Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION II No. CV-13-60
Opinion Delivered December 18, 2013 ARKANSAS ELDER OUTREACH OF LITTLE ROCK, INC. APPEAL FROM THE LONOKE APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. CV-2009-537] V. HONORABLE SANDY HUCKABEE, JUDGE JOE ANN NICHOLSON APPELLEE AFFIRMED
LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge
For a fourth time before this court, Arkansas Elder Outreach of Little Rock, Inc.
(AEO), argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on its defense of charitable immunity.
In three previous opinions, we ruled that summary judgment was inappropriate because fact
questions remained as to whether AEO was a genuine non-profit charity. Carnell v. Ark. Elder
Outreach of Little Rock, Inc., 2012 Ark. App. 698, ___ S.W.3d ___; Ark. Elder Outreach of Little
Rock, Inc. v. Thompson, 2012 Ark. App. 681, ___ S.W.3d ___; Watkins v. Ark. Elder Outreach
of Little Rock, Inc., 2012 Ark. App. 301, ___ S.W.3d ___. In the present case, AEO sought
summary judgment from the Lonoke County Circuit Court, again claiming charitable
immunity as a matter of law. The court denied summary judgment. We affirm.
The events surrounding AEO’s claim of immunity are well documented in the three
earlier opinions. Briefly, a group called Southern Key Investments managed several nursing
homes in Arkansas as for-profit enterprises. The homes were owned by limited partnerships Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
in which Southern Key or related entities served as general partners. In 2002, the price of
liability insurance for nursing homes in Arkansas increased greatly, and Southern Key’s
facilities faced the prospect of closure. After consulting accountants and attorneys, Southern
Key’s part owner/employee, Doug Walsh, learned that Arkansas recognizes the doctrine of
charitable immunity whereby a charitable institution is exempt from tort liability. Walsh and
Southern Key’s owner/president, David McCollister, decided that a new business structure
involving a non-profit company would allow the homes to continue operating without the
need for purchasing liability insurance.
In 2003, McCollister and Walsh oversaw the creation of AEO as a charitable entity to
hold the nursing homes’ licenses. Walsh, while still a part owner in Southern Key, became
a director of AEO and ensured that its charter and by-laws declared it to be a non-profit
corporation. But, although AEO became the licensee of the nursing homes, it did not acquire
the nursing-home facilities. Instead, it rented the nursing-home properties from the Southern
Key limited partnerships, which retained ownership of the homes. The rental fees paid by
AEO to the partnerships were negotiated by Walsh on behalf of AEO and McCollister on
behalf of Southern Key.
AEO also did not provide its own staff for much of the facilities’ operations. Rather,
it contracted with two companies, Healthcare Financial Advisors, LLC (HC Financial), and
Healthcare Staffing Associates, Inc. (HC Staffing), to provide financial services and direct-care
workers for a fee. HC Financial and HC Staffing had key personnel in common with or
shared close connections to Southern Key and AEO. Doug Walsh of Southern Key and AEO
2 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
became an employee of HC Financial. Chris McMorris, a former employee of Southern Key,
and Chad Blackwell, a CPA and former contractor with Southern Key, became part owners
and operators of HC Financial and HC Staffing. According to McMorris, he continued to
perform the same work for HC Financial that he had previously performed for Southern Key.
He also testified in a deposition that HC Staffing was basically a “payroll company” that did
not have responsibility for hiring or firing AEO’s workers. All of the related companies shared
the same address in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Between 2007 and 2009, plaintiffs Donna Watkins, Linda Thompson, and Ann Carnell
sued AEO in Crittenden County for negligence and other causes of action related to AEO’s
Willowbend Nursing Home in Marion. AEO pled charitable immunity as a defense and
sought summary judgment on the issue. In the appeals arising from those suits—Carnell,
Thompson, and Watkins, supra—we held that genuine issues of material fact remained as to
AEO’s charitable status.
While the appeals in Carnell, Thompson, and Watkins were pending, the present lawsuit
was underway in Lonoke County. Appellee Joe Ann Nicholson alleged that AEO committed
negligence and violated Arkansas’s Residents Rights law by failing to provide proper care to
her mother, Mary Harrod, a resident at AEO’s Spring Creek Living Center in Cabot.
Nicholson claimed further that AEO, HC Financial, HC Staffing, and Spring Creek Limited
Partnership (the owner of the nursing home) were engaged in a joint venture for profit and
a civil conspiracy to use the doctrine of charitable immunity to avoid responsibility to Spring
Creek’s residents.
3 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
AEO again responded with the defense of charitable immunity and filed a
corresponding motion for summary judgment, relying on the same exhibits it filed in Carnell,
Thompson, and Watkins. After our opinion in Watkins was handed down, AEO amended its
summary-judgment motion to include what it characterizes as “substantially more evidence”
of its status as a true charity. This evidence consisted primarily of historical data, analyzed by
Doug Walsh, that purported to show the reasonableness of the rental rates paid by AEO to
the limited partnerships; the reasonableness of AEO’s contract payments to HC Financial and
HC Staffing; and the modest profit margin enjoyed by the Spring Creek facility. Nicholson
responded that AEO still was not entitled to charitable immunity as a matter of law and noted
that, after AEO relinquished its nursing-home license in 2010, the subsequent licensee paid
considerably less rent than AEO had been paying to the Spring Creek Limited Partnership.
Following a hearing, the Lonoke County Circuit Court denied AEO’s motion for
summary judgment. The court ruled that there were genuine issues of fact as to whether AEO
was entitled to charitable immunity and whether AEO and the related companies were
engaged in a joint venture or civil conspiracy. AEO filed this appeal.
On the matter of charitable immunity, we hold that the court ruled correctly. While
the additional historical data submitted by AEO arguably made some inroads on the question
of whether its expenses and profit margins were reasonable, much of the data is subject to
challenge and interpretation, as Nicholson points out in her brief. More importantly, the
proof and inferences that led to our rejection of AEO’s quest for summary judgment in
Carnell, Thompson, and Watkins are still present in this case, despite AEO’s provision of
4 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
additional exhibits. Appellee Nicholson offered proof, as did the plaintiffs in the earlier cases,
that the primary impetus for creating AEO was to enable the nursing homes to continue
operating profitably without purchasing liability insurance; that AEO had a close relationship
with HC Staffing, HC Financial, the limited partnerships, and Southern Key; that Walsh
negotiated the lease payment on behalf of AEO; that the creation of AEO did not change the
actual operation of the nursing homes; and that the money generated by AEO, whether
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION II No. CV-13-60
Opinion Delivered December 18, 2013 ARKANSAS ELDER OUTREACH OF LITTLE ROCK, INC. APPEAL FROM THE LONOKE APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. CV-2009-537] V. HONORABLE SANDY HUCKABEE, JUDGE JOE ANN NICHOLSON APPELLEE AFFIRMED
LARRY D. VAUGHT, Judge
For a fourth time before this court, Arkansas Elder Outreach of Little Rock, Inc.
(AEO), argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on its defense of charitable immunity.
In three previous opinions, we ruled that summary judgment was inappropriate because fact
questions remained as to whether AEO was a genuine non-profit charity. Carnell v. Ark. Elder
Outreach of Little Rock, Inc., 2012 Ark. App. 698, ___ S.W.3d ___; Ark. Elder Outreach of Little
Rock, Inc. v. Thompson, 2012 Ark. App. 681, ___ S.W.3d ___; Watkins v. Ark. Elder Outreach
of Little Rock, Inc., 2012 Ark. App. 301, ___ S.W.3d ___. In the present case, AEO sought
summary judgment from the Lonoke County Circuit Court, again claiming charitable
immunity as a matter of law. The court denied summary judgment. We affirm.
The events surrounding AEO’s claim of immunity are well documented in the three
earlier opinions. Briefly, a group called Southern Key Investments managed several nursing
homes in Arkansas as for-profit enterprises. The homes were owned by limited partnerships Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
in which Southern Key or related entities served as general partners. In 2002, the price of
liability insurance for nursing homes in Arkansas increased greatly, and Southern Key’s
facilities faced the prospect of closure. After consulting accountants and attorneys, Southern
Key’s part owner/employee, Doug Walsh, learned that Arkansas recognizes the doctrine of
charitable immunity whereby a charitable institution is exempt from tort liability. Walsh and
Southern Key’s owner/president, David McCollister, decided that a new business structure
involving a non-profit company would allow the homes to continue operating without the
need for purchasing liability insurance.
In 2003, McCollister and Walsh oversaw the creation of AEO as a charitable entity to
hold the nursing homes’ licenses. Walsh, while still a part owner in Southern Key, became
a director of AEO and ensured that its charter and by-laws declared it to be a non-profit
corporation. But, although AEO became the licensee of the nursing homes, it did not acquire
the nursing-home facilities. Instead, it rented the nursing-home properties from the Southern
Key limited partnerships, which retained ownership of the homes. The rental fees paid by
AEO to the partnerships were negotiated by Walsh on behalf of AEO and McCollister on
behalf of Southern Key.
AEO also did not provide its own staff for much of the facilities’ operations. Rather,
it contracted with two companies, Healthcare Financial Advisors, LLC (HC Financial), and
Healthcare Staffing Associates, Inc. (HC Staffing), to provide financial services and direct-care
workers for a fee. HC Financial and HC Staffing had key personnel in common with or
shared close connections to Southern Key and AEO. Doug Walsh of Southern Key and AEO
2 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
became an employee of HC Financial. Chris McMorris, a former employee of Southern Key,
and Chad Blackwell, a CPA and former contractor with Southern Key, became part owners
and operators of HC Financial and HC Staffing. According to McMorris, he continued to
perform the same work for HC Financial that he had previously performed for Southern Key.
He also testified in a deposition that HC Staffing was basically a “payroll company” that did
not have responsibility for hiring or firing AEO’s workers. All of the related companies shared
the same address in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Between 2007 and 2009, plaintiffs Donna Watkins, Linda Thompson, and Ann Carnell
sued AEO in Crittenden County for negligence and other causes of action related to AEO’s
Willowbend Nursing Home in Marion. AEO pled charitable immunity as a defense and
sought summary judgment on the issue. In the appeals arising from those suits—Carnell,
Thompson, and Watkins, supra—we held that genuine issues of material fact remained as to
AEO’s charitable status.
While the appeals in Carnell, Thompson, and Watkins were pending, the present lawsuit
was underway in Lonoke County. Appellee Joe Ann Nicholson alleged that AEO committed
negligence and violated Arkansas’s Residents Rights law by failing to provide proper care to
her mother, Mary Harrod, a resident at AEO’s Spring Creek Living Center in Cabot.
Nicholson claimed further that AEO, HC Financial, HC Staffing, and Spring Creek Limited
Partnership (the owner of the nursing home) were engaged in a joint venture for profit and
a civil conspiracy to use the doctrine of charitable immunity to avoid responsibility to Spring
Creek’s residents.
3 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
AEO again responded with the defense of charitable immunity and filed a
corresponding motion for summary judgment, relying on the same exhibits it filed in Carnell,
Thompson, and Watkins. After our opinion in Watkins was handed down, AEO amended its
summary-judgment motion to include what it characterizes as “substantially more evidence”
of its status as a true charity. This evidence consisted primarily of historical data, analyzed by
Doug Walsh, that purported to show the reasonableness of the rental rates paid by AEO to
the limited partnerships; the reasonableness of AEO’s contract payments to HC Financial and
HC Staffing; and the modest profit margin enjoyed by the Spring Creek facility. Nicholson
responded that AEO still was not entitled to charitable immunity as a matter of law and noted
that, after AEO relinquished its nursing-home license in 2010, the subsequent licensee paid
considerably less rent than AEO had been paying to the Spring Creek Limited Partnership.
Following a hearing, the Lonoke County Circuit Court denied AEO’s motion for
summary judgment. The court ruled that there were genuine issues of fact as to whether AEO
was entitled to charitable immunity and whether AEO and the related companies were
engaged in a joint venture or civil conspiracy. AEO filed this appeal.
On the matter of charitable immunity, we hold that the court ruled correctly. While
the additional historical data submitted by AEO arguably made some inroads on the question
of whether its expenses and profit margins were reasonable, much of the data is subject to
challenge and interpretation, as Nicholson points out in her brief. More importantly, the
proof and inferences that led to our rejection of AEO’s quest for summary judgment in
Carnell, Thompson, and Watkins are still present in this case, despite AEO’s provision of
4 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
additional exhibits. Appellee Nicholson offered proof, as did the plaintiffs in the earlier cases,
that the primary impetus for creating AEO was to enable the nursing homes to continue
operating profitably without purchasing liability insurance; that AEO had a close relationship
with HC Staffing, HC Financial, the limited partnerships, and Southern Key; that Walsh
negotiated the lease payment on behalf of AEO; that the creation of AEO did not change the
actual operation of the nursing homes; and that the money generated by AEO, whether
labeled “profits” or “reasonable expenses,” continued to flow in the same direction as it did
when the nursing homes were for-profit enterprises. These matters are relevant to what we
have termed the “pivotal issue” in the AEO cases: whether the charitable-entity form has
been abused. Carnell, 2012 Ark. App. 698, at 9, ___ S.W.3d at ___. As the proof now stands,
that issue has not been resolved as a matter of law and remains for resolution by a fact-finder.
Id., ___ S.W.3d at ___.
AEO argues that our analysis should not encompass any considerations beyond the so-
called “eight factors” that our courts use to determine whether an organization is entitled to
charitable immunity: 1) whether the organization’s charter limits it to a charitable or
eleemosynary purpose; 2) whether the organization’s charter contains a not-for-profit
limitation; 3) whether the organization’s goal is to break even; 4) whether the organization
earned a profit; 5) whether any profit or surplus must be used for charitable or eleemosynary
purposes; 6) whether the organization depends on contributions and donations for its
existence; 7) whether the organization provides its services free of charge to those unable to
pay; and 8) whether the directors and officers receive compensation. Watkins, 2012 Ark. App.
5 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
301, at 9, ___ S.W.3d at ___.1 However, we are not limited to viewing only these factors.
They are illustrative, not exhaustive. Id., ___ S.W.3d at ___.
Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of summary judgment to AEO on the
ground of charitable immunity.
AEO also argues that the court erred in denying its motion for summary judgment on
Nicholson’s claims of joint venture and civil conspiracy. We ordinarily will not reverse an
order denying summary judgment. Helena-W. Helena Sch. Dist. v. Monday, 361 Ark. 82, 204
S.W.3d 514 (2005). However, we make an exception where, as here, the denial of summary
judgment has the effect of making a possibly immune defendant go to trial. Thompson, 2012
Ark. App. 681, at 4, ___ S.W.3d at ___. In making this exception, we generally confine our
ruling on appeal to whether the circuit court erred on the question of immunity. Graham v.
Cawthorn, 2013 Ark. 160, at 1, n.1, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___. We may reach additional issues if
they are closely related to immunity and “good sense and judicial economy” would warrant
our deciding them. See id., ___ S.W.3d at ___. But, in the present case, the court’s rulings on
joint enterprise and civil conspiracy are separate and distinct from the question of whether
AEO is a genuinely charitable institution. We therefore do not reach AEO’s argument on this
aspect of the circuit court’s order.
The remaining points on appeal are raised by Nicholson. She asks us to overrule the
charitable immunity doctrine, which we held in Watkins that we lack the authority to do.
1 We stated in Watkins that the third, fourth, and fifth factors were the “most relevant” for our purposes. Watkins, 2012 Ark. App. 301, at 10, __ S.W.3d at ___. 6 Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 758
2012 Ark. App. 301, at 8, ___ S.W.3d at ___. She also contends that the civil-enforcement
provision of our Residents Rights law, Ark. Code Ann. § 20-10-1209 (Repl. 2005), has
abrogated the charitable-immunity doctrine. As we stated in Thompson, supra, we need not
decide that issue because AEO has not proved that it is entitled to charitable immunity as a
matter of law. 2012 Ark. App. 681, at 5-6, ___ S.W.3d at ___.
Nicholson also argues that the circuit court should have ruled conclusively that AEO
was not entitled to immunity. We cannot address that argument because Nicholson is seeking
affirmative relief without having filed a cross-appeal. See Hanshaw v. Blair, 2011 Ark. App. 30.
Affirmed.
WALMSLEY and GLOVER, JJ., agree.
Dover Dixon Horne, PLLC, by: Thomas S. Stone, for appellant.
David A. Couch, PLLC, by: David A. Couch; and Brian G. Brooks, Attorney at Law,
PLLC, by: Brian G. Brooks, for appellee.