Arash Ghayoori v. Cobra Trading, Inc.

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: December 9, 2025
• Docket: 2:25-cv-00021
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2

3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 6 AT SEATTLE 7 ARASH GHAYOORI, 8 Petitioner, 9 v. 10 COBRA TRADING, INC., 11 Respondent. C25-0021 TSZ

12 ORDER COBRA TRADING, INC., 13 Counter Claimant, 14 v. 15 ARASH GHAYOORI, 16 Counter Defendant. 17

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Respondent and Counter Claimant 18 Cobra Trading, Inc.’s Motion to Compel Post-Judgment Discovery, docket no. 26, and 19 Petitioner and Counter Defendant Arash Ghayoori’s attorney Jeffrey Wheat’s cross 20 motion to withdraw as counsel, docket no. 27. Having reviewed all papers filed in 21 support of, and in opposition to, the motions, the Court enters the following order. 22 1 Background 2 On May 28, 2025, the Court entered an Order, docket no. 21, granting Cobra

3 Trading’s motion to confirm an arbitration award and denying Ghayoori’s petition to 4 vacate the arbitration award. The next day, the Court entered Judgment, docket no. 22. 5 Ghayoori filed a Notice of Appeal, docket no. 23. 6 On June 9, 2025, Cobra Trading served its first set of interrogatories and requests 7 for production of documents pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69(a)(2).1 8 Exs. A & C to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 8, 17 & 23). Cobra Trading also served

9 a notice of deposition of Ghayoori, stating that Ghayoori’s deposition would be taken on 10 August 19, 2025. See Exs. B & C to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 19–21, 23). In an 11 email dated August 18, 2025, Cobra Trading informed Ghayoori that the deposition was 12 cancelled and will be rescheduled if the parties could not reach a settlement. Ex. D to 13 Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 25).

14 On September 8, 2025, Ghayoori fired Mr. Wheat. See Termination Letter, Ex. B 15 to Wheat Decl., Ex. G to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 44). In the termination letter, 16 Ghayoori “formally discharged [Mr. Wheat] as [his] counsel,” revoked Mr. Wheat’s 17 authority to accept service of process on his behalf, and revoked Mr. Wheat’s authority to 18 communicate on Ghayoori’s behalf. Id. On the same day, Mr. Wheat informed Cobra

19 20 21 1 The Court previously ordered a stay as to discovery pending the Court’s resolution of the parties’ motions to confirm or vacate the arbitration award. See Minute Order (docket no. 20). 22 Cobra Trading’s now-pending motion concerns post-judgment discovery and was not subject to the Court’s stay of discovery in its prior Minute Order. Nevertheless, and to the extent 1 Trading about his termination and that he would be filing a motion to withdraw with the 2 Ninth Circuit. See Ex. E to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 31). Cobra Trading’s

3 counsel noted that the motion to withdraw would be opposed and Cobra Trading never 4 received responses to its Rule 69 interrogatories and requests for production. Id. at 30. 5 Mr. Wheat filed a declaration in support of his motion to withdraw, informing the Ninth 6 Circuit, among other things, that Ghayoori informed him that “he currently resides in 7 Tehran, Iran, and has provided a physical address in that country”: “No. 21, Mardookhi 8 alley, Valiasr Street, Tehran, Iran.”2 See Wheat Decl. at ⁋ 10, Ex. G to Warner Decl.

9 (docket no. 26-1 at 39). The Ninth Circuit granted Mr. Wheat’s motion. See Warner 10 Decl. at ⁋ 5 (docket no. 26-1). 11 At Mr. Wheat’s request, Cobra Trading attempted to contact Ghayoori directly to 12 obtain responses to their post-judgment discovery requests. Id. at ⁋ 9. On September 22, 13 2025, Cobra Trading’s counsel sent an email directly to Ghayoori using the email address

14 “AG_gorgi@proton.me,” which Mr. Wheat provided in his motion to withdraw. Id. In 15 that email, Cobra Trading explained that Ghayoori’s responses to the interrogatories, 16 requests for production, and appearance for a deposition were overdue, forcing Cobra 17 Trading to seek a court order to compel discovery responses and a date certain for the 18 deposition. Ex. I to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 53). The email “bounced back”

19 20 21 2 Cobra Trading’s counsel asserts that “[b]ased on my research, this [address] may be a geographic description of some sort but does not appear to be a valid postal address in Iran.” 22 Warner Decl. at ⁋ 9 (docket no. 26-1). Cobra Trading’s counsel further states that “Iranian postal addresses typically require a ten-digit postal code and specify a numbered municipal district.” 1 with the following message: “Recipient address rejected: Account recently deleted.” 2 Warner Decl. at ⁋ 9 (docket no. 26). Cobra Trading also mailed a copy of the email to the

3 physical address provided by Mr. Wheat in his declaration filed with the Ninth Circuit. 4 Id. 5 On September 26, 2025, Cobra Trading filed its Motion to Compel Post-Judgment 6 Discovery, docket no. 26. Mr. Wheat filed a response on behalf of Ghayoori along with a 7 cross-motion, docket no. 27, to withdraw as Ghayoori’s counsel. 8 Discussion

9 A. Jurisdiction 10 Following the entry of the Court’s Judgment, docket no. 22, in this matter, 11 Ghayoori filed on June 23, 2025, a notice of appeal, docket no. 23. Ghayoori’s appeal is 12 still pending before the Ninth Circuit. Before addressing the parties’ motions, the Court 13 first addresses whether it has jurisdiction to rule on them.

14 “Once a notice of appeal is filed, the district court is divested of jurisdiction over 15 matters being appealed.” Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Sw. Marine Inc., 242 F.3d 1163, 16 1166 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Griggs v. Provident Consumer Disc. Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 17 (1982)). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 62.1 limits the actions a district court may take 18 when it “lacks authority to grant [a motion for relief] because of an appeal that has been

19 docketed and is pending.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 62.1(a). The district court nevertheless 20 “retains jurisdiction during the pendency of an appeal to act to preserve the status quo.” 21 Nat. Res. Def. Council, 242 F.3d at 1166. “Absent a stay or supersedeas, the trial court 22 1 also retains jurisdiction to implement or enforce the judgment or order but may not alter 2 or expand upon the judgment.” In re Padilla, 222 F.3d 1184, 1190 (9th Cir. 2000).

3 The two pending motions before the Court are not motions for relief. The 4 requirements under Rule 62.1 are therefore inapplicable. Moreover, resolving the 5 motions will “preserve[ ] the status quo and [will] not materially alter the status of the 6 case on appeal.” See Nat. Res. Def. Council, 242 F.3d at 1166; see also Icenhower v. 7 Diaz-Barba (In re Icenhower), 755 F.3d 1130, 1138 (9th Cir. 2014) (concluding that a 8 bankruptcy court “retained jurisdiction to supervise the course of conduct mandated in

9 the judgment” and “[t]o account for . . . changed facts” after the judgment was entered). 10 The Court has jurisdiction to decide the instant motions. 11 B. Motion to Compel and for Sanctions 12 The Court now addresses Cobra Trading’s motion to compel, docket no. 26. 13 Cobra Trading argues that Ghayoori should be compelled to respond to its written

14 discovery requests and appear for a deposition because Ghayoori’s responses are overdue 15 and any objections are therefore waived. Mot. to Compel at 6 (docket no. 26). 16 Mr. Wheat argues that the most appropriate action for the Court to take at this time would 17 be to continue Cobra Trading’s motion to compel until Ghayoori can appear pro se or 18 through substitute counsel. Opp. at 8 (docket no. 27).

19 1. Motion to Compel 20 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69(a)(2) provides that, “[i]n aid of the judgment 21 or execution, the judgment creditor . . . may obtain discovery from any person--including 22 the judgment debtor--as provided in these rules or by the procedure of the state where the 1 court is located.” Cobra Trading sought post-judgment discovery from Ghayoori under 2 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Exs. A & B to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1

3 at 8 & 19). These “rules governing discovery in postjudgment execution proceedings are 4 quite permissive.” Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 573 U.S. 134, 138 5 (2014). “The discovery contemplated by Rule 69(a) is a distinct phase of the litigation 6 with a narrow focus. It is solely to enforce the judgment by way of the supplemental 7 proceedings.” Danning v. Lavine, 572 F.2d 1386, 1390 (9th Cir. 1978). Such discovery 8 may serve one of two purposes: (1) “to identify assets that can be used to satisfy a

9 judgment,” and (2) “to discover concealed or fraudulently transferred assets.” Ryan Inv. 10 Corp. v. Pedregal de Cabo San Lucas, 2009 WL 5114077, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 11 2009) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 12 Cobra Trading seeks responses to sixteen (16) interrogatories and twelve (12) 13 requests for production. See Mot. to Compel at 6 (docket no. 26); Ex. A to Warner Decl.

14 (docket no. 26-1 at 10–16). The Court has reviewed these requests and concludes that 15 they seek information relevant to Ghayoori’s assets and are within the scope of 16 permissible discovery under Rule 69(a)(2). See Creagri, Inc. v. Pinnaclife Inc., 2019 WL 17 13254068, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 14, 2019). Cobra Trading’s request that Ghayoori 18 appear for his deposition is similarly permissible.

19 Accordingly, Cobra Trading’s motion to compel Ghayoori to respond to written 20 discovery requests and to appear for his deposition is GRANTED.3 Ghayoori is 21 22 3 The Court discerns no purpose in continuing this motion. After Mr. Wheat’s withdrawal in the Ninth Circuit, Cobra Trading attempted to contact Ghayoori about the unanswered 1 ORDERED to serve responses to Cobra Trading’s interrogatories and requests for 2 production on or before January 22, 2026.

3 2. Motion for sanctions 4 Cobra Trading argues that it is entitled to reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees, 5 totaling $23,277.00, as a sanction against Ghayoori to deter abusive conduct and 6 reimburse Cobra. Mot. to Compel at 7 (docket no. 26). Mr. Wheat does not offer 7 argument in opposition. 8 If a motion for an order compelling discovery responses is granted, the Court

9 “must, after giving an opportunity to be heard, require the party or deponent whose 10 conduct necessitated the motion . . . to pay the movant’s reasonable expenses incurred in 11 making the motion, including attorney’s fees,” “unless the failure was substantially 12 justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. 13 P. 37(a)(5)(A) & (d)(3). “The party facing sanctions bears the burden of proving that its

14 failure to disclose the required information was substantially justified or is harmless.” 15 R & R Sails, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Pa., 673 F.3d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 2012). There is no 16 basis to find that Ghayoori’s failure to respond to Cobra Trading’s discovery requests 17 was substantially justified or harmless. The Court concludes that Cobra Trading is 18 entitled to recover its reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred in making

19 its motion to compel. 20

21 reasonably disputed that Ghayoori never responded to Cobra Trading’s discovery requests and 22 deposition notice. Cobra Trading is entitled to the information it seeks and should not be subject to further delays caused solely by Ghayoori. Mr. Wheat’s request on behalf of Ghayoori to 1 To determine whether a request for attorney’s fees is reasonable, the Court 2 performs a two-step analysis. First, the Court calculates the lodestar, “which multiplies

3 an attorney’s reasonable hourly rate by the number of hours reasonably expended on the 4 litigation.” Shayler v. 1310 PCH, LLC, 51 F.4th 1015, 1020 (9th Cir. 2022). Next, “the 5 court determines whether to modify the lodestar figure, upward or downward, based on 6 factors not subsumed in the lodestar figure.” Kelly v. Wendler, 822 F.3d 1085, 1099 (9th 7 Cir. 2016). 8 Cobra Trading’s counsel requests a lodestar award. Mot. to Compel at 11 (docket

9 no. 26). Cobra Trading notes that its attorneys charged discounted rates in this case and 10 argue that the following discounted hourly rates are reasonable: Daniel Heidtke (13 years 11 of experience) at $855; Craig Warner (21 years of experience) at $675; and Dylan 12 Anderson (7 years of experience) at $695. Warner Decl. at ⁋⁋ 10, 14–16 (docket no. 26- 13 1). The Court finds that Mr. Heidtke and Mr. Warner’s rates are reasonable. See

14 Promedev, LLC v. Wilson, 2024 WL 3043415, at *6 (W.D. Wash. June 18, 2024) 15 (concluding that $850 per hour for partners is consistent with rates charged in this 16 District), aff’d sub nom. Promedev, LLC v. Imagipix Corp., 2025 WL 2160143, at *2 17 (9th Cir. July 30, 2025) (concluding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in 18 its calculation of the amount of the award of reasonable attorney’s fees). Cobra

19 Trading’s own cited authority does not, however, support Mr. Anderson’s hourly rate. 20 See Knudsen v. Hightower Holdings, LLC, 2024 WL 3430994, at *4 (W.D. Wash. July 21 16, 2024) (awarding between $625 and $685 per hour for attorneys with 6–9 years of 22 experience). Cobra Trading’s generic assertions that “[b]ased upon his experience and 1 the complexity of this matter, Mr. Anderson’s hourly rate is reasonable” are insufficient. 2 Mot. to Compel at 10 (docket no. 26). The Court will reduce Mr. Anderson’s rate to

3 $645 per hour. 4 The Court cannot find that all of the hours expended are recoverable here. The 5 Court must limit the lodestar to hours reasonably expended, and should therefore 6 discount hours spent on unsuccessful claims, duplicated effort, or otherwise unproductive 7 time. Bowers v. Transamerica Title Ins. Co., 100 Wn.2d 581, 597, 675 P.2d 193 (1983). 8 Mr. Anderson’s time entry dated September 13, 2025, and described as “DRAFT

9 MOTION [TO] COMPEL DISCOVERY AND DECLARATION OF CRAIG WARNER 10 [IN] SUPPORT THEREOF” appears duplicative of several other time entries. See Ex. J 11 to Warner Decl. (docket no. 26-1 at 56). After omitting that time entry and adjusting 12 Mr. Anderson’s hourly rate to $645, the Court determines that $19,420.50 is a reasonable 13 award of attorney’s fees.

14 Accordingly, Arash Ghayoori is ORDERED to pay Cobra Trading $19,420.50 on 15 or before January 30, 2026. 16 C. Motion to Withdraw as Counsel 17 The Court now turns to Mr. Wheat’s motion to withdraw as Ghayoori’s counsel, 18 docket no. 27.

19 The decision to grant or deny counsel’s motion to withdraw is within the 20 discretion of the trial court. Fujifilm Sonosite, Inc. v. Imaging Specialists Grp., LLC, 21 2014 WL 1400992, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 10, 2014); see United States v. Carter, 560 22 F.3d 1107, 1113 (9th Cir. 2009) (a “district court’s denial of counsel’s motion to 1 withdraw is reviewed for an abuse of discretion”). Courts consider various factors when 2 evaluating a motion to withdraw, including “(1) the reasons why withdrawal is sought;

3 (2) the prejudice withdrawal may cause to other litigants; (3) the harm withdrawal might 4 cause to the administration of justice; and (4) the degree to which withdrawal will delay 5 the resolution of the case.” Curtis v. Illumination Arts, Inc., 2014 WL 556010, at *4 6 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 12, 2014). Local Civil Rule (“LCR”) 83.2(b) outlines the procedures 7 for attorneys to withdraw their appearance in any case in this district. “No attorney shall 8 withdraw an appearance in any case, civil or criminal, except by leave of court, unless the

9 withdrawal complies with the requirements of subsections (b)(2) or (b)(3).” 10 LCR 83.2(b)(1). Rule 1.16(a) of the Washington Rules of Professional Conduct provides 11 several grounds upon which an attorney “shall withdraw from the representation of a 12 client,” including if “the lawyer is discharged.” Wash. RPC 1.16(a)(3). “When ordered 13 to do so by a tribunal, a lawyer shall continue representation notwithstanding good cause

14 for terminating the representation.” Wash. RPC 1.16(d). 15 The Court concludes that there is no reason to force Mr. Wheat to remain in this 16 case. Ghayoori unequivocally discharged Mr. Wheat as his counsel, and the Ninth 17 Circuit has already granted Mr. Wheat’s motion to withdraw. Cobra Trading does not 18 offer any reasonable basis, and the Court cannot find any, to require Mr. Wheat under

19 RPC 1.16(d) to remain as Ghayoori’s counsel of record in this case. 20 Accordingly, Mr. Wheat’s cross-motion to withdraw, docket no. 27, is 21 GRANTED. 22 1 Conclusion 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS:

3 (1) Jeffery Wheat’s motion to withdraw as Ghayoori’s counsel, docket no. 27, 4 is GRANTED. 5 (2) Cobra Trading’s motion to compel post-judgment discovery and for 6 sanctions, docket no. 26, is GRANTED as follows: 7 (a) Arash Ghayoori is ORDERED to serve, on or before January 22, 8 2026, responses to Cobra Trading’s interrogatories and requests for

9 production, via email to the following two addresses: 10 Craig Michael Warner: cmwarner@duanemorris.com 11 Daniel B Heidtke: dbheidtke@duanemorris.com 12 (b) By January 30, 2026, Arash Ghayoori is further ORDERED to 13 confer with Cobra Trading’s attorneys, either pro se or through new

14 counsel, and provide a date and time certain when Ghayoori can 15 appear over Zoom for a deposition. The date and time certain shall 16 be determined by mutual agreement between the parties, but can be 17 set no later than February 27, 2026; and 18 (c) Arash Ghayoori is further ORDERED to pay Cobra Trading

19 $19,420.50 on or before January 30, 2026. 20 (3) The Clerk is directed to send a copy of this Minute Order to all counsel of 21 record, including Mr. Wheat, and to Petitioner and Counter Defendant Arash Ghayoori at 22 1 AG_gorgi@proton.me and the following physical mailing address via International 2 Registered First-Class Mail, with return receipt requested:

3 Arash Ghayoori No. 21, Mardookhi alley, Valiasr Street 4 Tehran, Iran.

5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 Dated this 9th day of December, 2025. 7 A 8

9 Thomas S. Zilly United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22