Mr. Chief Justice English
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was-an action of trespass by John M. Gatcher against Wm. W. Atkinson and Elisha T. McClure, in Columbia Circuit Court, for taking and converting fifty bushels of corn.
The defendants pleaded not guilty and justification, in short by consent, there was a trial, and verdict against them for $40,' a new trial refused them, and they excepted and appealed.
The corn was levied on and sold by the defendant Atkinson, as constable, under an execution, in favor of his co defendant, McClure, against the plaintiff, Gatcher.
Gatcher was a farmer, and had a wife and two or three children., When the corn was levied-on, 30th November, 1858, he had but 85 bushels, which were not more than enough to support his family. He claimed that the whole of the corn was exempt from execution under ihe statute, as provisions, and forbid Atkinson to levy on it. But he levied on over fifty bushels of it, and Gatcher protesting that the corn was exempt from execution, gave a bond for its delivery on the 9th of December, 1858, the day fixed for the sale. The corn remained on his premises until the day of sale, when he again claimed that it was exempt from execution, as provisions, and forbid the sale of it, but Atkinson sold it, and it was measured out to the purchaser, and taken away.
I. At the instance of the plaintiff, the court instructed the jury as follows: (1.) “ It the jury find from the testimony that the defendant, Atkinson, took and sold corn belonging to the plaintiff, against the consent and protestation of plaintiff, and that the plaintiff, at the time of such taking and sale of the corn, did not have on hand more corn than was sufficient for family use, including the corn so taken and sold, they must find for the plaintiff against defendant, Atkinson, and also against defendant McClure, if they find that he instigated the taking and selling.”
The statute exempts from execution “ all such provisions as may be on hand for family use.” Gould's Dig. ch. 68, see. 23.
It is certainly not an unreasonably liberal construction of this statute, to hold that corn, so generally used in this country for bread, is embraced by the term provisions. Whether the plaintiff had on hand a surplus of corn, or only such quantity as was necessary for family use, was a question to be determined by the jury, from the evidence, and the instruction properly left it to them.
II. At, the instance of the plaintiff, the court instructed the jury as follows:
(5.) “ That the plaintiff is not estopped from a recovery and verdict herein, by the delivery bond read-in evidence, if the jury find that he protested against the taking of the corn by levy, under the supposed execution, and protested against the sale of the corn under the supposed levy.
(6 ) “ That the plaintiff is not estopped from a recovery and verdict, by the delivery bond read in evidence, unless the jury find there was a delivery under said bond.”
And the defendants moved the following instruction, on the same point, which the court refused to give:
(4.) “ if the jury believe from the evidence, that the plaintiff executed a bond for the delivery of the corn', to be sold at such time and place as it was sold, he thereby waived his right to claim it as necessary provisions, and they may find for defendants.”
The plaintiff was not estopped by the delivery bond from claiming the benefit of the exemption act. When Atkinson went to levy on the corn, the plaintiff claimed that it was exempt from execution,^forbid the levy, and told him he would act at his peril. He executed the delivery bond under protest, and on the day of sale, the'corn remaining where it was when it was levied on, he did not consent for it to be.sold, but again claimed the benefit of the exemption act, and forbid the sale. See Norris et al. vs. Norton, 19 Ark. 321; Tumlinson vs. Swinney ante.
III. The defendants also moved the following instruction, which the court refused:
(6.)’ “ If the jury believe from the evidence said corn was sold by virtue of the process specified in the delivery bond, they will find for defendants, unless they find that the plaintiff had no other property subject to execution, and further, before said sale, furnished said officer with a schedule under oath of his effects.”
It was of no consequence whether plaintiff had other property subject to execution or not. The eighth clause of the statute exempts “ all such provisions as may be on hand for family use,” regardless of what other property the execution debtor may have.
The fifth clause of the statute exempts “ all wearing apparel of the family, two beds with the usual bedding, and such other house-hold, and kitchen furniture as may be necessary for the family, agreeably to an inventory thereof, to be returned on oath, with the execution, by the officer whose duty it may be to levy the same.”
It is under this clause of the statute that the inventory is to be made, and returned by the officer, and not under the eighth.
IV. The defendants also moved the following instruction, which was refused.
(5.) “ If the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff foi’bid the sale of the corn, and was opposed to it; yet if they further believe he has since sanctioned it by receiving a credit in the settlement of said debt for sfeid sale, they will find for defendants.”
John Jeffrey testified, that after the corn was sold, and the sum for which it sold credited on the execution, he settled the balance of the execution by giving his note for it. Plaintiff did not authorize him to make the settlement. Witness told him of the settlement, and he did not object, but never ratified it. Witness had paid the note. Plaintiff had'never settled it with him, but witness expected that he would pay him.
This was the only evidence tending to show that plaintiff had sanctioned the sale of the corn, and compromised his right of action; and it was not sufficient to warrant the instruction above copied'.
V. The defendants also moved the following instruction, which the court refused.
7. “ Unless the jury believe from the evidence that defendants forcibly took and carried away the com, they must find for the defendants.”
This instruction was properly refused. If the corn wras exempt from execution, and Atkinson sold it against the consent of the plaintiff, he was a trespasser; and so was the defendant, McClure, the plaintiff in the execution, if he directed the corn to be levied on, or sold. 1 Chitty Plead. 166, 185.
VI. The defendant offered in evidence thé execution under which the corn was sold, which the court excluded, on objections made by plaintiff.
The judgment was recovered before Clary, a justice of the peace of Alabama township, Columbia county, in which township McClure arid Gatcher both resided.
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Mr. Chief Justice English
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was-an action of trespass by John M. Gatcher against Wm. W. Atkinson and Elisha T. McClure, in Columbia Circuit Court, for taking and converting fifty bushels of corn.
The defendants pleaded not guilty and justification, in short by consent, there was a trial, and verdict against them for $40,' a new trial refused them, and they excepted and appealed.
The corn was levied on and sold by the defendant Atkinson, as constable, under an execution, in favor of his co defendant, McClure, against the plaintiff, Gatcher.
Gatcher was a farmer, and had a wife and two or three children., When the corn was levied-on, 30th November, 1858, he had but 85 bushels, which were not more than enough to support his family. He claimed that the whole of the corn was exempt from execution under ihe statute, as provisions, and forbid Atkinson to levy on it. But he levied on over fifty bushels of it, and Gatcher protesting that the corn was exempt from execution, gave a bond for its delivery on the 9th of December, 1858, the day fixed for the sale. The corn remained on his premises until the day of sale, when he again claimed that it was exempt from execution, as provisions, and forbid the sale of it, but Atkinson sold it, and it was measured out to the purchaser, and taken away.
I. At the instance of the plaintiff, the court instructed the jury as follows: (1.) “ It the jury find from the testimony that the defendant, Atkinson, took and sold corn belonging to the plaintiff, against the consent and protestation of plaintiff, and that the plaintiff, at the time of such taking and sale of the corn, did not have on hand more corn than was sufficient for family use, including the corn so taken and sold, they must find for the plaintiff against defendant, Atkinson, and also against defendant McClure, if they find that he instigated the taking and selling.”
The statute exempts from execution “ all such provisions as may be on hand for family use.” Gould's Dig. ch. 68, see. 23.
It is certainly not an unreasonably liberal construction of this statute, to hold that corn, so generally used in this country for bread, is embraced by the term provisions. Whether the plaintiff had on hand a surplus of corn, or only such quantity as was necessary for family use, was a question to be determined by the jury, from the evidence, and the instruction properly left it to them.
II. At, the instance of the plaintiff, the court instructed the jury as follows:
(5.) “ That the plaintiff is not estopped from a recovery and verdict herein, by the delivery bond read-in evidence, if the jury find that he protested against the taking of the corn by levy, under the supposed execution, and protested against the sale of the corn under the supposed levy.
(6 ) “ That the plaintiff is not estopped from a recovery and verdict, by the delivery bond read in evidence, unless the jury find there was a delivery under said bond.”
And the defendants moved the following instruction, on the same point, which the court refused to give:
(4.) “ if the jury believe from the evidence, that the plaintiff executed a bond for the delivery of the corn', to be sold at such time and place as it was sold, he thereby waived his right to claim it as necessary provisions, and they may find for defendants.”
The plaintiff was not estopped by the delivery bond from claiming the benefit of the exemption act. When Atkinson went to levy on the corn, the plaintiff claimed that it was exempt from execution,^forbid the levy, and told him he would act at his peril. He executed the delivery bond under protest, and on the day of sale, the'corn remaining where it was when it was levied on, he did not consent for it to be.sold, but again claimed the benefit of the exemption act, and forbid the sale. See Norris et al. vs. Norton, 19 Ark. 321; Tumlinson vs. Swinney ante.
III. The defendants also moved the following instruction, which the court refused:
(6.)’ “ If the jury believe from the evidence said corn was sold by virtue of the process specified in the delivery bond, they will find for defendants, unless they find that the plaintiff had no other property subject to execution, and further, before said sale, furnished said officer with a schedule under oath of his effects.”
It was of no consequence whether plaintiff had other property subject to execution or not. The eighth clause of the statute exempts “ all such provisions as may be on hand for family use,” regardless of what other property the execution debtor may have.
The fifth clause of the statute exempts “ all wearing apparel of the family, two beds with the usual bedding, and such other house-hold, and kitchen furniture as may be necessary for the family, agreeably to an inventory thereof, to be returned on oath, with the execution, by the officer whose duty it may be to levy the same.”
It is under this clause of the statute that the inventory is to be made, and returned by the officer, and not under the eighth.
IV. The defendants also moved the following instruction, which was refused.
(5.) “ If the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff foi’bid the sale of the corn, and was opposed to it; yet if they further believe he has since sanctioned it by receiving a credit in the settlement of said debt for sfeid sale, they will find for defendants.”
John Jeffrey testified, that after the corn was sold, and the sum for which it sold credited on the execution, he settled the balance of the execution by giving his note for it. Plaintiff did not authorize him to make the settlement. Witness told him of the settlement, and he did not object, but never ratified it. Witness had paid the note. Plaintiff had'never settled it with him, but witness expected that he would pay him.
This was the only evidence tending to show that plaintiff had sanctioned the sale of the corn, and compromised his right of action; and it was not sufficient to warrant the instruction above copied'.
V. The defendants also moved the following instruction, which the court refused.
7. “ Unless the jury believe from the evidence that defendants forcibly took and carried away the com, they must find for the defendants.”
This instruction was properly refused. If the corn wras exempt from execution, and Atkinson sold it against the consent of the plaintiff, he was a trespasser; and so was the defendant, McClure, the plaintiff in the execution, if he directed the corn to be levied on, or sold. 1 Chitty Plead. 166, 185.
VI. The defendant offered in evidence thé execution under which the corn was sold, which the court excluded, on objections made by plaintiff.
The judgment was recovered before Clary, a justice of the peace of Alabama township, Columbia county, in which township McClure arid Gatcher both resided.
The execution was first issued 11th October, 1858, directed to the constable of Alabama township, and placed in the hands of Holton, the constable of the township, who levied it upon some cotton, which was released upon the claim of strangers, and the execution endorsed by Holton, no property, etc.
The justice renewed the execution on the 30th November, 1858, by endorsement, for twelve months. It seems that the renewed execution was in, the hands of Holton, who refused to execute it; and McClure applied to the justice to issue an execution to defendant, Atkinson, who was constable of Harrison township, in the same county; and the justice told McClure to tell Holton to strike “ Alabama ” township from the execution in his hands, and insert “Harrison,'' which was accordingly done, and the execution thus changed and directed to the constable, of Harrison township, was placed in the hands of Atkinson, who levied upon the corn, sold it, and returned the execution to the justice, etc. .
The court excluded the execution on two grounds: 1st, that the change in the direction of the execution was not made in the presence of the justice, and that he could not delegate his power to another to change the process: 2d, that there being a constable in Alabama township, where the judgment was rendered, and where the defendant therein resided, the justice could not issue an execution to the constable, of Harrison township, though the constable of Alabama, township refused to act.
In Price vs. Hubbard, 10 John. R. 404, the court said that any general authority, by a justice to a constable, to fill up or alter process, would be void and highly improper; but where a constable, by direction of the justice, changed the date of a particular execution, by way of renewal, it was held that the process was not thereby invalidated, and that the constable might justify under it.
Here, the change was made in the execution, by direction of the justice, before it went into the hands of Atkinson to be executed; and though the change was irregularly made, we think the process was not null and void m’that account.
Being, upon its face, directed to the constable of Harrison township, and having been placed in the hands of Atkinson, as such constable, he had power under the statute to execute it any where within his county. Go. Dig., ch. 35, secs. 34, 29.
' It follows that the court erred in excluding the execution from the jury.
The 2d, 3d, 4th, and 7th instructions given by the court, at the instance of the plaintiff, in relation to the validity of the execution, were out of.fdace and had nothing to rest on, the execution being excluded from the jury.- So with the instructions moved by the defendant in regard to the validity of the process, and refused by the court.
For the error above indicated, the judgment roust be reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to the court below to grant appellants a new trial.