IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS AP-75,706
DOUGLAS TYRONE ARMSTRONG, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON DIRECT APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. CR-2095-06-G IN THE 370TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT HIDALGO COUNTY
K EASLER, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
OPINION
In January 2007, a jury convicted Douglas Tyrone Armstrong of capital murder.1
Based on the jury’s answers to the special issues set forth in Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure Article 37.071, Sections 2(b) and 2(e), the trial judge sentenced Armstrong to
1 T EX. P ENAL C ODE A NN. § 19.03(a)(2). ARMSTRONG—2
death.2 After reviewing Armstrong’s fourteen points of error on direct appeal,3 we conclude
that they are without merit. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Facts
On April 21, 2006, around 9:30 p.m., Laura Patricia Corona and Pilar Reyes witnessed
a man attacking Rafael Castelan. Corona and Reyes were in a mini-van, and Reyes drove
toward the attacker in an attempt to scare him away from Castelan. The attacker did not flee,
but Castelan tried to escape by getting into the rear door of the mini-van. The attacker
grabbed Castelan by the head and threw him to the ground; Corona heard Castelan’s head hit
the pavement. Corona then saw the attacker cut Castelan’s neck and go through his pockets
before he ran north through an alley. Corona called 911 and checked on Castelan. Castelan
died at the scene. Forensic pathologist Dr. Fulgencio Salinas later determined that Castelan
suffered multiple incised cuts to the neck and died from the resulting blood loss.
Officer Norma de la Rosa arrived at the scene first, followed by Sergeant Sebastian
Guerrero. Both observed Castelan covered with blood and with a lacerated neck. Castelan’s
rear pocket had been ripped from his shorts, and his belongings were scattered on the ground.
Detective Jose Elizondo, who was responsible for collecting evidence, found a bag of items
2 T EX. C ODE C RIM. P ROC. A NN. art. 37.071 § 2(g). 3 Id. at § 2(h). ARMSTRONG—3
from an H.E.B. grocery store, a cell phone, and a wallet on the ground near Castelan’s body.
There was blood inside the wallet, and its contents were strewn around the area.
Corona and Reyes described Castelan’s attacker as a large black man, wearing a white
T-shirt and blue jeans. The couple told the officers the direction in which the attacker had
run. As other officers secured the scene, Guerrero went to search for the attacker.
The Sunshine Bar was located about three blocks north from where Castelan had been
attacked. The back door of the bar was located in the same alley through which the attacker
had fled. Bartender Cinthia Berenice Alanis Olvera told police that Armstrong had been at
the bar for quite some time that day, playing pool and purchasing drinks for waitresses and
female patrons. Castelan arrived at the bar later in the day and spoke with Armstrong for
about half an hour. Castelan told Olvera that he was going to a nearby H.E.B. to get
something for Armstrong. Olvera never saw Castelan again.
Armstrong told Olvera and another patron that he had run out of money and showed
them his empty wallet. He then left the bar and returned later through the back door. When
Armstrong returned, he was shaking, sweating, and acting nervous. Bar patron Darin
Douglas watched Armstrong stand at the bar and count out paper currency “under the bar”
before buying a beer. Olvera remembered that Armstrong used a five-dollar bill. Armstrong
went into the men’s restroom where Mr. Douglas saw Armstrong take off his white T-shirt
and pour beer over his fingers. Mr. Douglas believed that this odd because there was a sink ARMSTRONG—4
right outside the door of the men’s restroom. Mr. Douglas then returned to the bar and began
playing pool. According to Olvera, the police arrived almost immediately thereafter.
When Sergeant Guerrero entered the bar through the back door, he looked around and
saw Mr. Douglas, who matched the description given by Corona and Reyes. He asked a
patron sitting near the back door whether anyone had entered it recently. Upon learning that
two men had, Guerrero called for backup. Officers Ortega, Peña, and Salinas then came to
the bar.
While Ortega stood at the door, Salinas detained Mr. Douglas at the pool table.
Guerrero and Peña went into the men’s restroom where they found Armstrong and a Hispanic
man. Armstrong was sweating and putting on a dark colored T-shirt when the officers
entered the restroom. Armstrong also matched the description of the attacker. Guerrero and
Peña detained both men. According to Olvera, when Armstrong entered the restroom, he had
been wearing a white T-shirt. Guerrero observed a white T-shirt covered with blood on the
floor near the urinal just a few feet from Armstrong. Officers also noticed dark stains that
appeared to be blood on Armstrong’s blue jeans. Crystal Dawn Anderson from the Texas
Department of Public Safety Crime Lab later positively identified the stains as blood. She
also determined that the DNA profiles developed from the blood on the T-shirt and jeans
were consistent with Castelan’s DNA profile. A DNA profile developed from scrapings
taken from the neck of the white T-shirt matched Armstrong’s DNA profile. ARMSTRONG—5
Officers placed Douglas, Armstrong, and the Hispanic male in separate patrol cars
outside the bar. De la Rosa escorted Corona and Reyes to the Sunshine Bar so that they
could view the three men. Both Corona and Reyes identified Armstrong as Castelan’s
attacker. Officer Salinas then checked Armstrong’s pockets for identification. He found a
driver’s license, “paperwork and some money.” Officer Salinas noted that the paperwork
was folded, but he did not know what kind of paperwork it was. Sergeant Guerrero then took
Armstrong to the county jail for booking.
While booking Armstrong, Jailer Joshua Edwards found Castelan’s Medicaid form
in Armstrong’s possession. Though the item is referred to as a Medicaid card or receipt by
both parties and in the record, it is an 8½” by 11” paper with Castelan’s name, Medicaid
identification number, date of birth, and eligibility dates typewritten on it. Edwards removed
the form from Armstrong’s left-rear pocket along with Armstrong’s pay stub. The two items
were folded together. The Medicaid form, as well as forty-one dollars in paper currency,
were blood-stained. Anderson later determined that the DNA profiles obtained from the
blood were consistent with Castelan’s DNA profile. Edwards did not list the Medicaid form
on the booking sheet because it would not be returned to Armstrong when he was released
from the jail.
Three days after the offense, on April 24, 2006, while conducting a further search of
the area surrounding the crime scene, officers found a blue box-cutter knife in a grassy area
near the rear entrance of the Sunshine Bar. The knife was fashioned like a pocket knife, and ARMSTRONG—6
officers observed blood on the blade. Anderson later determined that the DNA profile
obtained from the blood was consistent with Castelan’s DNA profile. Armstrong’s
girlfriend, Cynthia Losoya, told police that Armstrong “always” carried a blue box-cutter
knife.
Analysis
In points of error one and two, Armstrong contends that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support his conviction for capital murder. In point of error three,
Armstrong complains that the trial judge erred by denying his motion for directed verdict.
Armstrong argues that the State “failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that [he]
intentionally committed this murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit a
robbery.” Armstrong specifically argues that: (1) Corona did not testify that Armstrong
robbed Castelan, and Reyes testified that he did not see whether Armstrong had a weapon
in his hand; (2) the State did not prove robbery or attempted robbery because Officer de la
Rosa did not include anything in her report about Castelan having been robbed; and (3) the
timeline of events makes it factually impossible for the offense, investigation, and arrest to
have taken place as presented by the prosecution.
Under Jackson v. Virginia, when deciding whether evidence is legally sufficient to
support a conviction, we assess all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict
to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime ARMSTRONG—7
beyond a reasonable doubt.” 4 Evidence is factually insufficient when, although legally
sufficient under a Jackson analysis, the evidence is “so weak” that the verdict “seems clearly
wrong or manifestly unjust” or “against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence.”5 A factual sufficiency review is “barely distinguishable” from a Jackson v.
Virginia legal sufficiency review.6 We review a challenge to the denial of a motion for
directed verdict as a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence.7
A person commits the offense of capital murder if he commits murder in the course
of committing or attempting to commit robbery.8 As such, capital murder encompasses
murder that occurs in an attempt to commit, during the commission, or in the immediate
flight after the attempt or commission of the robbery.9 A person commits robbery “if, in the
course of committing theft . . . and with the intent to obtain or maintain control of the
property, he (1) intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2)
intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or
4 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original). 5 Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). 6 Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Rollerson v. State, 227 S.W.3d 718, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). 7 Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). 8 T EX. P ENAL C ODE A NN. § 19.03(a)(2). 9 Lincecum v. State, 736 S.W.2d 673, 680 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). ARMSTRONG—8
death.” 10 Theft requires proof of an unlawful appropriation of property with intent to deprive
its owner of it.11 The intent to steal may be inferred from actions or conduct.12 Where a
defendant is charged with committing murder in the course of committing a robbery,
“[e]vidence is sufficient to support a capital murder conviction if it shows an intent to obtain
or maintain control of property which was formed before or contemporaneously with the
murder.” 13
Castelan died from a laceration to his neck. Corona testified that Armstrong cut
Castelan’s neck and went through his pockets. Castelan’s belongings and the contents of his
wallet had been scattered on the ground near his body. When Guerrero encountered
Armstrong in the Sunshine Bar, Armstrong was changing shirts and was wearing jeans
covered with blood. A bloody T-shirt was on the floor nearby. Olvera testified that before
Armstrong left the bar, he showed her his empty wallet. After Castelan was murdered,
Armstrong was seen by a bar patron counting money under the bar, and Armstong paid for
a beer with a five-dollar bill. Castelan had also told Olvera that he was going to the H.E.B.
to get something for Armstrong. When Armstrong was booked into the jail, Edwards seized
forty-one dollars; Edwards also found Castelan’s Medicaid form in Armstrong’s possession.
10 T EX. P ENAL C ODE A NN. § 29.02(a)(2). 11 T EX. P ENAL C ODE A NN. § 31.03. 12 Johnson v. State, 541 S.W.2d 185, 187 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976). 13 Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 791 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (original emphasis removed). ARMSTRONG—9
Both had blood on them. The DNA profiles developed from the blood found on Armstrong’s
jeans, the white T-shirt, the box-cutter knife, the Medicaid form, and the paper money were
consistent with Castelan’s DNA profile.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of fact
could have found that Armstrong committed this murder in the course of committing or
attempting to commit a robbery. Further, the evidence is not so weak that the jury’s
determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Likewise, the evidence is factually
sufficient because the verdict is not against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence. Because the evidence that Armstrong murdered Castelan in the course of
committing or attempting commit robbery is both legally and factually sufficient, points of
error one through three are overruled.
Denial of Motion for Continuance
In point of error four, Armstrong alleges that the trial judge erred in denying his fourth
continuance motion and proceeding despite his announcement of “Not Ready.” In points of
error five and six, Armstrong complains that the trial judge tacitly removed trial counsel from
his defense by denying counsel more time to conduct a complete mitigation investigation in
violation of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. In points of error seven and eight,
Armstrong alleges that the trial judge tacitly removed trial counsel from his defense in
violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution and Article 26.052 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure. ARMSTRONG—10
All five of these allegations relate to the fourth continuance motion and the
announcement of “Not Ready” filed by second-chair trial counsel Nereyda Morales-Martinez
on November 6, 2006, the morning that individual voir dire was set to begin. Morales-
Martinez explained to the trial judge that the mitigation expert had not completed the
investigation and that she had not had the opportunity to determine what sorts of experts
would be needed. This information, according to Morales-Martinez, was important for voir
dire.
During the discussion between both counsel and the trial judge, the judge learned that
Morales-Martinez was not responsible for conducting voir dire. First chair Rogelio Garza
was responsible for voir dire and for the guilt phase of trial. Morales-Martinez was
responsible for the punishment phase and the mitigation investigation. Garza told the trial
judge that he was ready to proceed with individual voir dire. The record shows that the trial
judge informed counsel that more time would be granted, if necessary, before the beginning
of trial.
At the hearing on Armstrong’s motion for a new trial, Garza testified that he reiterated
to the trial judge that he was ready to proceed with individual voir dire, and he pointed out
that the mitigation investigation could continue. Garza testified that if more time had been
needed for the mitigation investigation before the punishment phase, then more time could
have been requested at that time. Counsel acknowledged that the defense did not request any
further continuances. ARMSTRONG—11
Garza also testified that he was aware of the general areas of mitigation that were
appropriate in this case and that he was able to develop hypotheticals to present to potential
jurors. For that reason, Garza testified, he did not urge the motion for continuance. Morales-
Martinez testified that Garza informed her that he had withdrawn the motion for continuance.
Because the record shows that lead counsel withdrew the continuance motion and that
it was not re-urged at a later time, Armstrong has not preserved these complaints for
appellate review.14 Points of error four through eight are overruled.
Investigation and Presentation of Mitigating Evidence
In point of error nine, Armstrong complains that the trial judge erred in denying his
motion for a new trial. Armstrong argues that the evidence presented during the hearing was
more than sufficient to show that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel.
Therefore, he claims, the trial judge abused his discretion in denying his motion for a new
trial. In his motion and during the hearing, Armstrong’s arguments regarding effectiveness
of counsel addressed the presentation of mitigation evidence during punishment. Armstrong
argued then, as he does now, that trial counsel failed to fully investigate and present
substantial mitigating evidence to the jury.
In point of error ten, Armstrong alleges that he was denied the right to effective
assistance of counsel when trial counsel failed to investigate and present substantial
mitigating evidence to the sentencing jury. In point of error eleven, Armstrong claims the
14 T EX. R. A PP. P. 33.1. ARMSTRONG—12
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment was violated when he was subjected to the
death penalty without presentation of substantial mitigation evidence. In points of error
twelve and thirteen, Armstrong argues that trial counsel’s ineffectiveness denied him due
process as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution.
To prevail on his claims, Armstrong must first show that the performance of trial
counsel was deficient. 15 Specifically, Armstrong must prove, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the representation provided by counsel fell below the objective standard of
professional norms.16 Second, Armstrong must show that this deficient performance
prejudiced his defense.17 As we have previously explained, Armstrong bears the burden of
showing “a reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.” 18 A “reasonable probability” is one sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.19 In assessing a claim of ineffective assistance, we
“must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct [fell] within the wide range of
15 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984); Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). 16 Mitchell, 68 S.W.3d at 642. 17 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. 18 Mitchell, 68 S.W.3d at 642. 19 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Mitchell, 68 S.W.3d at 642. ARMSTRONG—13
reasonable professional assistance.” 20 While a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
generally may not be addressed on direct appeal because the record on appeal is not sufficient
to assess counsel’s performance,21 the record in this case was developed at the hearing on the
motion for a new trial.
When asked why the defense called no expert witnesses during the punishment phase,
Garza testified that the decision was made not to use a report generated by Dr. Pinckerman,
who evaluated Armstrong, because the report was not favorable to the defense. Morales-
Martinez explained that Dr. Pinckerman believed that Armstrong had not been cooperative
during the evaluation, thus causing the results to be invalid. When Morales-Martinez advised
Armstrong that he should be retested, Armstrong told her that his answers would not change
with retesting. Because of Armstrong’s response, counsel determined further evaluation by
other experts would not be fruitful.
Garza also testified that three witnesses were called to testify for the defense during
the penalty phase of trial: Armstrong’s girlfriend, his minister, and his sister. Armstrong’s
girlfriend, Cynthia Losoya, testified that she considered herself to be Armstrong’s common-
law wife, although they had lived together for only four and a half months. Losoya stated
that Armstrong had been happy to learn she was pregnant and that she had given birth to a
boy while Armstrong was in jail.
20 Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). 21 Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). ARMSTRONG—14
Armstrong’s minister, David Ray, testified that before the offense, he counseled
Armstrong about finding employment and offered him encouragement. Ray testified that
Armstrong seemed happy with the job he found as a “fork truck” operator. Ray also testified
that he never had any problems with Armstrong and that he had never been asked to counsel
Armstrong and his girlfriend about any domestic issues. Following the offense, Ray visited
Armstrong in jail twice a month.
Armstrong’s sister, Shiela Armstrong, described the relationship between Armstrong
and his father, Douglas Clark, as abusive. According to Shiela, Clark would put Armstrong
in an empty room, padlock the door, and deny him food. On days when he was not locked
in the room, Armstrong would hide in the attic until his mother returned home. Shiela
testified that Clark would beat Armstrong with old toy train tracks, broom sticks, and
extension cords, sometimes to the point that Armstrong would bleed. Shiela also testified
that their mother’s side of the family mistreated Armstrong because they believed he was too
much like his father. Additionally, Armstrong witnessed his father physically abuse his
mother.
Shiela testified that Armstrong was in special education classes in school and that he
met with a “psychiatrist and a counselor and stuff weekly” because he was slow. When
Armstrong “went into juvy, psychiatrists and all that stopped.” Armstrong entered the
juvenile-justice system around the age of twelve, and at age fifteen or sixteen, he was sent ARMSTRONG—15
to prison for ten years. Shiela also told the jury that Armstrong had always been employed
and supported his children when he was not incarcerated.
During the motion for new trial hearing, Gilda Bowen, the defense’s mitigation
specialist, told the trial judge, “Based on what little [she] could find out about [Armstrong’s]
family history,” she believed that Armstrong was “borderline” mentally retarded. Bowen told
the trial judge that if she had gone to Alabama and found the mental-health institute where
Armstrong received counseling and visited the school(s) where he had been in special
education classes, she might have found evidence of mental-health issues and possible
evidence of mental retardation. Bowen also testified that more time was required to find
more experts, perhaps even a “genetics expert to look at the biology of his relationships and
look at other forms of abuse.”
After hearing testimony, the trial judge asked counsel, “So having the benefit of 20/20
[hindsight], is there anything in particular that you would have done differently?” Morales-
Martinez told the judge that she would have delved more into possible retardation issues
despite Dr. Pinckerman’s report. Morales-Martinez also confirmed to the judge that there
were no other out-of-town witnesses that the defense had requested but were unable to get
to court. When the judge asked trial counsel whether there was any other evidence that could
have been presented in mitigation, counsel could not point out any factual information that
could have been put before the jury. Likewise, Bowen was not able to point out any
additional factual information that could have been presented during the punishment phase. ARMSTRONG—16
Armstrong nevertheless asks this Court to speculate that additional mitigation
evidence does exist. However, if we were to “speculate about the existence of further
mitigating evidence, then [we] just as logically might speculate about the existence of further
aggravating evidence.” 22 Ineffective assistance of counsel claims cannot be supported by
retrospective speculation; they must be “firmly founded in the record.” 23
Armstrong has not shown that there exists any further “substantial” mitigation
evidence that could have been presented to the jury. Thus, the trial judge did not abuse his
discretion in denying Armstrong’s motion for new trial. Further, Armstrong did not meet his
burden of demonstrating both deficient performance and prejudice as required by Strickland
or a violation of his rights to due process and to be free from cruel and unusual punishment.
Points of error nine through thirteen are therefore overruled.
Motion to Suppress
In point of error fourteen, Armstrong alleges that the trial judge “erred by denying
[his] motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of his detention because there
existed no reasonable suspicion to conduct the investigative detention.” Within the body of
his argument, Armstrong changes it. He does not contend that he was illegally detained
temporarily; instead he claims that he was improperly arrested without a warrant. Armstrong
22 Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). 23 Id. (quoting Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)). ARMSTRONG—17
argues that he was arrested when he was handcuffed and placed in the back of a patrol car
for identification purposes.
During the hearing on Armstrong’s suppression motion, Guerrero testified that after
arriving at the crime scene, he went in search of the attacker in the direction indicated by the
witnesses. Guerrero entered the Sunshine Bar through the back door and learned from a
patron that two people had recently entered the bar through that door. Guerrero called for
backup and, when other officers arrived, one officer detained a man playing pool, who
matched the description of the suspect. Guerrero, with another officer, entered the men’s
restroom where they encountered a Hispanic man and Armstrong. Armstrong also matched
the description of the suspect. Armstrong was sweating and in the process of changing into
a dark colored T-shirt. His jeans were covered in blood as was a white T-shirt lying on the
floor nearby. Guerrero testified that, at that point, he and the other officer detained
Armstrong and the Hispanic man for investigative purposes. All three suspects were
handcuffed and each was placed into the back seat of a separate patrol car for identification
purposes. Guerrero testified that once Armstrong was identified by Corona and Reyes,
Armstrong was arrested, and the two other men were released.
An officer has the right to briefly detain and investigate a person when the officer has
a reasonable suspicion that the person is involved in criminal activity.24 Here, Guerrero had
reasonable suspicion that Armstrong had murdered and robbed Castelan. The murder had
24 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968). ARMSTRONG—18
just occurred when Guerrero encountered Armstrong, who matched the description of the
assailant. Armstrong was still wearing jeans that were covered with blood and he had just
taken off the bloodied white T-shirt.
Armstrong argues that because Guerrero placed him in handcuffs at that time, he was
under arrest. Armstrong is correct that he was not free to go at that time; however, it was not
because he was under arrest—it was because he was temporarily detained. Under Terry v.
Ohio, a temporary detention, in which a suspect is not free to leave, is permissible while
police investigate whether a crime has been committed by that suspect.25 A Terry detention
is not a custodial arrest, and the use of handcuffs does not automatically convert a temporary
detention into an arrest.26
The totality of the circumstances demonstrates that Guerrero had reasonable suspicion
to detain Armstrong while investigating Castelan’s death. That the other two men were
released when they were not identified supports the conclusion that Armstrong was only
detained when he was initially placed in handcuffs. Once he was positively identified as
Castelan’s attacker, this, along with the other information known to the officers, gave police
probable cause to arrest Armstrong. The trial judge did not err in denying Armstrong’s
motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of his detention. Point of error fourteen
is overruled.
25 Id. at 30-31. 26 See State v. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d 281, 289 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). ARMSTRONG—19
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
DELIVERED: January 27, 2010 DO NOT PUBLISH