United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 91-2502.
ASOCIACION NACIONAL DE PESCADORES A PEQUENA ESCALA O ARTESANALES DE COLOMBIA (ANPAC), et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
DOW QUIMICA DE COLOMBIA S.A., et al., Defendants-Appellees.
April 15, 1993.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, GARWOOD, and DUHÉ, Circuit Judges.
GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:
Small-scale commercial fishermen from Colombia sued an American corporation and its
Colombian subsidiary in state court for unspecified damages arising from a chemical spill. The
American defendant removed to federal court, alleging that the Colombian defendant had been
fraudulently joined to defeat diversity jurisdiction. The plaintiffs requested a remand to state court,
arguing that the suit did not place the requisite amount in controversy and that there was not
complete diversity. The plaintiffs bring this appeal from the district court's denial of their remand
motion, dismissal of the Colombian defendant for lack of in personam jurisdiction, and dismissal of
the entire suit on forum non conveniens grounds. We affirm in part and reverse and vacate in part
with directions to remand to state court.
Facts and Proceedings Below
On December 21, 1990, a group of approximately 700 Colombian fishermen filed suit in
Texas state court against Dow Chemical Company (Dow Chemical) and its wholly owned subsidiary
Dow Quimica de Colombia, S.A. (Dow Quimica), a Colombian corporation. The fishermen sought
damages arising from the spill of pesticide from a local Dow Quimica storage tank into the Bay of
Cartegena in Colombia on June 19, 1989. Their complaint alleged that the spill immediately killed
tons of fish that would otherwise have been available for commercial harvest, and caused more lasting
disruption of the food chain by killing various plant and animal life in the bay. The plaintiffs alleged that they had suffered grave economic losses, resulting in poverty and hunger. The plaintiffs further
alleged that Dow Quimica had enlisted their help in removing the dead fish from the bay but had not
warned them to take proper precautions against exposure to the pesticide, and as a result they had
removed the fish with their bare hands and had suffered "personal injuries, including skin rashes."
The theories of liability included negligence, strict liability, trespass, and nuisance. As mandated by
Texas law for complaints seeking unliquidated damages,1 the plaintiffs did not plead a specific amount
in damages, alleging only that "[d]amages far exceed the minimum jurisdictional limits of this court."
One of the plaintiffs was the Asociacion Nacional de Pescadores a Pequena Escala o
Artesanales de Colombia (ANPAC), an association incorporated under the laws of Colombia to
promote the business interests of small-scale commercial fishermen.
On February 15, 1991, Dow Chemical removed the case to federal court. Its notice of
removal alleged that Dow Quimica, a Colombian corporation with its principal place of business in
Bogota, had no contacts with Texas that would support the exercise of personal jurisdiction over it
by a Texas court, and that Dow Quimica had been fraudulently joined to defeat diversity jurisdiction.
The notice of removal further alleged that the amount in controversy exceeded $50,000, so that all
requirements for diversity jurisdiction were met as to the plaintiffs and Dow Chemical. See 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1332, 1441. Several days later, Dow Quimica filed a motion to dismiss for lack of personal
jurisdiction, and Dow Chemical moved for dismissal on forum non conveniens grounds. Dow
Chemical alleged that considerations of efficiency and fairness dictated that trial be held in Colombia.
On March 15, 1991, the plaintiffs moved to remand the case to state district court, alleging
that the federal court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because there was neither complete diversity
nor the requisite amount in controversy. They attached an affidavit from their Colombian attorney
declaring that (1) the individual plaintiffs had each executed a power of attorney to ANPAC, and
ANPAC was acting solely as their collection agent, and was not pursuing a claim on its own behalf;
and (2) no individual fisherman suffered a loss greater than $50,000. The plaintiffs' motion also
1 See Tex.R.Civ.P. 47(b); Capitol Brick, Inc. v. Fleming Manufacturing Co., 722 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex.1986). argued that the defendants had not met their burden of proving fraudulent joinder, which was to show
that there was no possibility that the plaintiffs could establish a cause of action against Dow Quimica.
The plaintiffs argued that, although there had been no discovery in the case, the requisite jurisdictional
contacts probably existed, because Dow Chemical operated the world's largest chemical plant in
Texas, and it was likely that the spilled chemical had been produced in part in Texas, and also because
in licensing the chemical in Colombia Dow Quimica had relied on studies produced by Dow Chemical
in Texas.
On April 16th, the district court entered an order (1) denying the plaintiffs' motion to remand;
(2) dismissing Dow Quimica for lack of personal jurisdiction; and (3) dismissing the entire case on
forum non conveniens grounds. ANPAC and the individual plaintiffs bring this appeal.
Discussion
I. Amount in Controversy
The initial question is whether the district court should have granted plaint iffs' motion to
remand because the amount in controversy required to support diversity jurisdiction ($50,000) was
not present. Dow Chemical, which as the removing party bears the burden of establishing the basis
for federal jurisdiction, Gaitor v. Peninsular & Occidental Steamship Co., 287 F.2d 252, 253-54 (5th
Cir.1961), offers several arguments to support the conclusion that $50,000 was in controversy.
The first is that the claims of the individual plaintiffs may be aggregated to reach $50,000.2
Although conceding that as a general rule aggregation is not allowed, Dow Chemical argues that this
case falls within a recognized exception for instances in which the plaintiffs "unite to enforce a single
title or right in which they have a common and undivided interest." Pinel v. Pinel, 240 U.S. 594, 596,
36 S.Ct. 416, 417, 60 L.Ed. 817 (1916). Dow Chemical characterizes the suit as one to recover
damages to a single source of income—the fish in the Bay of Cartegena—that the plaintiffs had a
common opportunity to pursue. Under the common law, Dow Chemical points out, there are no
individual property rights in animals ferae naturae. Wiley v. Baker, 597 S.W.2d 3, 5
2 Dow Chemical does not dispute that ANPAC is solely a collection agent and that its claim in excess of $50,000 does not confer jurisdiction. (Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1980, no writ).
However, the plaintiffs are not asking that the court assign a value to the fishing rights in the
Bay of Cartegena and award them each a per capita share of the diminution in that value resulting
from the chemical spill. Rather, they are each severally seeking as damages the income that each of
them lost as a consequence of the chemical spill and compensation for the personal injuries they
sustained. The personal injury claims clearly are individual and not aggregable. See Eagle Star
Insurance Co. v. Maltes, 313 F.2d 778 (5th Cir.1963). The claims for loss of economic opportunity
must also be classified as individual, for they will vary based on the particular plaintiff's fishing
equipment, expertise, and so forth. Moreover, the value of the "common source" in which Dow
Chemical argues that the plaintiffs are asserting an undivided interest is not finite and is not
ascertainable except by reference to the income derived from it by the plaintiffs. Unlike a case in
which an interest in property might be deemed indivisible because, for instance, its value secures two
debts without priority,3 in this case one plaintiff's recovery is neither dependent upon, nor necessarily
reduced by, another's.
Although the right to fish in the Bay of Cartegena may have been shared by the public at large,
the theory on which liability has been authorized in cases of this type is that the fishermen had special
commercial interests in the water and thus suffered an injury not suffered by the public at large; as
a consequence, their "specific pecuniary losses" could be recovered. See State of Louisiana ex rel.
Guste v. M/V Testbank, 524 F.Supp. 1170, 1174 (E.D.La.1981), aff'd, 752 F.2d 1019 (5th Cir.1985)
(en banc), cert. denied, 477 U.S. 903, 106 S.Ct. 3271, 91 L.Ed.2d 562 (1976); accord Burgess v.
M/V TAMANO, 370 F.Supp. 247, 250 (D.Me.1973).
The cases relied upon by Dow Chemical, Insurance Company of North America v. Chinowith,
393 F.2d 916 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 990, 89 S.Ct. 474, 21 L.Ed.2d 453 (1968), and Eagle
v. American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 769 F.2d 541 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S.
1084, 106 S.Ct. 1465, 89 L.Ed.2d 721 (1986), are both ones in which the plaintiffs were seeking
essentially derivative recovery for injury to another person or entity. In Chinowith the heirs of a
3 See Troy Bank v. G.A. Whitehead & Co., 222 U.S. 39, 32 S.Ct. 9, 56 L.Ed. 81 (1911). deceased worker sought workers compensation death benefits, and we allowed aggregation because
the governing law provided only "one right of recovery and one amount to be recovered, even though
that recovery must be divided according to the Texas laws of descent and distribution." Id. at 918
(emphasis in original). In Eagle, the court dealt with what was in substance a species of shareholder
derivative action for a single injury to the corporation. However, in the present case, at least in
theory, each plaintiff directly suffered a distinct injury that varied in degree; we do not read their
complaint as a derivative suit for common damage to public resources. Rather, what binds their
claims together is simply that their damages were caused by the same accident, a connection that
cannot sustain aggregation. Eagle Star Insurance Co., supra.
If aggregation is not proper, Dow Chemical argues that the remand motion was nonetheless
correctly denied because, under St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 58
S.Ct. 586, 82 L.Ed. 845 (1938), a case may be removed unless it "appear[s] to a legal certainty that
the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount." Id. at 289, 58 S.Ct. at 590. Because in this
case the complaint did not limit the plaintiffs to a particular dollar amount, and because it included
allegations of "grave economic losses," personal injuries, and "catastrophic" loss of aquatic wildlife,
Dow Chemical contends that the St. Paul Mercury test was met at the time of removal. Moreover,
it argues, jurisdiction must be assessed so lely at the time of removal; the plaintiffs cannot avoid
federal jurisdiction by later stipulating to an amount of damages below the jurisdictional minimum.
See id. at 292, 58 S.Ct. at 592.
Initially, it is important to note that in setting forth the test quoted above, the Supreme Court
in St. Paul Mercury was describing the defendant's burden to obtain dismissal after the plaintiff has
commenced a suit in federal court and claimed a specific amount of damages adequate to confer
federal jurisdiction. In that situat ion, "the sum claimed by the plaintiff controls if the claim is
apparently made in good faith," so the defendant bears the heavy burden of showing, to a legal
certainty, that the claimed amount cannot be recovered. Id. at 288, 58 S.Ct. at 590 (footnote
omitted). In the present case, by contrast, the plaintiffs have never represented that their individual claims are worth more than $50,000.4
Whether the defendant's burden in contesting a remand motion is, as Dow Chemical argues,
simply the inverse of his burden in obtaining dismissal, i.e., to show that it does not appear to a legal
certainty that the required amount in controversy is not present, is a question on which courts have
disagreed5 and for which there is no clear answer in this Circuit. We spoke to this question indirectly
in our recent decision in Kliebert v. Upjohn Co., 915 F.2d 142 (5th Cir.1990), reh'g en banc granted,
923 F.2d 47 (5th Cir.), appeal dism'd per stipulation of settlement, 947 F.2d 736 (5th Cir.1991). In
Kliebert the panel stated that this construction of the "legal certainty" test placed too light of a burden
on a defendant seeking removal where the plaintiff had specified damages less than the jurisdictional
minimum, but state law did not preclude him from recovering a larger amount than he sought in his
complaint. Id. at 146. However, Kliebert was vacated for rehearing en banc and then settled.
Accordingly, it is not precedential. Moreover, the present case deals with a situation not presented
by either Kliebert or St. Paul Mercury: the plaintiff's petition did not specify a dollar amount of
damages. Thus, the rationale of the Kliebert panel—that "[t]he allegations of a plaintiff's petition
stating the amount of damages he has suffered is [sic] entitled to greater deference," id.—has little
bearing here. The district court cases in this Circuit dealing with the precise situation presented here
have not been entirely consistent.6
4 The statement in their petition that "[d]amages far exceed the minimum jurisdictional limits of this court" furnishes no basis for that inference. The minimum amount in controversy for Texas district courts, although not entirely clear following recent constitutional and statutory changes, see Peek v. Equipment Service Co., 779 S.W.2d 802, 803 n. 4 (Tex.1989), is certainly no more than $500, see Tex.Gov't Code Ann. § 25.0003(c) (Vernon Supp.1992). Moreover, the claims of all plaintiffs are aggregated in determining whether this requirement is met. Id. § 24.009. 5 See Garza v. Bettcher Industries, Inc., 752 F.Supp. 753, 754-63 (E.D.Mich.1990) (discussing and criticizing the extension of the St. Paul Mercury "legal certainty" test to removal cases in which the plaintiff did not specify damages). 6 Compare Cedus v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 759 F.Supp. 319, 320-21 (W.D.La.1990) (denying a remand motion because the defendant had shown that it was not legally certain that the plaintiff would recover less that $50,000) and Barton v. Allstate Insurance Co., 729 F.Supp. 56, 57 (W.D.Tex.1990) (same) with Coleman v. Southern Norfolk, 734 F.Supp. 719, 721 (E.D.La.1990) (granting a remand motion on the ground that the damage requests in similar suits arising from the same accident did not constitute the type of "affirmative showing" required of parties seeking removal). In this case, the injuries alleged in the plaintiffs' complaint are not ones that are facially likely
to be over the jurisdictional amount. The personal injuries are mentioned only cursorily and referred
to as "skin rashes," and even a fairly sustained loss of income to a small-scale fisherman in Colombia
seems unlikely to reach $50,000. However, we also cannot say that the claims are necessarily outside
of the range that could confer federal jurisdiction. That being the case, the plaintiffs' attorney's
affidavit stating that damages are less than $50,000 per plaintiff may be considered by the court in
deciding whether remand is proper. Although Dow Chemical is correct that a plaintiff may not defeat
removal by subsequently changing his damage request, because post-removal events cannot deprive
a court of jurisdiction once it has attached, St. Paul Mercury, 303 U.S. at 292, 58 S.Ct. at 592, in this
case the affidavits clarify a petition that previously left the jurisdictional question ambiguous. Under
those circumstances, the co urt is still examining the jurisdictional facts as of the time the case is
removed, but the court is considering information submitted after removal. At least one district court,
also in a st ate that prohibits plaintiffs from specifying damages in their petitions, has considered a
post-removal affidavit by the plaintiff for this purpose. See Cole v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.,
728 F.Supp. 1305, 1308-09 (E.D.Ky.1990); accord Robinson v. Quality Insurance Co., 633 F.Supp.
572, 577 (S.D.Ala.1986) (granting a remand motion based on the plaintiff's post-removal insertion
of an ad damnum clause into a previously indeterminate complaint); cf. Hall v. Travelers Insurance
Co., 691 F.Supp. 1406, 1410 (N.D.Ga.1988) (holding that although the attorneys' fees sought in the
plaintiff's complaint appeared to bring his claim over the jurisdictional minimum, his statement in a
brief opposing removal denying that his request put $10,000 in controversy warranted remand);
Denette v. Life of Indiana Insurance Co., 693 F.Supp. 959, 961 (D.Colo.1988).7
To support federal jurisdiction over this case, Dow Chemical has offered only its notice of
removal, which merely states, without any elaboration, that "the matter in controversy exceeds
$50,000 exclusive of interest and costs." Although it has frequently been held that when faced with
7 If defendants wish to avoid the procedure of removing a case and then having it remanded after the plaintiff comes forward with an affidavit specifying his damages, there are other avenues available for clarifying an indeterminate complaint. Texas law, for instance, expressly provides that upon special exception by the defendant, the plaintiff may be required to amend his complaint to specify the maximum amount claimed. See Tex.R.Civ.P. 47. a complaint for unspecified damages a court may look to the removal notice or petition in deciding
whether the requisite amount is in controversy,8 Dow Chemical's allegation of jurisdiction in this case
carries little weight. First, in light of its argument regarding aggregation, the allegation of jurisdiction
is at best ambiguous; it is not clear that Dow Chemical was not merely asserting that the sum of all
plaintiffs' claims exceeded $50,000. Second, Dow Chemical did not, and probably could not have,
offered any facts to support its valuation of plaintiffs' claims. Removal petitions or other submissions
by the defendant are more likely to be persuasive in cases where the crucial facts supporting
jurisdiction are known to the defendant, especially suits for injunctive or declaratory relief. See, e.g.,
Robinson, 633 F.Supp. at 575; Hale v. Billups of Gonzales, Inc., 610 F.Supp. 162, 164
(M.D.La.1985); Family Motor Inn, Inc. v. L-K Enterprises Division Consolidated Foods Corp., 369
F.Supp. 766, 768-69 (E.D.Ky.1973). But see Kennard v. Harris Corp., 728 F.Supp. 453, 454
(E.D.Mich.1989). The plaintiffs met Dow Chemical's statement in its removal notice with a sworn
affidavit affirming that individual damages were less than $50,000. Nothing submitted by Dow even
suggests the contrary. When specifically contested in a motion to remand, bare allegations by the
removing party (much less statements in passing) have been held insufficient to invest a federal court
with jurisdiction. Rollwitz v. Burlington Northern Railroad, 507 F.Supp. 582, 587 (D.Mont.1981);
Wright v. Continental Casualty Co., 456 F.Supp. 1075, 1077-78 (M.D.Fla.1978).9
Therefore, we conclude that the motion to remand should have been granted. Without
purporting to resolve the question of the removing party's burden in all situations, we hold that at
least where the following circumstances are present, that burden has not been met: (1) the complaint
did not specify an amount of damages, and it was not otherwise facially apparent that the damages
8 See, e.g., Kennard v. Harris Corp., 728 F.Supp. 453, 454 (E.D.Mich.1989); Kilpatrick v. Martin K. Eby Construction Co., 708 F.Supp. 1241, 1424 (N.D.Ala.1989); Smith v. Executive Fund Life Insurance Co., 651 F.Supp. 269, 270 (M.D.La.1986); Rollwitz v. Burlington Northern Railroad, 507 F.Supp. 582, 585 (D.Mont.1981); McCurtain County Production Corp. v. Cowett, 482 F.Supp. 809, 813 (E.D.Okla.1978); Wright v. Continental Casualty Co., 456 F.Supp. 1075, 1077-78 (M.D.Fla.1978). 9 We do not mean to suggest that there may not be cases in which the court's "independent evaluation of jurisdiction," Robinson, 633 F.Supp. at 575, reveals that jurisdiction exists, even though the defendant can make only a conclusory assertion of jurisdiction, and that assertion is contested in a motion to remand. sought or incurred were likely above $50,000; (2) the defendants offered only a conclusory statement
in their notice of removal that was not based on direct knowledge about the plaintiffs' claims; and
(3) the plaintiffs timely contested removal with a sworn, unrebutted affidavit indicating that the
requisite amount in controversy was not present.
II. Dismissal of Dow Quimica for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction
The defendants request that even if we conclude that they were not entitled to removal, we
nevertheless affirm the district court's dismissal of Dow Quimica for lack of personal jurisdiction.
Although such a disposition is conceptually troubling in that it sustains an order by the district court
in a case over which the court did not have subject matter jurisdiction, prior decisions in this Circuit,
based on considerations of fairness to the defendant challenging jurisdiction, permit such an outcome.
In Walker v. Savell, 335 F.2d 536 (5th Cir.1964), we upheld the trial court's authority to dispose of
a motion to quash service of process before hearing a pending remand motion. Id. at 538-39; accord
Nolan v. Boeing Co., 736 F.Supp. 120, 122 (E.D.La.1990). See also Jones v. Petty-Ray Geophysical
Geosource, Inc., 954 F.2d 1061, 1066 (5th Cir.1992) (citing Walker and Nolan ).
In determining whether such a disposition would be proper here, we observe that this case
presents an instance in which the competing concern—federal intrusion into state courts' authority—is
minimized. First, the defendants' removal was not frivolous. Although we concluded that a remand
was warranted, at the time the defendants removed the case there was arguable merit to their request.
Thus, they did not contrive to have Dow Quimica's dismissal motion heard by a plainly inappropriate
tribunal. Second, the question of personal jurisdiction here is basically a constitutional one, no t a
matter of construing Texas law. See Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance, Ltd. v. English China
Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex.1991) (Texas long-arm statute reaches as far as the federal
constitutional requirements of due process will allow). Because the ultimate arbiter of this question
of personal jurisdiction would be the United States Supreme Court, not the Texas Supreme Court,
it is less intrusive for a federal court to decide the issue. For these reasons, we will consider the
question of Dow Quimica's amenability to suit in Texas.
The original complaint in this case stated that the court had in personam jurisdiction over Dow Quimica, but did not allege any facts to support this conclusion. And, as previously noted, the
plaintiffs' remand motion merely alleged two "likely contacts" of Dow Quimica with Texas: (1) it was
probable that Dow Quimica purchased some of the spilled chemicals from Dow Chemical's Texas
plant, and (2) according to files from the Colombian Ministry of Health, Dow Quimica's licensing
application for the spilled chemicals relied upon at least five technical documents produced in Texas.
The motion stated that verification of the first contact, and identification of others, would have to
await discovery in the suit. Finally, at the hearing before the district court on the remand motion and
the motions to dismiss, the plaintiffs offered a third co ntact: a blueprint bearing the label "Dow
Chemical U.S.A." and showing the plant's valves, apparently including the valve from which the
chemical escaped.
The plaintiffs argue to this Court that because their remand motion was in response to Dow
Chemical's removal based on fraudulent joinder, the burden rested with Dow Chemical, and this Court
should find for the plaintiffs if it finds "any possibility of recovery against the party whose joinder is
questioned." Carriere v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 893 F.2d 98, 100 (5th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 498
U.S. 817, 111 S.Ct. 60, 112 L.Ed.2d 35 (1991). Thus, the plaintiffs argue, their mere identification
of potential jurisdictional contacts suffices at this stage.
We disagree. Dow Quimica filed a motion with the district court seeking dismissal for lack
of personal jurisdiction,10 and our foregoing discussion indicates that this motion can be considered
prior to, and independently of, ultimate resolution of the merits of the motion to remand. Therefore,
the burden, albeit a slight one, rests with the plaintiffs: though they need not prove the jurisdictional
contacts by a preponderance of the evidence, they must present facts sufficient to constitute a prima
facie case of personal jurisdiction. Bullion v. Gillespie, 895 F.2d 213, 216-17 (5th Cir.1990); WNS,
Inc. v. Farrow, 884 F.2d 200, 203 (5th Cir.1989). The speculative contentions in their remand
10 The motion was supported by affidavit of Dow Quimica's president stating, inter alia, that Dow Quimica is a Colombian corporation, is not authorized to do business in Texas, has no agent there for service of process, maintains no facilities, records, or bank accounts in Texas, has no employees based there, does not recruit employees there, has not entered into any contracts wholly or partly performable in Texas, does not sell or distribute products in Texas, and has not committed a tort in Texas. There was nothing before the district court to rebut any of this. motion are not adequate, and the blueprint presented at the hearing, though it may suggest some type
of connection to the United States, does not particularly suggest a connection to Texas. Moreover,
the plaintiffs' contention that they were entitled to further discovery is unavailing; the case was
removed two months before dismissal, and the record reflects that a deferral was requested only of
plenary discovery—not of discovery into threshold jurisdictional issues. We hold that the district
court properly dismissed Dow Quimica for want of in personam jurisdiction.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and vacate the district court's judgment as to Dow
Chemical with directions to remand to the 165th Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas.11
We affirm the district court's dismissal of Dow Quimica for lack of in personam jurisdiction.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND VACATED IN PART.
11 Given our disposition of the case, the defendants' request that we impose sanctions on the plaintiffs for filing and prosecuting a frivolous appeal is obviously denied.