By the Court, Sawyer, J.
The question in this case is, whether, under the Statute of Limitations, the two causes of action set out in the complaint are barred in two or four years. The following are the instruments to be construed :
“Received of John Morrison, Esq., the sum of two thous- and seven hundred and fifty dollars. San Francisco, February 24, 1855.
“ (82,750.) Edward Vischer.”
“ This is to state that I am holder of three checks on Page, Bacon & Co., (viz : $380 70, $514 40, $227 44,) amounting to eleven hundred and twenty-two dollars and sixty-three cents, to be converted into cash as best possible, and to be applied to the account of John Morrison. San Francisco, February 24, 1855.
“ ($1,122 63.) Edward Vischer.”
The Court below held that an action to recover the money referred to in the first instrument was barred in two years ; in the last, not till four years; and, accordingly, entered judgment in favor of defendant on the first, and against him on the second. Both parties have appealed.
A party may commence “ within four years, an action upon any contract, obligation, or liability, founded upon an instrument in writing.” * * * “ Within two years, an action upon a contract, obligation, or liability, not founded upon an instrument in writing, except an action on an open account for goods, wares, and merchandise, and an action for any article charged in a store account.” (Wood’s Dig. p. 47, Sec. 17.)
The first instrument is a receipt for a specified sum of money —a mere naked acknowledgment that so much money had been received. There is no contract connected with it—no promise or undertaking in regard to it. It is a mere naked [326]*326acknowledgment, without any intimation as to the character in which the money was received, or of any intention or purpose with respect to its future disposition. It does not appear to whom the money belonged. As an instrument of evidence, a mere receipt is governed by rules different from those applicable to other writings expressing contracts or obligations; and this fact serves to illustrate the character of the instrument under consideration. As an acknowledgment of payment or delivery, it would be merely prima facie evidence of the fact, and not conclusive. The fact it recites might, therefore, be contradicted by other evidence. A receipt may have connected with it—embodied in the same instrument—a contract to do something else; and in that case it would possess a double character. As a receipt it might be contradicted; while as a contract it would stand on the footing of all other contracts in writing, and could not be contradicted or varied by oral testimony. (1 Greenl. Ev., Sec. 305.) And the reason why a different rule of evidence is applied to a mere receipt seems to be because it is not in any sense a contract, as it does not express or import a promise, obligation, or liability. It is an admission, only, upon which other parties do not ordinarily act, and are not liable to act to their prejudice. (Ib., Sec. 212; 1 Phil. Ev. 474, Note 131.)
Professor Parsons says: fi A receipt for money is peculiarly open to evidence. It is only prima, facie evidence either that the sum stated has been paid, or that any sum whatever was paid. It is, in fact, not regarded as a contract, and hardly as an instrument at all, and has but little more force than the oral admissions of the party receiving. But this is true only of a simple receipt. It often happens that a paper which contains a receipt, or recites the receiving of money or of goods, contains also terms, conditions, agreements, or assignments. Such an instrument, as to everything but the receipt, is no more to be affected by extrinsic evidence than if it did not contain the receipt; but, as to the receipt itself, it may be varied or contradicted by extrinsic testimony, in the same manner as if it contained nothing else.” (2 Pars. Cont. 68.)
[327]*327In the instrument under consideration no promise or obligation is expressed. Unless a promise or obligation is implied bylaw from the mere acknowledgment of the receipt of the money, no liability is imported on the face of the instrument.
Mr. Phillips, in his work on Evidence, Vol. 3, p. 426, edition of 1859, says : “ In order to recover under a count for money lent, it will not be sufficient merely to prove the receipt of money from the plaintiff by the defendant, since the presumption of law is that money, when paid, is in liquidation of an antecedent debt.” And several authorities are cited where money had been paid on checks. (See also Headley v. Reed, 2 Cal. 325; 1 Greenl. Ev., Sec. 38, and cases cited.) The principle applicable to checks is the same as in this case, for it matters not whether the evidence is a check or a written acknowledgment of the receipt of the money, so long as the evidence only extends to the fact of the receipt of money from one party by another.
All this instrument shows is the receipt of money from Morrison by the defendant—precisely what is stated in the rule as laid down by the authorities cited. Under this rule, (and we think it correct,) no promise or obligation is imported by the instrument. No liability can fairly be implied from its terms. If there was any contract, or promise, or liability, it arises from facts entirely outside of this receipt. By itself it is not evidence of a debt. It does not acknowledge or state a fact from which the law implies an obligation, and we do not think that a liability can be said to be “founded upon an instrument of writing,” from the terms of which the law does not, prima facie, imply any liability whatever. The first cause of action is, therefore, subject to the two years limitation, and is barred.
Second—The second instrument contains these words: “To be converted into cash as best possible, and to be applied to the account of John Morrison.” This, in our opinion, goes beyond the mere acknowledgment of the receipt of money. It indicates to whom the money belongs, and contains a promise to apply it to the account of John Morrison. It is true, the instru[328]*328ment does not state the condition of that account—whether Morrison is already indebted to defendant or not, or, if so, to what amount. But whatever the state of the account between them may be, the fair construction of the instrument is that it was Morrison’s money, and that Vischer was to account to him for it. ■ The instrument shows upon its face a liability to account, and this action seeks to enforce that liability.
In the case of Sannickson v. Brown, 5 Cal. 57, a number of accounts for labor and services, and for goods and materials furnished for the use of defendants, under the name of the “ Laura Virginia Association,” had been presented to the Board of Trustees, and allowed. The Board had written thereon the words “audited and approved,” and “we certify the above to be correct.” The Court held that these accounts, thus indorsed, constituted instruments of writing within the meaning of the statute.
So in Neighbors v. Simmons, 2 Blackf. 75, an account had been presented against the defendant, upon which he had indorsed these words: “ I acknowledge this account to be just,” and appended his signature. This was held to be an instrument in writing within the meaning of the Statute of Limitations of Indiana.
In Raymond v. Simonson,
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By the Court, Sawyer, J.
The question in this case is, whether, under the Statute of Limitations, the two causes of action set out in the complaint are barred in two or four years. The following are the instruments to be construed :
“Received of John Morrison, Esq., the sum of two thous- and seven hundred and fifty dollars. San Francisco, February 24, 1855.
“ (82,750.) Edward Vischer.”
“ This is to state that I am holder of three checks on Page, Bacon & Co., (viz : $380 70, $514 40, $227 44,) amounting to eleven hundred and twenty-two dollars and sixty-three cents, to be converted into cash as best possible, and to be applied to the account of John Morrison. San Francisco, February 24, 1855.
“ ($1,122 63.) Edward Vischer.”
The Court below held that an action to recover the money referred to in the first instrument was barred in two years ; in the last, not till four years; and, accordingly, entered judgment in favor of defendant on the first, and against him on the second. Both parties have appealed.
A party may commence “ within four years, an action upon any contract, obligation, or liability, founded upon an instrument in writing.” * * * “ Within two years, an action upon a contract, obligation, or liability, not founded upon an instrument in writing, except an action on an open account for goods, wares, and merchandise, and an action for any article charged in a store account.” (Wood’s Dig. p. 47, Sec. 17.)
The first instrument is a receipt for a specified sum of money —a mere naked acknowledgment that so much money had been received. There is no contract connected with it—no promise or undertaking in regard to it. It is a mere naked [326]*326acknowledgment, without any intimation as to the character in which the money was received, or of any intention or purpose with respect to its future disposition. It does not appear to whom the money belonged. As an instrument of evidence, a mere receipt is governed by rules different from those applicable to other writings expressing contracts or obligations; and this fact serves to illustrate the character of the instrument under consideration. As an acknowledgment of payment or delivery, it would be merely prima facie evidence of the fact, and not conclusive. The fact it recites might, therefore, be contradicted by other evidence. A receipt may have connected with it—embodied in the same instrument—a contract to do something else; and in that case it would possess a double character. As a receipt it might be contradicted; while as a contract it would stand on the footing of all other contracts in writing, and could not be contradicted or varied by oral testimony. (1 Greenl. Ev., Sec. 305.) And the reason why a different rule of evidence is applied to a mere receipt seems to be because it is not in any sense a contract, as it does not express or import a promise, obligation, or liability. It is an admission, only, upon which other parties do not ordinarily act, and are not liable to act to their prejudice. (Ib., Sec. 212; 1 Phil. Ev. 474, Note 131.)
Professor Parsons says: fi A receipt for money is peculiarly open to evidence. It is only prima, facie evidence either that the sum stated has been paid, or that any sum whatever was paid. It is, in fact, not regarded as a contract, and hardly as an instrument at all, and has but little more force than the oral admissions of the party receiving. But this is true only of a simple receipt. It often happens that a paper which contains a receipt, or recites the receiving of money or of goods, contains also terms, conditions, agreements, or assignments. Such an instrument, as to everything but the receipt, is no more to be affected by extrinsic evidence than if it did not contain the receipt; but, as to the receipt itself, it may be varied or contradicted by extrinsic testimony, in the same manner as if it contained nothing else.” (2 Pars. Cont. 68.)
[327]*327In the instrument under consideration no promise or obligation is expressed. Unless a promise or obligation is implied bylaw from the mere acknowledgment of the receipt of the money, no liability is imported on the face of the instrument.
Mr. Phillips, in his work on Evidence, Vol. 3, p. 426, edition of 1859, says : “ In order to recover under a count for money lent, it will not be sufficient merely to prove the receipt of money from the plaintiff by the defendant, since the presumption of law is that money, when paid, is in liquidation of an antecedent debt.” And several authorities are cited where money had been paid on checks. (See also Headley v. Reed, 2 Cal. 325; 1 Greenl. Ev., Sec. 38, and cases cited.) The principle applicable to checks is the same as in this case, for it matters not whether the evidence is a check or a written acknowledgment of the receipt of the money, so long as the evidence only extends to the fact of the receipt of money from one party by another.
All this instrument shows is the receipt of money from Morrison by the defendant—precisely what is stated in the rule as laid down by the authorities cited. Under this rule, (and we think it correct,) no promise or obligation is imported by the instrument. No liability can fairly be implied from its terms. If there was any contract, or promise, or liability, it arises from facts entirely outside of this receipt. By itself it is not evidence of a debt. It does not acknowledge or state a fact from which the law implies an obligation, and we do not think that a liability can be said to be “founded upon an instrument of writing,” from the terms of which the law does not, prima facie, imply any liability whatever. The first cause of action is, therefore, subject to the two years limitation, and is barred.
Second—The second instrument contains these words: “To be converted into cash as best possible, and to be applied to the account of John Morrison.” This, in our opinion, goes beyond the mere acknowledgment of the receipt of money. It indicates to whom the money belongs, and contains a promise to apply it to the account of John Morrison. It is true, the instru[328]*328ment does not state the condition of that account—whether Morrison is already indebted to defendant or not, or, if so, to what amount. But whatever the state of the account between them may be, the fair construction of the instrument is that it was Morrison’s money, and that Vischer was to account to him for it. ■ The instrument shows upon its face a liability to account, and this action seeks to enforce that liability.
In the case of Sannickson v. Brown, 5 Cal. 57, a number of accounts for labor and services, and for goods and materials furnished for the use of defendants, under the name of the “ Laura Virginia Association,” had been presented to the Board of Trustees, and allowed. The Board had written thereon the words “audited and approved,” and “we certify the above to be correct.” The Court held that these accounts, thus indorsed, constituted instruments of writing within the meaning of the statute.
So in Neighbors v. Simmons, 2 Blackf. 75, an account had been presented against the defendant, upon which he had indorsed these words: “ I acknowledge this account to be just,” and appended his signature. This was held to be an instrument in writing within the meaning of the Statute of Limitations of Indiana.
In Raymond v. Simonson, 4 Black. 85, the Court say: “This suit is bottomed on written receipts. These receipts are very special; they clearly show the trust and acknowledge the claim; they distinctly state that he, John H. Rackafellow, the guardian, received the several sums of money of the said administrator, Kizer, for the use of Joseph Russell, as guardian for said Joseph, etc. These receipts are, without controversy, instruments of wilting within the saving clause of the statute.” The receipts were signed by the defendant.
In these cases there was no express promise to pay—no obligation in express terms assumed; but in each there was a state of facts acknowledged in writing to exist, which imported an obligation to pay—from which the law itself implied a liability, and they were held to be instruments in [329]*329writing within the meaning of the respective Statutes of Limitations under which they arose.
In our judgment, the instrument under consideration presents quite as strong a case as those just cited. It partakes of the double character of a receipt and contract. The defendant expressly undertakes to apply the proceeds to the account of John Morrison; and although the state of the account between the parties is not shown, yet the instrument does show that the money belonged to Morrison, and that defendant was liable to account to him for it.
The state of the accounts would have to be adjusted on the trial; but a liability to account is shown—and, in our judgment, the liability is founded upon an instrument in writing within the meaning of the Act, and the action was not barred till four years had expired. The record shows that the whole amount was, in fact, due from the defendant to the estate of Morrison.
The judgment is therefore affirmed—each party to pay one half the costs.