and had no interest in the property or summary proceedings. The other defendants then filed amended pleas, including non-execution, upon the claim that the bond was not valid as to them because they had executed it on condition that Collins should sign it, and it had been treated, in effect, as in escrow to obtain Collins’ signature. In May, 1931, Collins filed plea of the two-year statute of limitations (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13976).
In May, 1931, the cause was dismissed on demurrer to the declaration. The judgment was reversed
October 3, 1932, 260 Mich. ¿32. The instant trial began December 19, 1932. Three days before, Collins had made a motion to amend the circuit court judgment in the summary proceedings,
mmc pro tunc,
by striking his name from it because (a) the court had directed verdict against Barnard Toy Company only, (b) Collins had been released from liability and had no interest in the premises, (c) the evidence showed Collins had had- no possession, (d) Collins was not a party to the circuit court suit and appearance for him by Cohane was not authorized, (e) Collins had not appeared in circuit court nor authorized appearance, affidavit or bond, (f) Collins was not a proper party, and (g) he had not been served with process. In affidavit to the motion, Collins deposed to the above claims and also that, until the present suit was commenced, he had no knowledge that he was named a party to the summary proceedings and did not know of the commissioner’s judgment against him.
The motion was heard with the main case and the judgment ordered amended by declaring Collins not guilty of withholding possession. The amendment was based wholly upon the direction of verdict by the court. Plaintiffs appealed from the order and it was submitted with the main case.
Collins’ defense is non-execution of the bond, non-authorization and non-ratification of it. The other defendants deny liability on the ground that their signatures were to be effective only if Collins should sign. The court found as facts that Collins had not authorized nor ratified the bond nor was he estopped from denying its execution in his behalf.
In finding the facts, it would appear that the court failed to take into account that this is not a mere private lawspit. It involves the integrity of judicial
proceedings around which the law casts strong presumptions, necessary to he indulged in order to protect the rights of adverse parties and to give final force to judgments.
The record, upon which plaintiffs had a right to rely, was that Collins was a party to the summary proceedings on personal service of process, he appeared by attorney, appealed to the circuit court, was a witness on both trials, and appealed to the Supreme Court, all without intimation of irregularity.
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Fead, J.
The action is at law on an appeal bond in a summary proceeding. Defendants had judgment on trial before the court without a jury.
In 1923 plaintiffs sold a piece of real estate on contract to defendant Collins. In about a month Collins assigned his vendee’s interest to Barnard Toy Company. The latter refused to make payments until Collins should be released from liability and plaintiffs produce a copy of the contract under which they held. Collins, under instructions and direction of Louis Cohane, vice-president and secretary of the Barnard Toy Company, represented the company in the negotiations with plaintiffs, which lasted some weeks and culminated in release of Collins and a payment on the contract by the company. Collins, under Cohane’s direction, also handled negotiations regarding a subsequent instalment which the company refused to pay until vendors should furnish a copy of their contract of purchase but which they were unable to procure.
For default in payments, plaintiffs on July 3, 1923, commenced summary proceedings for possession before a circuit court commissioner, against •Barnard Toy Company. The suit was dismissed because no notice, of forfeiture had been served. They Then served, .notice, of forfeiture and, on July 20th, commenced-new summary proceedings against
both Collins and the company. The reason for including Collins does not appear.
Process was returned served on both defendants, and Louis Cohane appeared and defended for them. Plaintiffs had judgment of possession against both defendants and appeal was taken in their behalf. The affidavit on appeal was made by Alfred Klunover as their duly authorized agent. Klunover was an attorney in the employ of Cohane, who had instructed him to take the appeal. The names of Barnard Toy Company and Collins were written on the bond in the signature place by Cohane and were followed by Klunover’s name as duly authorized agent, written by himself. Klunover testified that Cohane told him to sign. Cohane said he instructed Klunover to obtain the signature of Collins and the president of the Barnard Toy Company, assumed he had done so, made no inquiry, and did not know the fact until some four years later, when Collins made an affidavit of non-execution of the bond.
On the first trial in circuit court the jury disagreed. On the second trial, April 22, 1924, plaintiffs, by direction of court, had judgment against both defendants. Defendants appealed to this court and the judgment was affirmed in July, 1927, 240 Mich. 23. Collins was a witness for defendants in both trials. Cohane appeared as attorney for both defendants.
No
stay bond was filed on appeal to this court.
Shortly after the judgment in circuit court Cohane, in behalf of Barnard Toy Company, began a suit in equity to;'restrain plaintiffs from taking possession of the premises; in behalf of defendants/ proffered a belated stay bond, to which Collins’ name was signed by Cohane as his attorney-in-fact; sought mandamus in this court to obtain approval of the bond and restrain possession; and commenced an
action for damages against plaintiffs for wrongfully suing out a writ of restitution. In these various proceedings Cohane represented that proper appeal bond had been filed in the summary proceedings.
This action was commenced in September, 1924, to recover on the bond on appeal to circuit court. Collins was served with process, knew the action was on the bond, knew it was claimed he was a party to the summary proceedings and bond and that he was liable on the bond. He appeared by attorney and demanded a hill of particulars. The original declaration, filed November 11, 1924, recited the facts of his liability but did not set up a copy of the bond. The case laid dormant until after the decision in 240 Mich. 23. Amended declaration setting up copy of the bond was filed in January, 1928. Collins pleaded, with notice and affidavit, that the bond was not signed by him or any duly authorized agent. The other defendants gave notice of 13 special defenses but did not deny execution.
February 25, 1928, on plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, Collins broadened his claims and made affidavit that the bond had not been signed by him nor with his knowledge or consent, nor was Klunover his agent or authorized to execute the bond, and that he had been released from the contract and had no interest in the property or summary proceedings. The other defendants then filed amended pleas, including non-execution, upon the claim that the bond was not valid as to them because they had executed it on condition that Collins should sign it, and it had been treated, in effect, as in escrow to obtain Collins’ signature. In May, 1931, Collins filed plea of the two-year statute of limitations (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13976).
In May, 1931, the cause was dismissed on demurrer to the declaration. The judgment was reversed
October 3, 1932, 260 Mich. ¿32. The instant trial began December 19, 1932. Three days before, Collins had made a motion to amend the circuit court judgment in the summary proceedings,
mmc pro tunc,
by striking his name from it because (a) the court had directed verdict against Barnard Toy Company only, (b) Collins had been released from liability and had no interest in the premises, (c) the evidence showed Collins had had- no possession, (d) Collins was not a party to the circuit court suit and appearance for him by Cohane was not authorized, (e) Collins had not appeared in circuit court nor authorized appearance, affidavit or bond, (f) Collins was not a proper party, and (g) he had not been served with process. In affidavit to the motion, Collins deposed to the above claims and also that, until the present suit was commenced, he had no knowledge that he was named a party to the summary proceedings and did not know of the commissioner’s judgment against him.
The motion was heard with the main case and the judgment ordered amended by declaring Collins not guilty of withholding possession. The amendment was based wholly upon the direction of verdict by the court. Plaintiffs appealed from the order and it was submitted with the main case.
Collins’ defense is non-execution of the bond, non-authorization and non-ratification of it. The other defendants deny liability on the ground that their signatures were to be effective only if Collins should sign. The court found as facts that Collins had not authorized nor ratified the bond nor was he estopped from denying its execution in his behalf.
In finding the facts, it would appear that the court failed to take into account that this is not a mere private lawspit. It involves the integrity of judicial
proceedings around which the law casts strong presumptions, necessary to he indulged in order to protect the rights of adverse parties and to give final force to judgments.
The record, upon which plaintiffs had a right to rely, was that Collins was a party to the summary proceedings on personal service of process, he appeared by attorney, appealed to the circuit court, was a witness on both trials, and appealed to the Supreme Court, all without intimation of irregularity. Aside from presumptions established by law, an attack upon judicial proceedings, regular upon the records, first made many years after a party to them is notified by suit of the claim of his liability, needs clear and convincing evidence to sustain it.
The record contains no direct testimony that Collins specifically authorized Cohane or Klunover to take an appeal, sign the bond for him or appear as his' attorney. So we will turn to the question of whether he ratified such proceedings. Collins asserts he did not ratify because he did not know he was a party to the summary proceedings as he had never been served with process and had not authorized Cohane to appear for him.
Collins’ claim that he had not been served with process rests upon his positive denial of service and his uncertain relation of circumstances, some of which were told him by his wife.' There was no corroboration. In a direct attack upon the judgment, corroboration would have been necessary to impeach the return of service.
Garey
v.
Morley Brothers,
234 Mich. 675. No less measure of proof is reasonable where the purpose is to avoid liability on a bond, upon which an appeal was permitted and plaintiffs deprived of possession, and where claim of non-service is made eight years after knowledge of
claim of liability in a suit at law for recovery on the bond, and no proceedings by direct motion or in equity had been had to correct the court records.
It is a universal rule that an attorney-at-law is presumed to have authority to represent a party litigant for whom he appears. 6 C. J. p. 631. When a party denies the authority he must proceed promptly and unequivocally to repudiate the appearance and to permit no more acts thereunder. Failure to disapprove works ratification.
Corbitt
v.
Timmerman,
95 Mich. 581 (35 Am. St. Rep. 586).
“The party for whom the appearance has been entered, if without knowledge of that fact, may object at any time on being informed thereof, even after judgment. But a suitor who does not disclaim the authority of an attorney who assumes to represent him in an action after he has acquired knowledge thereof, cannot do so afterwards. He cannot take the hazard of a trial and, when unsuccessful, allege as ground for vacating the judgment that the attorney who conducted the trial had no authority. ’ ’ 1 Thornton on Attorneys at Law, p. 431, § 238.
•Collins testified he had never employed Cohane nor authorized him to appear for him. .Cohane said he “thought,” “believed” he had authority to represent Collins but failed to state the reason for his belief. Cohane’s failure to be positive does not add strength to Collins’ denial of his authority. Cohane’s financial interests are bound up with those of Collins in this snit. The sidelights indicate Cohane’s authority to represent Collins. They had worked together in connection with the contract. It would have been natural for Collins to turn the summons over to Cohane to represent him. Collins and Cohane were the principal witnesses for defendants in circuit court. Collins ’ name appeared first of the
defendants in the title of the cause. It is quite incredible that he did not know he was a party and Cohane was representing him.
Subsequent events affirm his knowledge. He knew in 1924 of the claim that he was a party to the suit and the bond. He made no complaint to or inquiry of Cohane, nor other officer of the Barnard Toy Company, with whom he was friendly and whom he met socially, made no denial to plaintiffs and took no proceeding to clear the record. The progressive nature of Collins’ claim, as shown above, in his pleadings and affidavits, expanding to fit the necessities, casts persuasive doubt upon his present position.
In our opinion, the circumstances, combined with the presumptions and lack of corroboration of Collins’ denial of authority, clearly establish the fact that Cohane was authorized to represent him.
Being in court on service of process and represented by an authorized attorney, Collins’ subsequent participation in the cause was a ratification of proceedings taken by Cohane, including the appeal (2 R. C. L. p. 1008), and execution of the bond (4 C. J. p. 1269).
Cohane’s claim that he and the Barnard Toy Company agreed to execute the bond only upon the express condition that Collins should execute it personally is so wholly unreasonable as to deserve no discussion. Moreover, an attorney cannot practice law through employees and disclaim knowledge of their acts and escape responsibility for what they do.
If not originally authorized, nevertheless, by ratification, Collins’ signature was effective when the bond was filed. This satisfied the condition upon which the other obligors signed, if, indeed, they executed on condition.
The appeal from the. order amending judgment needs no discussion as the question is moot.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for trial only on the amount of damages and for entry of judgment for plaintiffs thereon, with costs.
McDonald, C. J., and Weadock, Potter, Sharpe, North, Wiest, and Butzel, JJ., concurred.