Antonio Aviles Venegas and Martha Alamilla Jaimes

Opinion

5 In re ) Case No. 19-10708-B-7 ) 6 ANTONIO AVILES and MARTHA ) AVILES, ) Docket Control #TMO-4 7 ) Debtors. ) 8 ) Date: December 13, 2023 ) Time: 9:30 a.m. 9 ) Dept: U.S. Courthouse ) 2500 Tulare St. 10 ) Dept. B, Fifth Floor, ) Courtroom 13 11 )

OF ORDER VACATING DISMISSAL OF CHAPTER 13 CASE 15 16 Introduction 17 Debtors’ Chapter 13 case was converted to Chapter 7 for 18 failure to perform a plan under 11 U.S.C. § 1307(c).1 Debtors 19 convinced the court to reconvert their case from Chapter 7 to 20 Chapter 13 after reaching an agreement with the Chapter 7 Trustee 21 for payment of a compromised commission under a modified Chapter 22 13 plan. They now ask the court to reconsider an order vacating 23 a dismissal of their reconverted Chapter 13 that the court 24 mistakenly granted. Finding no basis for relief under Civ. Rule 25 59(e)(Rule 9023) the motion to reconsider is DENIED. 26

1 All references to sections in this ruling shall be to sections of the United 27 States Bankruptcy Code 11 U.S.C. § 101 et. seq. Any references to the Federal Rules to Civil Procedure shall be prefaced by “Civ. Rule.” Any references to 28 1 I 2 A. 3 Antonio and Martha Aviles (“Avileses” or “Debtors”) 4 confirmed a Chapter 13 Plan (“Plan”) in June 2019. Doc. #27. 5 The Plan proposed 100% payment to unsecured claimants and had a 6 60 month term. The Avileses were represented then by attorney 7 Thomas Gillis. Thomas Gillis was suspended by and then resigned 8 from the State Bar during the Plan term. 9 Dissatisfied with the performance of a solar system at their 10 residence, the Avileses sought counsel from friends. Their 11 friends told them to stop paying the solar company since the 12 system did not work. The Avileses unilaterally decided in 2023 13 to stop making payments under the Chapter 13 Plan. 14 The Chapter 13 Trustee (“Trustee”) filed a motion to dismiss 15 under § 1307(c)(1) and (6) for failure to make payments. 16 Doc. #32. The declaration supporting the motion showed over 17 $30,000.00 in unencumbered equity above the Avileses’ allowed 18 exemption.2 19 Having received no opposition, the court issued a ruling on 20 June 28, 2023, converting the Avileses’ bankruptcy case to 21 Chapter 7 because it was in the best interest of creditors and 22 the estate under § 1307(c). Docs. ##36, 37. Peter Fear was 23 appointed the Chapter 7 Trustee six days later. Doc. #39. 24 /// 25 ///

26 2 The available homestead exemption when the Avileses filed bankruptcy was $100,000.00 under prior California law. Former Cal. Civ. Proc. Code (“CCP”) 27 § 704.730 (amended effective January 1, 2021, Stats. 2020 ch. 94 § 1 (AB 1855).) The exemption scheme changed to significantly increase the available 28 1 About a month thereafter, the Debtors retained their current 2 counsel, T. Mark O’Toole. Doc. #49. The Avileses then filed a 3 motion to “reconvert” the case to Chapter 13. Docs. ##57-61. 4 The reconversion motion was based on the argument that the 5 Avileses were mistaken in not responding to the dismissal motion 6 under Civ. Rule 60(b)(1) (Rule 9024). This motion claimed that 7 the Avileses received “bad advice from friends” and that the 8 Avileses could not read the mailed notices from the court and the 9 Chapter 13 Trustee since they were in English. The Avileses also 10 claimed that “any competent attorney would have taken action.” 11 The motion stated that the Avileses wanted to propose a modified 12 plan.3 13 The Avileses did not appear at the meeting of creditors for 14 the Chapter 7 case. The Chapter 7 Trustee caused the court to 15 issue a notice to creditors to file claims since there appeared 16 to be unencumbered equity in the Avileses’ residence. Doc. #65. 17 The Avileses’ reconversion motion specifically stated that 18 they requested the court reinstate the Debtors’ Chapter 13 case 19 and that the court continue the Trustee’s motion to dismiss 60 20 days to enable the Debtors to propose a modified plan to complete 21 the Chapter 13 case. Doc. #57. Mr. Aviles signed a declaration 22 supporting the motion which stated “Our family cannot afford to 23 lose our home. If given a chance with the court, we will work 24 with our attorney to confirm a plan and pay off our debt.” Doc. 25 #59.4

26 3 This motion also claimed that the Avileses were denied equal protection of the law and their fourteenth amendment rights were violated. The court found 27 no merit to those arguments and they were not pursued further. 4 The declaration is in English and signed by Mr. Aviles. The court questions 28 1 The Chapter 7 Trustee opposed the motion. Doc. #71. The 2 Chapter 7 Trustee argued there was no legal basis to reinstate 3 the Chapter 13 case. Id. The Chapter 7 Trustee also noted that 4 the Avileses did not appear at the Chapter 7 meeting of 5 creditors. Id. Finally, the Chapter 7 Trustee noted that if the 6 case was reconverted, the Avileses should be required to pay the 7 Chapter 7 Trustee’s commission. Id. 8 The Chapter 13 Trustee filed a response clarifying that his 9 office did have Spanish speaking employees and that had the 10 Avileses contacted the Chapter 13 Trustee, the Chapter 13 Trustee 11 would have answered Avileses’ questions (without giving legal 12 advice) in Spanish should that be necessary. 13 In their reply to the opposition, the Avileses stated, “the 14 Debtor is willing to include the Chapter 7 Trustee fees in an 15 amended plan.” Doc. #76. 16 The court issued a tentative ruling granting the motion 17 which became the ruling of the court. Docs. ##82-83. In the 18 tentative ruling, the court noted that the Avileses agreed to pay 19 the Chapter 7 Trustee’s fees. So, the motion was granted. The 20 case was reconverted to Chapter 13 on September 25, 2023. Doc. 21 #88. The order says nothing about vacating the initial 22 conversion order. Id. 23 The Avileses did file a modified plan and a motion to 24 confirm that plan. Docs. #92-95. Also, the Avileses, through 25 their counsel, stipulated with the Chapter 7 Trustee that the 26 total commission that the Chapter 7 Trustee would be entitled to 27 whether Mr. Aviles fully understood the declaration given the Avileses’ 28 1 if the Avileses’ residence had been sold in the Chapter 7 case 2 was $18,250.00. But the Chapter 7 Trustee agreed to accept 3 $5,000.00. The Chapter 7 Trustee and Avileses’ counsel signed 4 the stipulation. Doc. #102. 5 6 B. 7 After the reconversion to Chapter 13 and the filing of the 8 amended plan, the Chapter 13 Trustee objected to confirmation of 9 the plan. The Avileses did not appear at the meeting of 10 creditors for the Chapter 13 case scheduled for November 13, 11 2023. 12 In response, on November 13, 2023, the Avileses’ counsel 13 submitted an ex parte motion to dismiss stating that the Debtors 14 cannot afford to make plan payments. Doc. #107. The court, 15 improvidently, granted the dismissal order. Doc. #109. 16 That same day, the Chapter 7 Trustee, Peter Fear, filed an 17 ex parte motion for the court to reconsider the dismissal. Doc. 18 #111. 19 The next day, the court vacated the dismissal order thereby 20 reinstating the Chapter 13 case. Doc. #113. 21 A day later, the Chapter 13 Trustee filed a motion to 22 reconvert the case from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7. Doc. #115. The 23 Chapter 13 Trustee stated that he filed opposition to the Plan in 24 part due to the requirement the Debtors’ plan term could not 25 exceed 60 months. Id. The Chapter 13 Trustee further averred 26 that there had been no payments made by the Debtors since the 27 reconversion to Chapter 13. 28 /// 1 The Avileses then filed this motion asking the court to 2 reconsider its ruling vacating the dismissal of the Chapter 13 on 3 November 15, 2023. Docs. ##120-123. 4 The Avileses argue that the court should apply equitable 5 principles and permit the case to be dismissed so the Avileses 6 can “save their house.” They also argue that the previous order 7 reconverting the case to Chapter 13 from Chapter 7 was actually 8 an order vacating the original conversion order. Thus, the 9 Avileses argue, once the case was reconverted to Chapter 13, the 10 Avileses had the absolute right to dismiss the case under 11 § 1307(b). 12 13 C. 14 The United States District Court for the Eastern District of 15 California has jurisdiction over this proceeding under 28 U.S.C. 16 § 1334(b)in that this is a civil proceeding arising under Title 17 11 of the United States Code. The District Court has referred 18 this matter to this court under 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). This is a 19 “core” proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) and (O). 20 21 II 22 A. 23 The Avileses contend that they are now seeking relief from 24 the order vacating the dismissal of the Chapter 13 case under 25 Civ. Rule 59(e)(Rule 9023). There was no error in vacating the 26 dismissal order. 27 Civ. Rule 59(e) is an extraordinary remedy to use sparingly 28 in the interest of finality and conservation of judicial 1 resources. Kona Enterprises, Inc. v. Estate of Bishop, 229 F.3d 2 877, 890 (9th Cir. 2006). Such motion should not be granted, 3 absent highly unusual circumstances, unless the [bankruptcy] 4 court is presented with newly discovered evidence, committed 5 clear error, or if there is an intervening change in controlling 6 law. Id. The Avileses do not raise new evidence or change of 7 existing law as a basis for the motion. Instead, they claim 8 vacating the dismissal was erroneous and that equity supports 9 dismissal of their case. 10 The Debtors here cite U.S. v. Fiorelli, 337 F.3d 282, 288 11 (3rd Cir. 2003) to argue that their motion allows “re-litigation 12 of all issues.” Fiorelli is inapposite. That case involved 13 timeliness of an appeal and whether the appellate court had 14 jurisdiction. The discussion of “re-litigation” is dicta. Also, 15 the District Court there denied a motion to reconsider its order 16 denying a prisoner’s motion that his sentence was erroneously 17 imposed because of ineffective assistance of counsel under 28 18 U.S.C. § 2255. The issue was whether the prisoner’s notice of 19 the District Court ruling was timely given delay by the prison 20 officials in notifying the prisoner. Id. at 284. The appellate 21 court held the time to file a motion to reconsider was tolled 22 during the delay and thus the time to file an appeal was also 23 tolled. Id. at 289-90. Fiorelli has never been cited in a 24 published case in the Ninth Circuit. 25 The Debtors also argue that § 1307(b) only prevents 26 dismissal if there is a “conversion” to the chapter instead of a 27 “reconversion.” The argument is not logical. Even if it was, 28 /// 1 the Debtors cite no authority that if a case is reconverted to 2 Chapter 13, it is anything other than a “conversion.” 3 The fact is that once a case is converted to Chapter 13 from 4 Chapter 7, the debtor’s absolute right to dismiss is gone. 5 Section 1307(b); Nichols v. Marana Stockyard & Livestock Market, 6 Inc., 10 F.4th 956, 964 (9th Cir. 2021); In Re Barbieri, 199 F.3d 7 616, 620, (2nd Cir. 1999) (holding that granting a motion to 8 convert under § 1307(c) forecloses dismissal under 1307(b)). 9 There can be no dispute that the case was originally 10 converted to Chapter 7 under § 1307(c) in the best interest of 11 the creditors and the estate. The Debtors’ position, if upheld, 12 would permit a debtor to “reconvert” as long as a debtor did not 13 choose to convert to Chapter 7. That is not the law. 14 Debtors’ argument that the court “vacated” its order 15 converting the case to Chapter 7 when it granted Debtors’ motion 16 to reconvert to Chapter 13 is incorrect. Debtors here assume 17 that the case was originally converted to Chapter 7 because the 18 Debtors did not appear in opposition to the motion to dismiss the 19 case that was brought by the Chapter 13 Trustee. Not true. The 20 case was converted because of the failure of the Debtor to make 21 payments under the plan and it was in the best interest of the 22 estate and the creditors under § 1307(c) to convert the case to 23 Chapter 7 in the first place. 24 Under Civil Rule 60(a) a court may correct “a mistake 25 arising from oversight or omission whenever found in a judgment, 26 order, or other part of the record. The court may do so on 27 motion or on its own, with or without notice.” Since the case 28 was converted from Chapter 7 to Chapter 13 at the request of the 1 Debtors, the Debtors had no absolute right to dismiss the case. 2 The court mistakenly dismissed the case but quickly vacated the 3 dismissal. That was not error. That was correcting the status 4 of the case. 5 Additionally, the Debtors filing of their “Motion to 6 Reconvert to Chapter 13” after conversion to Chapter 7 did 7 nothing to change the finality or suspend the operation of the 8 original conversion order. Civ. Rule 60(c)(2)(Rule 9024). Rule 9 60(b) permits “relief” from a previous order. It does not 10 command the order be vacated. 11 12 B. 13 True enough, the general rule is that when a judgment has 14 been rendered and later set aside or vacated, the matter stands 15 precisely as if there had been no judgment. The vacated judgment 16 lacks force and effect and places the parties in the position 17 they occupied before the judgment. Ditto v. McCurdy, 510 F.3d 18 1070, 1077 (9th Cir. 2007)(quoting 47 Am Jur 2d Judgments § 676 19 (2006). But that does not mean the court cannot reconsider an 20 order vacating and therefore reinstate a previous judgment. 21 Even if the court was somehow unable to correct the record 22 under Civ. Rule 60(a), under the facts of this case, the Debtors 23 are estopped from claiming the court’s granting of the motion 24 reconverting the case to Chapter 13 vacated its previous 25 conversion order. 26 Judicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine invoked by a 27 court at its discretion. Ah Quin v. County of Kauai Dept. of 28 Transportation, 733 F.3d 267, 270 (9th Cir. 2013). The purpose 1 of judicial estoppel is to protect the integrity of the judicial 2 process by prohibiting parties from deliberately changing 3 positions according to the exigencies of the moment. New 4 Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750-751 (2001). It may be 5 invoked by the court sua sponte. Id. Citing Russell v. Rolfs, 6 893 F.2d 1033, 1037 (9th Cir. 1990). 7 Three factors considered by the court in invoking judicial 8 estoppel are (1) whether a party’s later position is clearly 9 inconsistent with its earlier position; (2) whether a party had 10 succeeded in persuading a court to accept that party’s earlier 11 position so that judicial acceptance of an inconsistent position 12 would create the perception that either the first or second court 13 was misled; (3) whether the party seeking to assert an 14 inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose 15 an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped. New 16 Hampshire, 532 U.S. at 751. Additional considerations may inform 17 the doctrine’s application in specific factual contexts. Id. at 18 751. The Debtors are judicially estopped from asserting that the 19 original conversion order was vacated. 20 21 1. 22 The Debtors’ positions are clearly inconsistent. 23 The Debtors’ own motion sought to have the case reconverted 24 to Chapter 13. The Debtors wanted relief from the original 25 conversion order by “reconverting” the case to Chapter 13. The 26 Debtors couched the basis for the relief as caused by the 27 Debtors’ mistake. But the parties (the Debtors and the Chapter 7 28 Trustee) agreed on a resolution and the Debtors, through counsel, 1 even agreed to allowance of the Chapter 7 Trustee’s 2 administrative claim. Debtors admitted the commission to the 3 Trustee could have been $18,250.00 and the Chapter 7 Trustee 4 agreed to accept $5,000.00 as an administrative claim. 5 The Debtors’ declaration stated they intended to file a 6 modified plan. The Debtors agreed to include the Chapter 7 7 Trustee fees in an amended plan. It is simply revisionist 8 history, at this time, to claim what the Debtors really wanted in 9 their “reconversion motion” was something other than what they 10 claimed. There is also no realistic basis for the Debtors to now 11 claim the court “intended” to vacate the original conversion 12 order. That was not the relief granted on the Debtors’ motion to 13 reconvert. 14 15 2. 16 The Debtors succeeded previously in convincing the court to 17 reconvert the case to Chapter 13. The court’s tentative ruling 18 which was adopted as a final ruling states that. 19 The Debtors reply to the Chapter 7 Trustee’s opposition 20 stated the Debtors agreed that the Trustee’s commission could be 21 a priority claim in the Chapter 13 case. 22 The court ruled in the Debtors’ favor when they asked for 23 reconversion. For the Debtors now to state they really intended 24 to vacate the original conversion order suggests that the court 25 was misled when it reconverted the case to Chapter 13. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 3. 2 Unless estopped, the Debtors will gain an unfair advantage. 3 After conversion of the case to Chapter 7, significant acts 4 occurred that the Debtors ignore. The Chapter 7 Trustee 5 conducted a meeting of creditors and the Debtors did not appear. 6 The Chapter 7 Trustee determined to sell the Debtors’ real 7 property and pay the Debtors the homestead they claimed. Then, 8 and only then, did the Debtors hire their counsel. 9 As mentioned above, the Chapter 7 Trustee compromised on his 10 commission claim. 11 To permit the dismissal of the case on the Debtors’ motion 12 under these facts does give the Debtors an unfair advantage that 13 is not warranted here. The Debtors minimize the Trustee’s 14 interests and the expenditure of Trustee time because other 15 meetings of creditors were scheduled at the time the Debtors 16 chose not to appear before the Chapter 7 Trustee. 17 That ignores the reality that in addition to conducting the 18 meeting of creditors, the Chapter 7 Trustee began his duties to 19 administer the estate. Trustees are compensated by commission. 20 The Debtors were disingenuous to assert the Trustee should not 21 have a claim when they agreed he should. 22 Judicial estoppel applies. The Debtors are estopped from 23 claiming the court’s previous conversion order was vacated. 24 25 C. 26 The court cannot give equitable relief to the Debtors under 27 these circumstances. 28 /// 1 The Debtors claim that the court should exercise its 2 equitable power and permit dismissal of the Chapter 13 case. The 3 request fails on two levels. 4 First, under Law v. Siegel, 571 U.S. 415 (2014), the court is 5 unable to evoke equitable considerations to contravene express 6 language of the Bankruptcy Code. Section 1307(b) does permit the 7 debtor at any time to request dismissal of a Chapter 13 case. But 8 there is one statutory exception. If the case was converted under 9 § 706 (and other sections inapplicable here) the case is not to be 10 dismissed on the debtor’s request. The Ninth Circuit has recently 11 reiterated that there is a single exception to the debtor’s general 12 right to dismiss a Chapter 13 case. See, Nichols. 13 Second, the equitable landscape does not favor the Debtors 14 here. The Debtors made a conscious decision to stop making payments 15 under their Chapter 13 plan. To be sure, that may have been due 16 to poor “friendly” advice. Nevertheless, it was the Debtors’ 17 decision to follow that non-legal advice. Though lacking an 18 attorney is a mitigating factor, the Debtors also had the Chapter 19 13 Trustee at their disposal and chose not to even pursue that 20 avenue. 21 In addition, the Debtors, through their new counsel, agreed 22 to a resolution of the dispute concerning the Debtors’ efforts to 23 reconvert the case to Chapter 13 from Chapter 7. They now seek to 24 avoid the agreement that was made which involved a substantial 25 compromise on the part of the Chapter 7 Trustee, a compromise they 26 now seek to disavow. 27 The Debtors did not appear for their Chapter 7 meeting of 28 creditors nor did they appear for their Chapter 13 meeting of 1 creditors after the case was reconverted. On both occasions, they 2 had counsel. 3 The Debtors also, through counsel, submitted an ex parte 4 request for dismissal which was not permissible under § 1307 □□□□ 5 They invited the error. After representing to the court that they 6 intended to follow through with a modified Chapter 13 plan 7 recognizing the priority claim of the Chapter 7 Trustee, they 8 decided to dismiss the case because they could not make the plan 9 | payment. There is no evidence in the record of an attempt to 10 further modify the plan or otherwise complete a Chapter 13 case. 11 In short, the court gave the Debtors the relief they requested. 12 They now want to dismiss and simply ignore what has happened. That 13 does not justify equitable relief. 14 16 For the foregoing reasons, the Debtors’ motion to reconsider 17 the court’s order vacating dismissal shall be DENIED. A separate 18 order shall issue.° 19 20 Dated: Dec 14, 2023 By the Court 21 22 Crd ené Lastreto II, Judge 23 United States Bankruptcy Court 24 25 26 5 The foregoing are the court’s findings and conclusions as required by Civ. 27 Rule 52 made applicable to contested matters under Rule 9014(c). Any finding of fact deemed to be a conclusion of law is adopted as such. Any conclusion 28 of law deemed to be a finding of fact is adopted as such.

1 Instructions to Clerk of Court Service List - Not Part of Order/Judgment 2

3 The Clerk of Court is instructed to send the Order/Judgment or other court generated document transmitted herewith to the 4 parties below. The Clerk of Court will send the Order via the BNC or, if checked , via the U.S. mail. 5

6 Antonio Aviles Martha Aviles 7 9365 Bogart Court Delhi CA 95315 8 Michael H. Meyer 9 PO Box 28950 Fresno CA 93729-8950 10 Peter L. Fear 11 PO Box 28490 Fresno CA 93729 12 Office of the U.S. Trustee 13 United States Courthouse 2500 Tulare Street, Room 1401 14 Fresno CA 93721

15 T. Mark O'Toole 1006 H Street 16 Modesto CA 95354

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