Audio Emotion S/A v. McIntosh Group, Inc.
Opinion
17‐381‐cv Audio Emotion S/A v. McIntosh Group, Inc.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 12th day of September, two thousand seventeen.
PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER, DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
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AUDIO EMOTION S/A, Plaintiff‐Appellant,
17‐381‐cv
v.
McINTOSH GROUP, INC., DBA FINE SOUNDS GROUP, Defendant‐Appellee.
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FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT STEPHANIE F. BRADLEY, Watkins Bradley LLP, San Francisco, California.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLEE MIRIAM SKOLNIK, Herzfeld & Rubin, P.C., New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Torres, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment and order of the district court are AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff‐appellant Audio Emotion S/A (ʺAudio Emotionʺ) appeals from (1) an August 8, 2016 judgment of the district court granting a motion filed by defendant‐appellee McIntosh Group, Inc. (ʺMcIntoshʺ), d/b/a Fine Sounds Group (ʺFS Groupʺ), to dismiss the amended complaint, and (2) a January 11, 2017 order denying Audio Emotionʹs motion to alter or amend the judgment and for leave to file an amended complaint. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
We accept as true the allegations in the amended complaint, which can be summarized as follows. Audio Emotion is a Brazilian distributor of high‐end audio products. Fine Sounds S.p.A. (ʺFS S.p.A.ʺ) is (or was) an Italian company also in the business of distributing high‐end audio equipment. In February 2013, Audio Emotion entered into an agreement with FS S.p.A. (the ʺAgreementʺ) to be the latterʹs exclusive representative and distributor in Brazil.
In February 2014, although Audio Emotion had been meeting its sales targets under the Agreement, FS S.p.A. ʺtook actions to unilaterally terminate the
Agreement.ʺ Am. Compl. ¶ 17.1 Audio Emotion contends that by doing so, FS S.p.A. breached the Agreement.
In April 2014, FS Group announced that it was acquiring FS S.p.A.ʹs audio distribution business and relocating it to New York. FS Group was incorporated in Delaware on April 21, 2014 and registered to do business in New York as a foreign business corporation on March 6, 2015. In connection with FS Groupʹs incorporation, FS S.p.A.ʹs ʺaudiophile business, including its assets and goodwill, was transferred to Defendant.ʺ Am. Compl. ¶ 8.
Audio Emotion commenced this action for breach of contract in the district court on July 22, 2015. In accordance with the district courtʹs individual rules, McIntosh wrote a letter to Audio Emotionʹs counsel setting forth the specific deficiencies that McIntosh believed to warrant dismissal of the complaint, in anticipation of seeking the courtʹs leave to file a motion to dismiss. In response, Audio Emotion amended its complaint. Thereafter, McIntosh moved to dismiss the amended complaint. The district court granted the motion, concluding that Audio Emotion had not sufficiently pled successor liability, and entered judgment. Audio Emotion filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment to provide that dismissal was without prejudice, which the district court construed as a motion for reconsideration, and for leave to file
1 Although the amended complaint states that FS Group terminated the agreement, the reference should be to FS S.p.A, as Audio Emotion makes clear in its brief on appeal.
an amended complaint. The district court denied the motion, concluding that Audio Emotionʹs proposed amendments would be futile. Audio Emotion timely appealed both the dismissal and denial of leave to amend the amended complaint.
1. Successor Liability We review the district courtʹs grant of a motion to dismiss de novo, ʺaccepting as true all allegations in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.ʺ Wilson v. Dantas, 746 F.3d 530, 535 (2d Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). The complaint must include ʺenough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.ʺ Id. (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Under New York law, a corporation that purchases the assets of another corporation does not acquire its liabilities unless ʺ(1) the buyer ʹexpressly or impliedly assumed the predecessorʹs tort liability, (2) there was a consolidation or merger of seller and purchaser, (3) the purchasing corporation was a mere continuation of the selling corporation, or (4) the transaction [wa]s entered into fraudulently to escape such obligations.ʹʺ N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp. v. FirstEnergy Corp., 766 F.3d 212, 227‐28 (2d Cir. 2014) (alteration in original) (citation omitted). Below and on appeal, Audio Emotion relies on the ʺconsolidation or mergerʺ and ʺmere continuationʺ theories.
First, Audio Emotion contends that it has plausibly alleged that the second exception applies ‐‐ specifically, that the transaction between FS Group and FS S.p.A.,
ʺalthough not in form a merger, is in substance a consolidation or merger of seller and purchaser,ʺ or a de facto merger. Priestley v. Headminder, Inc., 647 F.3d 497, 505 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting New York v. Natʹl Serv. Indus., Inc., 460 F.3d 201, 209 (2d Cir. 2006)). Relevant factors in assessing whether there has been a de facto merger include ʺ(1) continuity of ownership; (2) cessation of ordinary business and dissolution of the acquired corporation as soon as possible; (3) assumption by the purchaser of the liabilities ordinarily necessary for the uninterrupted continuation of the business of the acquired corporation; and (4) continuity of management, personnel, physical location, assets, and general business operation.ʺ Id. (citation omitted). We have recognized that the doctrine cannot apply absent continuity of ownership, which is ʺthe essence of a merger.ʺ Id. at 505‐06 (citation omitted).
The amended complaint alleges only that ʺboth Fine Sounds S.p.A. and Fine Sounds Group share the same senior management.ʺ Am. Compl ¶ 8. It does not allege facts from which we can infer continuity of ownership, cessation of operations by the predecessor company, assumption of liabilities by the successor company, or continuity of personnel, physical location, assets, or general business operations.
Although Audio Emotion admits that it does not ʺdirectly allege continuity of ownership,ʺ it asks us to infer continuity of ownership because ʺin a management buyout, high level company officers would have already held stock in the corporation whose assets they purchased in the name of the successor corporation.ʺ
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