Upton, P. J.
This was an action commenced in the Knox County Circuit Court by the plaintiff in error, as administratrix of the estate of Henry W. Arms, deceased, against the defendant in error, for the alleged knowing, wrongful and negligent permitting of divers persons to assemble on its streets, and fire a piece of cast iron bored out as a cannon, which was dangerous to life and limb of the passer by, as is alleged, and by means of which firing the cannon burst when so fired and a fragment thereof struck and killed Henry W. Arms, plaintiff in error’s intestate, while he was lawfully upon the street and in the exercise of due and pro per care and caution as is alleged. Plea of the general issue and trial by a jury who found a verdict for plaintiff in error for §2,300. A motion in arrest of judgment was interposed which the court sustained. The case comes here on writ of error, and the only question presented by the record before us is, whether the declaration sets out substantially a cause of action.
It will be seen upon"examination of the plaintiff’s amended declaration as set out in the record, that the only allegations of culpability of defendant in error are contained in the third and fifth paragraphs thereof. The third alleges that the defendant did “knowingly, wrongfully and negligently permit divers persons * * * to carelessly, dangerously, needlessly, and to the danger of life and limb * * * load and fire a piece of cast iron bored out as a cannon * * * which said cannon * * * loaded and fired as aforesaid was dangerous to life and limb * * * all of which defendant well knew,” etc. This paragraph wholly fails to disclose the character of the “permission” charged, whether active, (i. e.) given in advance of the firing complained of by actual consent, or whether it consisted in mere passiveness or non-interference with the firing while going on. In the preceding clause of the declaration it is alleged that it was the duty of the defendant in error “ to prevent the use in the street of * * * all deadly and- dangerous machinery,” etc., which would indicate that the pleader intended to charge a failure to suppress, rather than a previous consent given, and the phrase, “ negligently permit,” contained in the third paragraph of the declaration which we are now considering would further indicate such meaning was intended; which would be entirely consistent with the use of the word “permit,” as defined by lexicographers, i. e., “not to prohibit or prevent.”
Again, the well known rule that the allegations of the pleader are to be taken most strongly against himself, would seem to justify the construction that the "permission" charged in the declaration consisted in the negligent failure of the city to interfere with and stop the firing complained of. Such construction would seem justified by the authorities. In Robinson v. Greenville, 42 Ohio St. 625, it was held that notwithstanding the common rule that pleadings must be construed most strongly against the pleader, has been abrogated in that State, still in an action against a municipal corporation to recover damages for injuries sustained from the discharge of a cannon in a public street, an allegation in the petition that the authorities of the corporation “had negligently and carelessly given permission to such persons to fire the cannon,” may be construed in view of the whole pleading, as an allegation that the authorities took no steps to prevent such firing.
In Maenner v. Carroll, 46 Md. 215, the court say: “Here the allegation is not that the defendants cut the excavation and' left it in a condition dangerous to persons passing along the highway, but that they 'permitted' others to do so. How permitted ? The sufficiency of this allegation turns upon the word ‘permitted.'
“ In what particular sense it was used by the pleader is not altogether certain. It may be for aught that appears on the face of these counts that the defendants permitted the excavation by their mere silence and failure to interfere, or by not taking active measures to prohibit the making of the excavation over the lot and across the highway. When there is want of certainty in the allegation of a pleading, the general rule is that the sense of the averment is to be taken most strongly against the pleader (Chit. Pl. 237, 238), and giving to the defendant the benefit of this rule, the counts under consideration fail to state a sufficient cause of action.”
The fifth paragraph of the declaration, which we will now consider, avers that “ the said Henry W. Arms was then and there lawfully upon the street in the said city of Knoxville, and was exercising due care and caution, and was not negligent; but that the failure to 'remove’ the said nuisance and dangerous cannon firing from the public streets was negligence upon the part of the defendant, and by reason of such, negligence, upon defendant’s part the said Henry W. Arms lost his life.” It would seem evident from this averment that the negligence of the city for which this action is brought was the failure of the city to stop the cannon firing, not a previous permission to fire it. We conclude, therefore, that the negligence alleged in the declaration and herein complained of, whereof the intestate lost his life, was the negligence of the city in not stopping or preventing the firing of the cannon.
If we are correct in this conclusion, it follows that the cause of action as set forth in the declaration amounts to this: that the police or peace officers of the city of Knoxville were remiss in duty and therefore guilty of negligence in not stopping the firing of cannon upon the streets of that city, which such officers knew to be dangerous to life and limb; for it must, we think, be conceded that a municipal corporation can act only through its proper officers. This presents the question whether such negligence on the part of its police or peace officers can furnish a ground of private action against the city; in other words, is the neglect of the peace or police officers of the city of Knoxville to put a stop to the dangerous breach of the peace here complained of, a matter for which the city is lialfie in damages ?
In Oliver v. Worcester, 102 Mass. 489, Justice Gray, speaking for the court, says: “The distinction is well established between the responsibilities of towns and cities for acts done in their public capacity in the discharge of duties imposed upon them by the legislature for the public benefit, and for acts done in what may be called their private character, as the management of property and rights held by them for their own immediate profit or advantage as a corporation, although inuring, of course, ultimately to the benefit of the public.”
In the one case no private action lies unless it be expressly given; in the other there is an implied or common law liability for the negligence of the officers in the discharge of such duties. Dillon, Mun. Cor., Vol. 1, Secs. 10, 11, 39 and notes; Oliver v. Worcester, 102 Mass. 489; Detroit v. Cony, 9 Michigan, 165; Dillon, Mun. Cor., Vol. 2, Secs. 761, 778, 779, and notes to cases cited.
The same principle is announced in the President and Trustees of Town of Odell v. Schroeder, 58 Ill. 353, where it is held that a municipal corporation is not liable for the illegal and unauthorized acts of its officers in enforcing an ordinance public in its character.
In Wilcox v. The City of Chicago, 107 Ill.
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Upton, P. J.
This was an action commenced in the Knox County Circuit Court by the plaintiff in error, as administratrix of the estate of Henry W. Arms, deceased, against the defendant in error, for the alleged knowing, wrongful and negligent permitting of divers persons to assemble on its streets, and fire a piece of cast iron bored out as a cannon, which was dangerous to life and limb of the passer by, as is alleged, and by means of which firing the cannon burst when so fired and a fragment thereof struck and killed Henry W. Arms, plaintiff in error’s intestate, while he was lawfully upon the street and in the exercise of due and pro per care and caution as is alleged. Plea of the general issue and trial by a jury who found a verdict for plaintiff in error for §2,300. A motion in arrest of judgment was interposed which the court sustained. The case comes here on writ of error, and the only question presented by the record before us is, whether the declaration sets out substantially a cause of action.
It will be seen upon"examination of the plaintiff’s amended declaration as set out in the record, that the only allegations of culpability of defendant in error are contained in the third and fifth paragraphs thereof. The third alleges that the defendant did “knowingly, wrongfully and negligently permit divers persons * * * to carelessly, dangerously, needlessly, and to the danger of life and limb * * * load and fire a piece of cast iron bored out as a cannon * * * which said cannon * * * loaded and fired as aforesaid was dangerous to life and limb * * * all of which defendant well knew,” etc. This paragraph wholly fails to disclose the character of the “permission” charged, whether active, (i. e.) given in advance of the firing complained of by actual consent, or whether it consisted in mere passiveness or non-interference with the firing while going on. In the preceding clause of the declaration it is alleged that it was the duty of the defendant in error “ to prevent the use in the street of * * * all deadly and- dangerous machinery,” etc., which would indicate that the pleader intended to charge a failure to suppress, rather than a previous consent given, and the phrase, “ negligently permit,” contained in the third paragraph of the declaration which we are now considering would further indicate such meaning was intended; which would be entirely consistent with the use of the word “permit,” as defined by lexicographers, i. e., “not to prohibit or prevent.”
Again, the well known rule that the allegations of the pleader are to be taken most strongly against himself, would seem to justify the construction that the "permission" charged in the declaration consisted in the negligent failure of the city to interfere with and stop the firing complained of. Such construction would seem justified by the authorities. In Robinson v. Greenville, 42 Ohio St. 625, it was held that notwithstanding the common rule that pleadings must be construed most strongly against the pleader, has been abrogated in that State, still in an action against a municipal corporation to recover damages for injuries sustained from the discharge of a cannon in a public street, an allegation in the petition that the authorities of the corporation “had negligently and carelessly given permission to such persons to fire the cannon,” may be construed in view of the whole pleading, as an allegation that the authorities took no steps to prevent such firing.
In Maenner v. Carroll, 46 Md. 215, the court say: “Here the allegation is not that the defendants cut the excavation and' left it in a condition dangerous to persons passing along the highway, but that they 'permitted' others to do so. How permitted ? The sufficiency of this allegation turns upon the word ‘permitted.'
“ In what particular sense it was used by the pleader is not altogether certain. It may be for aught that appears on the face of these counts that the defendants permitted the excavation by their mere silence and failure to interfere, or by not taking active measures to prohibit the making of the excavation over the lot and across the highway. When there is want of certainty in the allegation of a pleading, the general rule is that the sense of the averment is to be taken most strongly against the pleader (Chit. Pl. 237, 238), and giving to the defendant the benefit of this rule, the counts under consideration fail to state a sufficient cause of action.”
The fifth paragraph of the declaration, which we will now consider, avers that “ the said Henry W. Arms was then and there lawfully upon the street in the said city of Knoxville, and was exercising due care and caution, and was not negligent; but that the failure to 'remove’ the said nuisance and dangerous cannon firing from the public streets was negligence upon the part of the defendant, and by reason of such, negligence, upon defendant’s part the said Henry W. Arms lost his life.” It would seem evident from this averment that the negligence of the city for which this action is brought was the failure of the city to stop the cannon firing, not a previous permission to fire it. We conclude, therefore, that the negligence alleged in the declaration and herein complained of, whereof the intestate lost his life, was the negligence of the city in not stopping or preventing the firing of the cannon.
If we are correct in this conclusion, it follows that the cause of action as set forth in the declaration amounts to this: that the police or peace officers of the city of Knoxville were remiss in duty and therefore guilty of negligence in not stopping the firing of cannon upon the streets of that city, which such officers knew to be dangerous to life and limb; for it must, we think, be conceded that a municipal corporation can act only through its proper officers. This presents the question whether such negligence on the part of its police or peace officers can furnish a ground of private action against the city; in other words, is the neglect of the peace or police officers of the city of Knoxville to put a stop to the dangerous breach of the peace here complained of, a matter for which the city is lialfie in damages ?
In Oliver v. Worcester, 102 Mass. 489, Justice Gray, speaking for the court, says: “The distinction is well established between the responsibilities of towns and cities for acts done in their public capacity in the discharge of duties imposed upon them by the legislature for the public benefit, and for acts done in what may be called their private character, as the management of property and rights held by them for their own immediate profit or advantage as a corporation, although inuring, of course, ultimately to the benefit of the public.”
In the one case no private action lies unless it be expressly given; in the other there is an implied or common law liability for the negligence of the officers in the discharge of such duties. Dillon, Mun. Cor., Vol. 1, Secs. 10, 11, 39 and notes; Oliver v. Worcester, 102 Mass. 489; Detroit v. Cony, 9 Michigan, 165; Dillon, Mun. Cor., Vol. 2, Secs. 761, 778, 779, and notes to cases cited.
The same principle is announced in the President and Trustees of Town of Odell v. Schroeder, 58 Ill. 353, where it is held that a municipal corporation is not liable for the illegal and unauthorized acts of its officers in enforcing an ordinance public in its character.
In Wilcox v. The City of Chicago, 107 Ill. 334, it was held that cities are not liable for the negligent acts of the officers or men employed in the fire department of that city whilst in the discharge of their duties; that the members of that department although appointed by and holding office at the pleasure of the corporation are not the agents and servants of the city, for whose conduct it is liable, but they act rather as the officers of the city charged with a public service, for whose negligence in the discharge of official duty no action lies against the city without being expressly given. Citing Dillon on Municipal Corporations, and numerous other cases determined in New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania and California, in support of the text.
It has been held repeatedly by most eminent authority that police officers are not agents or servants of the corporations appointing them, within the rule making the corporation answerable for their acts. Shearman and Redfield on Negligence, 3d Ed. Sec. 139, and cases cited; Kimball v. Boston, 1 Allen, 417; Butterick v. Lowell, 1 Allen, 172, wherein it is said police officers can in no sense be regarded as agents or servants of the city. Their appointment is devolved upon the cities and towns by the legislature, but this does not render such cities and towns liable for their unlawful or negligent acts; same point, Elliott v. Philadelphia, 7 Phil. 128.
A municipal corporation is not liable for the non-feasance or misfeasance of the officers of its police. Stewart v. New Orleans, La. Ann. 461; Lewis v. New Orleans, 12 La. Ann. 190; Dargon v. Mobile, 31 Ala. (Ms.) 469; Wheeler v. Cincinnati, 19 Ohio St. 19; Hafford v. New Bedford, 82 Mass. 297; Culver v. City of Streator, determined in the Appellate Court, Second District, filed June 28, 1889.
For failure to exercise governmental power cities are not liable. City of Lafayette v. Timberlake, 88 Ind. 330, wherein it is said the municipality had fully discharged its duty in making the streets safe, and it was only made unsafe by law breakers who used it in a manner prohibited by law. The wrong was not in the city but in those who improperly and wrongfully used the street. See, also, Faulkner v. City of Aurora, 85 Ind. 130.
We perceive no difference in principle in exempting municipalities from liabilities for negligence in not preventing dangerous coasting upon the public street, that would notbe alike applicable to dangerous cannon firing upon the street, and upon this precise question the Supreme Courts of Ohio and Pennsylvania have passed. In Norristown v. Fitzpatrick, 94 Penn. St. 121, the plaintiff was injured by the discharge of a cannon in the public street, fired about 9 o’clock p. m. by a crowd upon the pavement of the street, while a public officer of the city was present, making no effort to prevent the firing, and the city was held not liable, citing many of the leading authorities bearing upon the question here under consideration. See, also, Elliott v. The City, 25 P. F. Smith (N. Y.), 347. In Robinson v. Greenville, 42 Ohio St. 625, which was a case of cannon firing in the public street, the authorities having notice of such firing, took no steps to prevent it and the court held the city not liable.
In Ball v. Town of Woodbine, 6 Iowa, 83, which was an action against the corporation of Woodbine by a person injured by fireworks, fired upon the public streets of said corporation in violation of its ordinances, the officers of the town having knowledge of such firing and neglecting to stop it, the corporation was held not liable. We must hold with the Circuit Court that the declaration shows no cause of action against defendant in error, and the judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed. t
Judgment affirmed.